University of Nigeria Research Publications

UGWUANYI, Cleopas Uche

Aut

hor

PG/M.Sc./92/13803

Title

The Role of Enugu State Agricultural Development Programme (ENADEP) in Rural Development: A Case Study of Nsukka Zone of

Enugu State

Facu

lty

Social Sciences

Dep

artm

ent

Political Science

Dat

e May, 1996

Sign

atur

e

THE ROLE OF ENUGU STATE AGRXCULTURAL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME (ENADEP) I N RURAL DEVELOPMENT: A CASE STUDY OF NSUKKA .

ZONE OF ENUGU STATE

BEING A THESIS PRESENTED Tc THE DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE I N PARTIAL FULFILMENT FOR THE R E Q U I R E M E N T OF MASTER OF SCIENCE

I N POLITICAL SCIENCE

AREAS OF EMPHASIS: RURAL DEVELOPMENT.

APPROVAL PAGE

THIS THESIS HAS BEEN APPROVED FOR THE

DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE

HEAD OF DEPARTMENT

EXTERNAL EXAMINER.

DEDICATION

To my parents , Mr. Godwin Ugwuanyi and

pot? thumou~l y to 1 ate Edith Okike Ugwuanyi.

This s t u d y was aided by many i n d i v i d u a l s too

numemus to m e n t i o n , mnetReless, I w i s h to t h a n k them

for t h e i r a s s i s t a n c e in the c o l l e c t i o n and a r r a n g e m e n t

o f datac, I w i s h to thank my ea8ernic s u p e r v i s o r ,

Dr. Nduba Echereona for giving me u n f l i n c h i n g g u i d e

t h m u g h a u t t h i s r e s e a r ~ h work. 1 a1 so a p p r e c i a t e t h e

effort of some ENAMP officers i n Enugu H e a d q u a t e r

especially M r . C a l i s t u s Okmr who h e l p e d me i n d a t a

c o l l e c t i o n .

I a1 so wish to thank some of my c o l l e a g u e s 1 i k e

Mr. Nweze So R o for giving me b o t h m o r a l and f i n a n c i a l

s u p p o r t d u r i n g t h f a stUdy, Mr. Onuchukwu, 0. N. for

d l f i g e r l t l y p r o o f reading the o r i g i n a l m a n u s c r i p t .

However, t h e most sacrifice were made b y my

r e l a t i o n s who d i d mt sat? my p o s t g r a d u a t e s t u d i e s as

a s e l f i s h end.

Cleopus Uche Ugwuanyi.

JLuaxEi

Interest i n Rural Development has grown tremendously

since early 19805, This intamst was epi tomised i n

proliferation of various agencies t h a t engender the

transfermation of rural setting I n Nigeria, Some of

t h e s e agencies are Local Government, DEPFRZ, ADP,

Community Banks and others,

mong the above agmcies for m e a l development,

ENADEP was chosen to be accossed to what e x t e n t it: h a s

go- i n rural transfornatkm in Nsukka zone of Emgu

S t a t @ * Emgu S t a t e ~ g r i c u ! Lurd. Devalapment Programme

was chosen because of its laudable objective to transform

rurd s e t t i n g of t h e skate.

This s tudy is divided into chapters . Chapter one

contains the in troductLm, where t h e mse~rcher phin ted

m real p i c t u r e of what turn2 sett ing in Nigeria l o o k s

l i k e . f t a l so contains statement of the problems,

s i g n i f i c a n t of the study, litefature review# where a l l

the qveil able l i t e r a t u r e is reviewed, kheoretical frame-

wo~k; t h e theory that 1s used here l a David Eastan

system Theoty of Input - at?kptIk matrix , method of

rese'erch end operational def init lons.

vi :

I n c h a p t e r two, the researcher d i s c u s s e d pr i .nc ip l e s

a f rural development , agcn ts of Rural Development,

Goals and o b j e c t i v e s of Rural Development, o p t i o n s

open La ENADEP for Rural Dewlapmen t and Rural Literacy

and Rural Developmentr

Chapter three explored Nsukks and its camposit ion,

Rural Economr, In Nsukka 7 ~ t q p o l i t i c a l and social

organisation, and probl.ams associated with Rural

Development I n Nsukkn rn~&

Chapter Pour conta3.n~ analysfl s and in terpre ta t ion

of data and constrelnEs to projecks implemenCatisn.

Chapter f i v e was s e t aslede f ~ r summary of the

w o ~ k , recammendation made and c m c l u s l o n made.

v i i

TABLE O F CONTENTS 1

eAGE

TXTLE PAGE bee e . . o m . i

APPROVAL PAGE *a4 ..a 0 4 ii

ACKNOWL EWEMEW 6 4 e.0 0 . . i v

CHAPTER ONE:

f NTRODUCTIOW em* *.. 1

3.1 Statement of Problem . 3 1.2 s i g n i f i c a n c e of t h e Study ... 6

1.3 L i t e r a t u r e Review .. . 0 . 0 7

1. 4 Theoret ica l Framework . o . 22

5 Hypotheses a m . e m . 28 1.6 Method of Research e.0 ..* 29

1.7 Operational D e f i n i t i o n s ... 31

References ma* me. ... 36

CHAPTER TWO8 . ' THE NATURE OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT o m . 40

2* 1 P r i n c i p l e s of Rural Development 40 2@2 gents of Rural DeVelopment ... 45 . 2.3 Goals and ~bjectives of Rural

Development *e 0.. 47 2.4 Options Opera ko ENADEP f o r Rural

Development ma. ,.a 5 2 2.5 Rural L i t eracy and RUfal Development 55

References ' .a* e . . ... 57

v i i i

TABLE OF CONTENTS CONT 'D

PAGE

CHAPTER THREES

NSUKKA AND ITS COMPOSITION ... 58

3.1 Locat ion and Composition 0.0 99 3.2 Rural Economy in Nsukka zone .. . 6 0 3.3 Political and Social Organisat ion 6 7 3.4 Problemrr of Rural Development i n

Nsukka *a .I* ... 7 1

References I... .@ 1 . . 78

CHAPTER FOUR:

4.1 BACKGROUND INFORMATICN 0 .0 79

a.2 Project Evduat5.m .&* + * 4 80 4,3 Cons tra in t s to Project Implementation 94

References * a * e * 6 96

CHAPTER F I V E a

SUKPIARY, RECOMMENDATSONS AND CONCLUSION 9 7

BIBLIOGRAPHY m e & e.0 o m . 104

LIST OF TABLES

1, Feeder Roads Construckad and M a i n t a i ~ d ENADEP i n Nsukka Zone ern e r n e

2. Areas ENADEP Provided Rural water Supply i n Ndlukka pane * a m 0.e

3. D S s t r i b u t i o n of Respondents by T h e i r Response i n Improving Their Per C a p i t a Income a*@ e * * 0 , .

4. D i s t r i b u t i o n of Respondents by Their P o s i t i o n About Credit F~cd.1 St ies

5, D i s t r i b u t i o n of Respondents by Their P o s i t i o n About Provision of Rural l n f r a s ' . r u c t u r e ++. I.. m a *

6 , D i s t r i b u t i o n sf Respondents by Their P o s i t i o n on ENADEP Extmsion Services

7 , Distribution of Respondents by T h e i r Educat ional Standing * a * w o e

Dlstribu t i o n sf Respondents on Their 8. Relative Standing on General Performance

of ENADEP **e ma. e m .

CHAPTE.: ONE

INTRODUCTION

N i g e r i a l i k e a n y o t h e r

-..--1 .

c o u n t r y is confronted

w i t h the p r o b l e m s of rurar development . Since t h e

o v e r w h e l m i n g m a j o r i t y of t h e population 1 l v e s and

p r o m o t e and accelerate d e v e l o p m e n t a t grassroot leve1

bee mes t h e major p r e - o c c u p a t i o n of v a r i o u s regimes

I n Nigeria, For i n s t a n c e * t h e N a t i o n a l Devel dpment

P l a n from 1975 - 1380, the c o u n t r y ' s r u r a l d e v e l o p m e n t

p o l i c y was stipulated t h u s t

The ma in objective of rural d e v e l o p m e n t are t o i m p r o v e r..:ral p r o d u c t i v i t y and income, d i v e r s i f y r u r a l economy and g e n e r a l l y e n h a n c e t h e q u a l i t y of l i fe i n r u r a l areas... I n a d d i t i o n to r a i s i n g a g r i c u l t u r a l p r o d u c t i v i t y , e f f o r t w i l l b e made to e n h a n c e the q u a l i t y of l i f e i n rural areas t h r o u g h t h e p r o v i s i o n of basic s o c i a l a m e n i t i e s s u c h p s h ~ a l kh c e n t r e s , p ipe borne water, f e and e l e c t r i c i t y . The combine o f t h e s e m e a s u r e s s h o u l d hely t h e d i s p a r i t i e s i n l i v i n g st! b e t w e e n t h e u r b a n a n d r u r a l popuAacaon.

,. TG a c h i e v e the above o b j e c t i v e , i t h a s become

' n e c e s d a r y t h a t t h e go nC and i t s a g e n c i e s 7 e f f o r t

s h o u l d be tailorr?d t o b

t h mselves must be ma

achlevislg i t , The people

p a r t i c i p a t e f u l l y and

nble to decider what i s good for t h e m s e l v e s o r i n f l u e n c e

those who make decision. In the words of J o h n M. Cohen;

The i n ~ l v e m e n t of r u r a l p o o r i n r a k i n g d e c i s i o n on d e v e l o p m e n t effort which affects them and t h e c o n t r i b u t i o n of t h e i r r e s o u r c e s t o d e v e l o p m e n t a c t i v i t i e s as w e l l as assurance t h a t t h e p o o r i n f a c t b e n e f i t s from i n t e r v e n t i o n s i n t e n d e d to h e l p them are e s s e n t i a l to r u r a l deve lopmen t . 2

The goes to a 1 arge T h i s goes t o e l a r g e e x t e n t to e x p l a i n t h a t t h e

d f v e r s i f i c a t o ec~mornic; 1 o $ 1 h e stste r ~ s t a h e a v i l y a n

1 i b e r a l i ~ a t i o n pmgramme in Nigeria. Rational

res urea a l l o c a t i o n wou ld ensure t h a t those formally

exluded but v e r y p r o d u c t i v e sector and qraups should

b e Lnkegrated i n t o the n a t i o n a l economy. R u r a l people

h a v e n~ w b e e n r e c ~ g n i s e d as one of such p r o d u c t i v e

b u t n o t f u l l y integrated group, It is w i d e l y agreed

t h a t t h e r u r a l sector remains a potential source of

e c o n o m i c g rowth to Nigeria, Zk has long been noted

t h a t t h e development of c o u n t r y l i k 6 ~ i g e r l a

massively d e p e n d s o n untapped agricultural p o t e n t i a l s

of rural comrnunit#es. There are other economic

a c t i v i t i e s i n r u r a l ereas l i k e black s m i t h i n g ,

teather work, w-~aving but a g r i c u l t u r e up Co date

r e m a i n s p redominan t .

3

I n a b i d to i n t e g r a t e t h e r u r a l sector t o t h e

e c o n o m i c 1 if e o f t h e n a t i o n , ~ g r i c u l t u r a1 ~ e v e l o p m e n t

Programrr~e was c r e a k e d Its b o o s t agri c u l t u r d p r o d u c t i o n ,

p r o v i d e b a s i c r u r a l i n f r a s t r u c t u r e fo r r u r a l p e o p l e

a n d p r o v i d e i n f o r m a c i a n to r u r a l d w e l l e r s a b o u t new

t e c h n i q u e s i n a g r i c u l t u r e . R u r a l i n f r a s t r u c t u r e is

i n form of r u r a l , f e e d e r roads and water s u p p l y .

Agricultural Development Pmgtarnrne a 1 so e n g a g e i n

agro-input marketing to boost h i g h y i e l d of a g r i c u l t u r a l

p r o d ~ c t s , ~ l l t h e s e are g e a r e d t o w a r d s t h e d t w e l o p m e n t

of r u r a l sector of t h e c o u n t r y . O t h e r aims may b e to

e n c o x r a g e p e o p l e ta e n g a g e i n a g r i c u l t u r e a s a l o n g

l i f e p r o f e s s i o n , c h e c k r u r a l - u r b a n d r i f t , and

i n c r e a s e p e r - c a p i t a i ncome which w i l l i n v a r i a b l y

i n c r e a s e s t a n d a r d of l i v i n g of r u r a l pmpk p o p u l a c e .

1.3. Statement of P r o b l e q t

I n N i g e r i a , l i f e i n r u r a l a r e a is u n e v i a b l e ,

Like o t h e r ~f r i c a n c o u n t r i e s , h i g e r i a i s c o n f r o n t e d b

wi'th t h e p r o b l e m of m o d e r n i s i n g h e r r u r a l a r e a s w h e r e

t h e m a j o r i t y o f t h e p e o p l e 1 i v e and f i n d t h e i r

l i v e l i h o o d , N i g e r i a ' s r u r a l s c c t o r i s n o t o n l y

e c o n o m i c a l l y backward b u t a lso t h e g a p b e t w e e n i t

a n d t h e u r b a n sector has also widened i n r e c e n t

y e a r s . A 1 though we achieved p o l i t i c a l independence ,

t h e set of deve lopmenta l p o l i c i e s pursued b y

s u c c e s ~ i v e Nigerian government c o n t i n u e to resemble

i n many ways those of c ~ l o n i ~ l i s t , SO t h a t af t(9r

a b o u t s i x t y y e a r s of c o l o n i a l r u l e , and 34 y e a r s

o f p o l i t i c a l independence, r u r a l N i g e r i a has n o t

changed s i g n i f i c a n t l y . C l e r u gave a v i v i d d e s c r i p t i o n

o f r u r a l N i g e r i a in this way:

The g e n e r a l level of l i v i n g t e n d s to be v e r y l o w for the vas t m a j o r i t y of t h e popu laca , T h i s l o w g e n e r a l l e v e l of l i v i n g is manifested i n form of income ( p o v e r t y ) , i n a d e q u a t e h o u s i n g , p o o r h e a l t h , limited or no education, h i g h m o r t a l i t y and low life expec tancy . P e o p l e rise u p to t o i l d a i l y f m m down to dusk w i t h ve ry little Oiltput to show for it. They seem to by-pass by w h a t e v e r economic p r o g r e s s t h a t h a s b e e n a c h i e v e d n a t i o n a l 1 yo 3

No p e o p l e , no matter how endowed by n a t u r e , c a n

p r o v i d e a l l t h e basic needs for themse lves , ~t t h e

same time, no government: no m a t t e r how endowed c a n . hope' t o . p r o v i d e a l l t h e b a s i c needs to t h e people.

I t c a n be stated here that there fs I n t e r d e p e n d e n c e

of , a c t i v i t i e s be tween the government and t h e people.

5

I t t h e r e f o r e , becomes n e c e s s a r y t h a t t h e people

c o n c e r n e d , who r e q u i r e t h e m s e r v i c e s and f o r whom

t h e y are to be p r o v i d e d m u s t t h e m s e l v e s be made to

p a r t i c i p a t e f u l l y and e c t i v e l y i n t h e p r o v i s i o n ,

The government and I t s agencies ahou ld a c t as a

c a t a l y s t t o t h e p e o p l e where t h e r e is no develop-

m e n t a l i n i t i a t i v e s emanating f r o m the peop le ,

The b a s i c theme of this research work i e to

i n v e s t i g a t e how Enugu S t a t e Agricultural Development

Programme h a v e h e l p e d i n t r , -ns fo rmlng t h e t u t a l

sector i n Nsukka zone of t h e s t a t e , L t is p e r t i n e n t

t o pose t h e f o l l o w i n g r e s e a r c h q u e s t i o n s .

To what e x t e n t h a s Enugu S t a t e A g r i c u l t u r a l

Development Programrue h e l p e d to p r o v i d e b a s i c r u r a l

i n f r a s t r u c t u r e 1 i k e r u r a l feeder roads and r u r a l

w a t e r s u p p l y?

To what degree has Enuqu State ~ n r i c u l t u r a l

Deve10,~ment Programme C LNADEP) helped i n p r o v i d i n g

improved agricultural inputs to r u r a l f a r m e r s t o

b o o s t p r o d u c t i v i t y ?

Are t h e r e any relationship between l e v e l of

l i t e r a c y and response b ENADEPs E x t e n s i o n S e r v i c e s

' to ehe ru ra l populace o f Nsukka zone of t h e state?

Sian i f icancsb of th-8

This s t u d y is unique. This is t h e f i r s t s t u d y of

ENADEP as i n s t r u m e n t of rural deve lopment 8 ; nce i ts

c r e a t i o n i n 1991.

For many r e a s g n s , t h i s study is v e r y t i m e l y and

s i g n i f i c a n t . T h i s study w i l l h e l p u s t o better

a p p r e c i a t e t h e overall functioning of ENADEP i n r u r a l

deve lopment , c o n s t r a i n t s it faces and t h e o v e r a l l

internal d ynarnkks.

The s t u d y w i l l a l so provide empirical d a t a g o t

from t h e f i e l d o n many economic and p o l i t i c a l p r o c e s s e s

i n t h e r u r a l a rea . It w i l l a l s o h i g h l i g h t t h e problems

being f a c e d b y rural d w e l l e r s i n Niger ie and i n

Nsukka zone i n p a r t i c u l a r .

The outcome of this r e s e a r c h wrk w i l l a l s o be

a huge, c o n t r i b u t i o n b ru ra l development a g e n c i e s , - . - -

p e r s o n a l and w i l l he lp ENADEP to know to what e x t e n t

i t harp gone i n achieving i t e aim i n ru ra l t r a n s f o r m a t i o n .

.. This s t u d y will also he lp rura l dwellers and

f acme& b know development opport c n i t l e s a v a i l a b l e

for them. It w i l l a1 so h e l p s t u d e n t s and s c h o o l a r s

a s w e l l t o c a r r y o u t r e s e a r c h in r e l a t e d a r e a o f

With t h e p r e s e n t government p l a c i n g much

e m p h a s i s o n ~ r a l development ; i t is deemed to be

of u t m o s t i m p o r t a n c e i n u n d e r t a k i n g a r e s e a r c h on

Nsukka zone, This will make u s t I f i n d o u t i t s

s u c c e s s and fa i lures , t h e problems t h a t militate*

a g a i n s t a c h i e v i n g the goals of rural development

schemes. T h i a research work. w i l l goi' a l o n g way i n

a c h i e v i n g t h e aspirations of t h e present m i l - t t a r y

government.

L i t e r a t u r e Review;

The l i t e r a t u r e o n r u r a l development h a s

p r o l i f e r a t e d s i n c e t h e end of second world war and

t h e e r a of t h e "cold warM i n t e . r n a t i o n a 1 deplomacy,

A number of s c h o l a r s have w r i t t e n books on r u r a l

deve lopment , However, a l o t r e m a i n s to be done i n

s c i e n t i f i c s t u d y of r u r a l development , I t is t h e aim

of t h e s t u d y to r e v i e w t h e e x i s t i n g l i t e r a t u r e i n

t h e f i e l d and criticise where necessary t h e l i m i t a t i o n

, i n h e r e n t i n t h e p e r s p e c t i v e i n * i c h some of them

h a v e emphasised ,

T h e r e a r e number af scholars who view r u r a l

d e v e l o p m e n t from improving a q r i c u l tvr a1 method i n

r u r a l area w h i l e others see rural deve lopment as

more encompassing,

Among t h o s e who a p r o n C h e d r u r a l development

from a g r i c u l t u r a l p e r s p e c U v e is D r . Mdu H. 0. I n

t h e p ~ p e r h e p r e s e n t & on 3 r d ~ n n u a l Fanning System

Research and E x t e n s i o n which kok p l a c e from March

2 0 t h - 23rd 1991, h e d e s c r i b e d t h e r e s o u r c e poor

f a r m e r i n t h i s way8

The p o v e r t y l i m e of farmers i n Nigeria a s w e l l a s other developing c o u n t r i e s i s r a t h e r so d i f f i c u l t t o define and a s c e r t a i n . But: the resource poor f a r m e r c o u l d be d e f i n e d as t h o s e w i t h l imi ted a c c e s s resDirces ( l a n d , w a t e r , l a b o u r , c a p i t a l , t i m e and a t t e n t i o n ) . Resource p o o r f a r m e r do n o t employ h i r e d l a b o u r b u t till t h e i r small s c a t t e r e d f i e l d w i t h t h e o n l y the h e l p of f a m i l y members - . ---. and a g r i c u l t u r a l e c t i v i ties a r e g e n e r a l 1 y r a i n f ed. Obvious ly , f ertil i z e r consumpt ion is m i l f i e l d s arr< h a r d l y m a t u r e and o n l y way so i l a r e r e p l e n i s h e d i s b y fa l low or c r o p r o t a t i o n a l system.4

o f r u r a l t e c h n o l o g y which is still t r a d i t i o n a l and

unimproved p r o d u c t i o n t e c h n o l o g i e s i n t h e i r c r o p

sys tem. H e s a i d t h a t they i n c l u d e t h e u s e of

s i m p l e hand t o o l s , unselected c r o p v a r i e t i e s and

f a ' r m y a r d manure, For h i m (Abdu H. 0.) r u r a l

d e v e l o p m e n t t i e , Improvement of farm tools f o r f a r m e r s

and improvement other t e c h n o l o g i e s i n r u r a l a r e a s .

H e d i d n o t see r u r a l development i n t h e l i g h t of

p r o v i s i o n of r u r a l i n f r a s t r u c t u r e l i k e r u r a l feeder

roads and r u r a l w a t e r supply . He d i d n o t relate

r u r a l development t o mass l i t e r a c y f o r r u r a l d w e l l e r s , 5

O l i s a (1992) o b s e r v e d t h a t be tween 1981 and 1985,

which f a l l s w i t h i n t h e f o u r t h n a t i o n a l development

p l an, ~ g r i c t i l t u r a l Development Programme was

i n t r o d u c e d , T h i s programme h a s t h e aim of f a c i l i t a -

t i ng r u r a l economic a c t i v l k i e s , Agr icu l t u r a l Develop-

m e n t Programme combines a g r i c u l t u r d p r o d u c t i v i t y

w i t h t h e p r o v i s i o n of economic and s o c i a l i n f r e s t r u c t u r e

s u c h as r o a d s , s c h o o l s L h o s p i t a l s and housing. 6

Ijere (1992) i d e n t i f i e d t h e f o l l o w i n g as t h e

a i m of A g r i c u l t u r a l Development Programme*

1. To make improved farm i n p u t a v a i l a b l e to

f a r m e r s a t e s t a b l i s h e d farm s e r v i c e centres,

2. To p r o v i d e f a r v e x t e n s i o n , c r e d i t , m a r k e t i n g

raxtaservfcea i n c l u d i n g equipment , v e h i c l e and

s t a f f ,

3, To c o n s t r u c t a g r i c u l t u r a l e x t e n s i o n (feeder)

r o a d s , and e a r t h dam for r u r a l water supply, 7

O l i s a and Ijere l i k e &du H. O., caxched t h e i r

r u r a l development to a g r i c u l t u r a l development ,

b h i j i n d a d i p r e s e n t e d a rdical view that r u r a l

develok:n,ent c a n n o t be e q u a t e d t o a g r i c u l t u r a l deve lop-

ment. He said t h a t i n a g r i c u l t u r a l development ,

10

emphasis i s placed on combinations o f a p p r o p r i a t e

product ion f a c t o r s , seed, f e r t i l i z e r , p e s t i c i d e ,

farm equipment a s w e l l as other s u p p o r t i n g a c t i v i t i e s

t o produce food, On t h e o t h e r hand, r u r a l development

focuses on people and t h e i r voca t iona l i t y , economical1 yb

p h y s i c a l l y and s o c i a l l y a c c e p t a b l e l e v e l of l i v i n g a s

t h e dependent v a r i a b l e * Thus w h i l e a g r i c ~ l t u r d

development of r u r a l development, r u r a1 development

i n c l u d e s a g r i c u l t u r d development. He saw r u r a l

development . as improvement of 1 i v i n g standard and

welfare o f r u r a l people. Rural we l fa re here i nc ludes

be t te r occupa t iona l s k i l l , b e t t e r h e a l t h Pacilities

and p r o v i s i o n of other b a s i c menities.' Kama Shuma

s a i d t h a t community p a r t i c i p a t i o n i n development is

a s y n e r g i s t i c approach aimed a t t o t a l development of

the area and t h e peg rle by bringing about the necessary

i n s t i t u t i o n a l and a t t i t u d e n a l changes and by d ~ k t r m r y

d e l i v e r l n g e pack age srrvice through ex tens ion method

t o encompass not on1 y economic f i e l d like development

of ag'riculture and rural industries etc, b u t a l s o t h e

e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f the specietl tea i r e d i n f r a s t r l l c t u r e <-

And s e r v i c e s *a i n the a r e a of h e a l t h and n u t r i t i o n ,

e d u c a t i o n and l i t e r a c y , b a s i c c i v i c ameni t ies , f ami ly

11

p l a n n i n g etc. w i t h u l t i m a t e o b j e c t i v e of improving

q u a l i t y o f l i f e i n r u r a l a e a s , I t i s a s t r a t e g y

to improve e c o n ~ m i c and soci a1 l i f e o f t h e r u r a l

poor, and t h e r u r a l weak i n an o v e r a l l e spect rum

of deve lopment and growth. 9

I n t h e view of J e r r y J o n e s , a t p r e s e n t ,

community deve lopment is c o n s p i c o u s l y absent from

t h e so c a l l e d i n t e g r a t e d r u r a l development i n N i g e r i a

as e p i t o m i s e d b y t h e kJorld Bank F inance Puntua

P r u j ect, Community development i s complete1 y seen

as something s p e r a t e , w i t h more o r less social w e l f a r e

c o n n o t a t i o n s n o t wor thy of mcmtion i n t h e s e grand

" i n t e g r a t e d r u r a l development** schemes. It n e e d s t o

be r e a l i s e d t h a t community development th rough the

c o o p e r a t i v e e f f o r t of t h e communi t ies c a r r y i n g o u t

t h e extra w o r k w h i c h t h e y b e l i e v e of b e i n q of b e n e f i t

t o them, r e p r e s e n t s a power fu l , l o n g term f i n a n c i a 1

resources, which w i t h improved t e c h n o l o g y c a n o n l y

i n c r e a s e . 10

A l f r e d Waterrsbn t 1974) sees r u r a l deve lopment

ap d e p l y b u r i e d i n i n t e g r a t e d mu1 ti-f a c e t e d s e c t o r i a l

a c t i v i t y i n which a g r i c u l t u r a l a c t i v i t y dominate,

He p u t s forward a model a5 rural development in t h i s way:

12

1. Low cost o f l a b o u r u s i n g , r a t h e r t h a n c a p i t a l

u s i n g t e c h n i q u e must b e a d o p t e d i n order to

employ t h e s u r p l u s a g r i c u l t u r a l l a b o u r i n r u r a l

a r e a .

2. En~playmerit g e n e r a t i n g m i n o r d e v e l o p m e n t work w i t h

h i g h l a b o u r c o n t e n t ( s u c h as c o n s t r u c t i o n of feeder

r o a d s , i r r i g a t i o n and otrhc-r w a t t a r works) a s w e l l

as s o c i a l o v e r h e a d f a c i l i t i e s ( s u c h as s c h o o l s ,

houses o r c l i n i c a l b u i l d i n g ) s h o u l d be c a r r i e d

o u t b y underemployed and s e a s o n a b l y unemployed

r u r a l 1 a b o u r , s i n c e l a b o u r i n t a n s f v e a g r i c u l t u r e

i a u n l i k e l y to p r o v i d e a l l y e a r r o u n d f u l l

employment I n t h e r u r a l a r c as .

3. Smal l scale, l a b o u r using small i n d u s t r i e s w i t h

l o w c a s i t a l r e q u i r e m e n t s h o u l d be e s t a b l i s h e d i n ' *

r u r a l areas to s d h l e n l e n t employment o p p o r t u n i t ips

i n a g r i c u l t u r e far example , t h e p r o c e s s i n g of

ayricul tural cmmodit~es produced i n t h e area - -.

coney rned and the f a b r i c a t i o n of i n p u t for

a g r i c u l t u r e s u c h as cattles, p i g s , p o u l t r y feed

m i l l s and p o t t e r y .

4, To be se l f s u s t a i n i n g , t h e model s h o u l d rest o n

f o i i n d a t i o n of local s e l f re1 i a n c e and self h e l p .

These c o m m u n i t i e s t h a t b e n e f I t from r u r a l d e v e l o p -

men t m u s t assume r e s p o n s i b i l i t y for r 7 i s i n g

r e ~ s o n a b l e p r o y o r t i o n of r - s o u r c e s . l1 Kuma Shuma

w e n t f u r t h e r t h a n AI f red ko view r u r a l d e v e l o p m e n t

i n terms of m u l t i f a c e t e d s u b j e c t c a u s i n g s e r i o u s

c o n c e r n e s p e c i a l l y to the d e v e l o p i n g c o u n t r i e s , a t

a l l s t a g e s of i t s deve lopment . Whi le i t is true t h a t

I n d i a t h e w o r l d s s e c o n d most p o p u l o u s (626 m i l l i o n

i n mid 2977) h a s become the 9 t h most i n d u s t r i a l i s e d

n a t i o n i n t h e world, effort to better t h m economic

c o n d i t i o n s o f 80% o f rural p o p u l a t i o n h a v e o n 1 y m e t a

p a r t i a l s u c e s s . H e (~huma) went f u r t h e r t o s t a t e t h a t

I n d i a ' s r u r a l d e v e l o p m e n t o b j e c t i v e s as b r e a k i n g down

t h e c o n t r a d i c t i o n that emerge from i n e q u a l i t y i n

d i s t r i b u t i o n of scarce resotirces, i n c r e a s i n g p u r c h a s i n g

power i n r u r a l area resulting i n demand fo r s o c i a l

services s u c h as educational f a c i l i t i e s , h e a l t h a n d

s a n i t a t i o n and increasing the q u a l i t y of life, 12

Dukpe O l a t u n Bosun i n h i s book N1acrj.a Neglected

R urd Majority, presented a new v iew p o i n t i n l o a k i n q

a t N i g e r i a n r u r a l sector w i t h a l l i t s i n t e r d e p e n d e n c i e s

be tween aqricul t u r e and non e g r i c u l tu ra l r a t h e r t h a n . -

a g r i c u l t u r a l sector a lone . He said t h a t the N i g e r i a n b

r u r a l sector i s n o t o n l y e c o n r ~ m i c a l l y backward , b u t

a a l s o t h a t t h e gap be tween i t and t h e u r b a n sector h a v e

14

b e e n w i d e n i n g i n r e c e n t y e a r s , H e c o n t e n d s t h a t t h e

p e r p e t u a t i o n of c o l o n i a l d e v e l o p m e n t p o l i c i e s b y

N i g e r i a n s who took the m a n t l e of l e a d e r s h i p f rqm

c o l o n i a l a d m i n i s t r a t o r s make i t v i r t u a l l y i m p o s s i b l e

f o r r u r a l p e o p l e to be affected b y d e v e l o p m e n t e f f o r t ,

Even a f t e r d e c a d e s of developmahtal both b y c o l o n i a l

g o v e r n m e n t and n a t i o n a l government, the l o t of r u r a l

y o p l e h a v e n o t b e e n improved. He s u g g e s t e d as a k e y

t o r u r a l w e l f a r e i n Niger1 a t r u r a l d i v e r s i f i c a t i o n so

as to reduce Nigeria's e x t e r n a l d e p e n d e n c e ; t h e

d e v e l o p m e n t of a p p r o p r i a t e t e c h n o l o g y t h a t a r e c o n d u c i v e

t o !r~ost e f f i c i e n t u s e of t h e e x i s t i n g r e s o u r c e e n d o w m ~ n t

i n r u r a l sector; improvement i n human r e a o u r c e c u h i c h 4

c o n s i s t s o f improvement i n r u r a l p e o p l e s h e a l t h ,

e d u c z t i o n and n u t r i t i o n end p r o v i s i o n of o t h e r s o c i a l

a m e n t f i e s ; a n i n t e g r a t e d a p p r o a c h t o r u r d deve lopmen t , 13

I n s h a r i n g t he v i e w of Dupe O l a t a n , t h a t t h e r u r a l

s e c t o r has b e e n neglect&, t h e v a l u e of h i s book is

1 imited b y t h e f a c t t h a t h e discussed r u r a l d e v e l o p m e n t

i n i s d l a t i o n from any gove rnmen t agencies that engaged

i n r u r d d e v e l o p m e n t ,

s * K. T* Williams i n h i s a r t i c l e , "The world

Bank and Peasant problemst1 sa id t h a t r u r a l sector h a s

1 arjgd behind the economy. Accord ing to him, t h e l o w

price p a i d b y u r b a n b u y e r s f o r fa rm p r o d u c e h a s a

marked e f f e c t o n a g r i c u l t u r a l d e v e l o p m e n t which i s

the main s t a y of t h e r u r a l economy. H e s a i d t h a t a t

t h e h e a r t of d e v e l o 2 m e n t i n o u r c o u n t r y , i s how t h e

economy of t h e t o v n s and t h e r u r a l sector c a n grow

in harmony. l4 ~ i l l i e m s f u r t h e r m o r e , s t a t e d t h a t t h e

l i m i t a t i o n o n t h e s t r a t e g i e s f o r r u r a l d e v e l o p m e n t to

"community d e v e l o p m e n t w and "agricul t u r a l e x t e n s i o n N

t e n d s to r e f e r r u r a l developmen; to mere a g r i c u l t u r a l

d e v e l o p m e n t . The d i s l c u s s i o n o n " i n t o g r a t e a r u r a1

d e v e l o p m e n t " , a1 so tends to dwel.1 o n orqanisational

s t r u c t u r e r a t h r t h a n i d e a l ~ g i c a l i s s u e s . BY i d e o l o g y ,

i t means g u i d i n g p h i l o s o p h y . The au thor argues i n

f a v o u r of c r e a t i o n of mperate ministry of r u r a l c o u n c i l

w i t h a t o p l e v e l a d m i n i s t r e to r as cha i rmen. However,

the a u t h o r a g r e e s w i t h Leagan t h a t v a r i a b l e s a m . - --

n e c e c s a r y for t h e achievement of development: whether

r u r a l or n a t i o n a l .

The t h i r d p o r t i o n of his book dwell e x t e n s i v e l y

o n h o y a R u r a l Development P r o j e c t o f the University of

Xfe (now Obafemi Amlowa U n i v e ~ s i t y l w h i c h t h e a u t h o r

p i l o t e d . However, sJme of t h e solutions he suggested

l i e s i n an etternpk to expcriment on t h e i n t e r d i s c i p l i n a r y

a p p r o a c h to t h e s o l u t i o n t o rural problem, It is

n e c e s s a r y t o n o t e h e r e t h a t I soya p r o j e c t has

produced no n e c e s s a r y answer t o t h e problems o f

r u r a l development. 1s

Also w r i t i n g o n r u r a l developmt?nt i n N ige r i a ,

Pi. 0. I j e r e in his book - ULUPMtng m i n a I s s u e s i n

RurAl Development, accucred t h e s u c c e s s i v e Nigeria

government o f being p k - o c c u p i e d w i t h drumming i n t o t h e

ears and heads of rural dwe l l c - r s the f a i l i n g s o f

p r e v i o u s regime rather t h a n developing the r u r a l a r ea s .

He s a i d t h i s is a general pattern a l l over t h e t h i r d

wor ld c c u n t r i e s r Ijam said t h a t c e r t a i n strategies

such as "authorlCative hrpnd~ut'~ from t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n

which p r e s c r i b e d t h e facilities s u i t a b l s for the r u r a l

area and s e c - n d l y so called ttdevelonment from below"

eg examp1 i f l e d in the c ~ n c e p k of cmmunity develooment,

have been tried in the p a s t i n an attempt to solve

the problem of rural poverty i n W g e r i a , These

s t r a t e g i e ~ have not hdwcver r~roved s u c c e s s f u l . Ijere

looked a t rural developmen' problem such as l a c k o f

~ ca-ordinated ru ra l development programme! man power

problemo; preblem of inf tastructure; problem of

f r r e l e v a n t r u r a l e d u c a t i o n t o p e c u l i a r needs and

a s - ~ i r a t i o n s of rurel area. 16

17

The book w r i t t e n .by Ijere and W i l l i a m s s u f f e r

t h e same i m m i t a t i o n as t h a t o f Dupe o l a t u n i n t h a t

t h e y are o n l y concerned w i t h r u r a l d e v e l o p m e n t a n d n o t

i n r e l a t i o n to any gavernrnhnt a g e n c y t h a t f a c i l i t a t e

r u r a l deve lopmen t . Na a t t e m p t was made t o s t u d y

e m p i r i c a l 1 y r u r a l development and a n y of gove rnmen t

a g e n c i e s like ENADEP, BgR DEFRRI, etc.

H, I. ~ j a e g b u summar ised t h a t t h e r e a r e s t i l l

i n c o h o r e n t , u n c o r d i n a t e d e f fo r t and programmes w i t h i n

i n d i v i d u a l s s e t t l e m e n t s and t h a t t h e y have r a l s d

various d e v e l o p m e n t p l a n n i n g p r o g r amrnes a t regional

and n a t i o n a l l e v e l s , H e s a i d t h a t t h e r e i s a need for

better c o r d i n a t i o n o f t h e gove rnmen t , c o m m u n i t i e s and

i n d i v i d u a l e f f o r t based on a c h i e v i n g racial. deve lopmen t , 17

D l * Kenne th Kauda, the t h e n p r e s i d e n t of Z ~ m b k a

i n t r o d u c i n g t h e second N a t i o n a l Development PI an from

1972 - 1979 s a i d for u s , d e v e l c p i n g t h e r u r a l a r e a i s a

matter of l i f e and death, t hough we do not u n d e r e s t i m a t e

the p r o b l e m s involved..., We m u s t f i r s t of a l l d e v e l o p

. t h e r u r a l areas no matter wha t o u r p e r f a m a n e e i s o t h e r

sectors. 18 Ajaegbu d i d n o t i d e n t i f y t h e p r ~ b l e m s l i k e l y

being c o n f r o n t e d b y r u r a l p e o p l e and r u r a l d e v e l o p m e n t

p e r s o n a l i n a b i d t o t r a n s f o r m t h e r u r a l p o p u l a c e and

t h e i r e n v i r o n m e n t . Kenne th Kauda f a i l e d t o u n d e r s t a n d

18

t h a t r u r a l areas c a n n o t be d e v e l o p e d i n i s o l a t i o n

w i t h o t h e r p a r t of gove rnmen t endeavour . What can be

achieved i n o t h e r sectors a p a r t f rom r u r a l a r e a c a n

be an i n d i c a t o r t h a t rural a r P a s i s d e v e l o p i n g f a s t e r .

For example, if there are i n c r e a s e i n t h e p r o d u c t i o n

of raw materials in rural areas for i n s t a n c e c o t t o n ,

a n d t h e r e is no corresponding i n d u s t r y i n u r b a n a r e a s

that b u y u p t h e s e catton a t a h i g h e r price, it t h e n

means t h a t the farmers income will B e low and t h i s 7jcheiv

aff- his level of living, In t h e s a w vein, t h e

then president of Botswana S i r Secretse Kharma

in traducing the secmnd National Development Pl an,

1970 - 1975 was of the opinion t h a t t h e g r e a t e s t p rob lem

ahead of ue is t h a t of r u r a l d e v e l o n m e n t , T h e t r a n s -

f omatSon of r u r a l c o m m u n i t i e s deverywhere p r e s e n t s

i n t r a c t a b l e problem.,, yet if t h e majority of the --. Botswana are to benefit from d r a m a t i c i n c r e a s e i n the

pace of development which has taken place s i n c e

Independence, t h i s problem must be s o l v e d . l9 Ksuda

a n d Kharma i l lus trated the ser iousness of t h e i r

regimes to transform t h e r u r a l se t t ing i n t h e i r b

v a r i o u s c o l ~ n t r y . Despite a l l the e f f o r t s p u t i n b y

a gove rnmen t and i t s agencies, life i n r u r a l s e t t i n g i s

i n a sorry state.

T. R. B a t t e r n i n h i s book, -v and T h e i r

Develomnent discussed government and o t h e r a g e n c i e s i n

devaloping c o u n t r i e s are trying to s t i m u l a t e , e d u c a t e

and h e l p people t o dcvel<?p t h e i r own community t h e m s e l v e s .

H e ap-ro chcd his taskby s t u d y i n g the aims and me thods

of government and v o l u n t a r y o r g a n i s a t i o n i n many

countries. I n doing so, he enumerates and c o n s i d e r s

various approaches assessi nq each a p p r o a c h i n t h e

context of one o r more of the actual s i t u a t i o n w i t h which

i t was d e s i g n e d to d e a l .

Th roughou t h i s book, B a t t e r n stresses the peoples

a t t i ude, t h e i r r e l a t i o n s h i p with o n e a n o t h e r and t h e i t

1 ikes and d i s l i k e s as i m p o r t a n t f a c t o r a f f e c t i n g t h e

success or failure i n community development; , It is

a g a i n s t t h i s background t h a t h e discussed existing method8

of s t - l e c t i n g and t r a i n i n g community development worke r s .

He alsc said t h a t . a community development: worker needs a

v e r y h i g h q u a l f t y o f . , judgement , restraint afid . . . - . . .

patfence in d e a l i n g w i t h t h e comrnun5tles and he needs

them too when compla in t a r e made t h a t progress is too

slow or resi~l t too few, 20

I W r i t i n g o n comrnunf t y d e v e l c p m e n t i n S o k a t o S t a t e ,

Lana1 analysed l t s orgnnisational, s t r u c t u r e as w e l l a s

community d e v e l o p m e n t programmes of the s t a t e , H e

abserved t h a t govermrent was p l a y i n g a p a t e r n a l i s t i c rolex

i n community develogment. According to him, t h e r e

are commc n i ties that am comple tel y 1 ack f ng in

i n i t i a t i v e who need to be s t i m u l a t e d i n o r d e r to

s e c u r e t h e i r act ive end e n t h u s i a s t i c response to 4hrr

moment, 21 Whet L e w a l emphasixed was s t i n u l ~ t i n g t h e

rural p e o p l e who do not have i n i a t i v e but h e

de-emphasised how to handle the p r m s s e s i n v o l v e d

when the r u r a l people are s p ~ r e d into action.

8 , I, Owuawalan i n h i s book, Community D e v e m e n t

-i/ ip Action: An Eastern Nf @?ria E x ~ e r i m e n t gives a 1

h i s t o r i c a l and a t the same time, an a n a l y t i c a l account

of m r a l t r ~ n s f c r m a t i o n spacing over sazventy yeara of

Eas tern Nigeria history. The book o p e n s w i t h background

i n i o r n t a t i o n o n geographkcal demographic, p o l i t i c a l ,

cul t u r d and occa~patbnal characteristics of Eastern

State, He mirrored i n a masterly d e t a i l the e a r l i e s t

attempt by col ? n i a l admknistretcrs a t dommunity

development wliich c11 t imated i n pr ice winning f t l m

*'Day Break Udi". The au t h o r regard community develop-

ment .as an e f f e c t i v e method by which the problems of

economic, and sbci a1 prw;reas of new1 y developing

e m n t r i e s c a n be tsckled demoeratical 1 y. He evaluates

t h e p a r t n e r s h i p of government and t h e people i n

supp ly ing o f community felt n e e d s w i t h p a r t i c u l a r

reference w i t h matching g r a n t and a u b s i d i e s . Through

the p a r t n e r s h i p , Owuawal am obsc rved t h a t ach ievement

were r e c o r d e d i n t h e field of h e a l t h , e d u c a t i o n , road,

CQns t rUCt ion and agricllture, a t a s k which t h e

goVerI'Unent c o ~ l d not have accompl i shed i n a l l t h e

v i l l age^ o f t h e state with i t s l i m i t e d f i n a n c i a l

r e s o u r c e s . H e dewtes h i s l a s t c h a p t e r i n ~ t u d y i n g

the r o l e of curnmuni t y development personal , the need

f o r t r a i n i n g c o m m ~ n i t y development persannel, 22

Rober t chambers book on Hansginq Ruf a1 De~eloornent~

is concerned w i t h managing the policy practica and

s t u d y of r u r a l development i n East ~ f r i c a , urn He c o n t e n d s t h a t t h e r e had been a wIde spread tendency

f o r p o l i c i e s what-=-ever t h e i r o r i g i n a l i n t e n t h n to

be b e n t " b u t and a l t e r e d i n Emplementatfon so that

t h e y p r o p o r t ionethly benefit those who are a1 ready

better off much a s we a g r e e d wikh h i m . But most of

t h e methods he discussed l i k e management by o b j e c t i v e

are direct1 y re1 ated ka aqricul t u r d workers and other

f i e l d s t a f f .

22

Sheore t i c a l Framework:

The t h e o r e t i c a l framework for a n a l y s i n g t h i s

r e s e a r c h p r o j e c t w i l l be b a s e d on s y s t e m t h e o r y of

David Easton. The main components of E a s t o n ' s model

are i n p u t s , o u t p u t and feedback.

E a s t o n (1965) saw t t p o l l k i c a l l i f e as a complex

Processes t h r o u g h which certain k i n d s of i n p u t are

converted i n t o a k i n d of o u t p u t w e may c a l l au t h o r i - 23

tatf ve p o l i c i e s , d e c i s i o n s and implementing a c t i o n s " ,

E c s ~ ~ and A p t e r (1962) Waston suggests that p o l i t i c a l

system has e s s e n t h l l y two element8 - Input (demand and

suppork) and ou kput (authoritative dec la ione r ) , 24 I t

i s this i n p u t - output matrix and feedback mechanism

t h a t e x p l a i n s the workings of a pal i t i c a l system,

h u g u s t a t e c a n be regarded as a gystem and also c a n be

I n f l u e n c e d b y the acttvities Jmth i n t e r n a l and e x t e r n a l .

~nternsi e n v i r o n m e n t include government and i t s

agencies, t h e chiefs, town bpmvement u n i o n s , soci a1

cl-ubs, age g r a d e s , traders union, r e l i g i o u s b o d i e s , q u a l i t y of p o p u l a t i o n ,

economic r e s o u r c e s within t he s t a t e , l q u a l i t y of s t a f f

of government a g e n c i e s . A l l these cons t i t u t e a forces b

t h a t i n t e r p l a y and i n f l u e n c e the per fo rmance and

. d e v e l o p r ~ e n t of t h e state.

Demand

9. Goods and services

2. Participa- t i o n i n p o l i t i c a l p r o c e s s

'i&axEA Payment of tax obediente to law self h e l p p r o j e c t ,

Feedback Loop,

The e x t e r

I

Outcome of c o n v e r s i o n p r o c e s s ,

- Develop- menta l

a c t i v i t i e s

Convers ion process

and o t h e r war1

,

Government - AU t ho r i t i e s

m t are t h e P'ederal government

--

% t h e World Bank, *hey

formulate rules and r e g u l a t i o n s t h a t af fed: the e f f e c t i v e

o p e r a t i o n of Nsukka zone and Enugu S t a t e i n general;

i n rural development. The above expresrrion was s u p p o r t e d

b y Eas ton (1965) who viewed p o l i t i c a l life as a system,

of b e h a v i o u r imbeded i n an env i ronment to the i n f l u e n c e

t o . which the political system i t s e l f is exposed to and

' i n t u r n ' r e a c t s . . He went further to s t a t e t h a t a

p o l i t i c a l system must h a v e capability to respond to b

t h e d i s t u r b a n c e s and thereby a d a p t to t h e c o n d i t i o n s

a i n which t h e y f i n d themselves , 29

Enugu s t a t e as a eystem r e c e i v e s . i n p u t from b o t h

i n t e r n a l and e x t e r n a l ~ ? n ~ i r o n m e n t . I n t e r n a l env i ronment

o f Enugu S t a t e a l s o includes Nsukka zone. I n p u t i s

made i n form of demand a n d eupjmrt . A demand a c c o r d i n g

t o E a s t o n C19653 i s a n e x p r e s s i o n of o p i n i o n t h a t a n

a u t h o r i t a t i v e a1 location w i t h r e g a r d s to a p a r t i c u l a r

s u b j e c t matter s h o u l d not be made b y these r e s p o n s i b l e

f o r d o i n g so. 26 The people of Naukka eom demands from

the Enugu S t a t e t h r o u g h it8 agency - ENADEP demand for

the p r o v i s i o n of social a r n ~ n f k i e ~ such as r o a d s , s c h o o l s ,

h e a l t h s e r v i c e s , water s u p p l y , and improved standard

of l i v i n g . They also demand f o r p a t t i c i p a t f o n i n maklnp

d e c i s i o n s t h a t affect them. The government and i t s

a g e n c i e s r e c e i v e s u p p o r t i n form o f payment of t h e i r

t a x e s , and r a t e s , o b e d i e n c e t o t h e o f f i c i a l s of

government a g e n c i e s , and self h e l p p r o j e c t from t h e

r u r a l p e o p l e i n t h e zone. Also a c c o r d i n g t o E a s t o n

( 1965)

AS it i s apgarcnt, the i n p u t provides 'what w e may c a l l We raw m a t e r l a l o n which t h e sys tem acts so as to p r o v i d e something we a r e c a l l i n g t h e o u t p u t . The c o n v e r s i o n pmcess moves t o w a r d s

b

t h e a u t h o r i t i e s s i n c e f t is towards them t h a t demands are i n i t i a l 1 y d i r e c t e d . Demand spark the basic a c t i v i t y of p o l i t i c a l system, By v i r t u e of t h e i r s t a t u s , i n a l l systems, a u t h o r i t i e s h a v e s p e c i a l r e s p o n s i b i l i t y of c o n c e r t i n g demand i n t o output .27

Those who h o l d political roles are concerned

w i t h making of d e c i s i o n s i n t h e name of t h e s o c i e t y

and t h e pe r fo rmance of t h e a c t i o n s , which a c h i e v e

a n d implement t h e s e decisions, and a1 l o c a t e scarce

v a l u e s and cost. Without the i n p u t made b y t h e

people of Nsukka zone, the government c a n n o t d o

a n y t h i n g and without the outputl t h a t i s t h e d e c i s i o n

of t h e a u t h o r i t i e s , the r u r a l p e o p l e i n Nsukka zone

c a n n o t I d e n t f f y the work done by the government. These

demands and s u p p o r t which comes f r o m or shaped Zn t h e

envf ronment of t h e system are converted by the a u t h o r i t i e s

o f t h e s y s t e m i n t o autput.

t"l%us there i s in te r - re1 awd a c t i v i t i e s between

the i n p u t - o u t p u t stmcture o f a system and its

e n v i r o n m e n t , I n other :'words, the i d e a of a sys tem

c o n n o t e s a n i n t e s ~ d e p e n d e n c e of p a r t s and boundary

between i t and i t s environment. ui8 (Ocophrey, 1972)

o n t h e o t h e r hand, because oP i n t e r d e p e n d e n c e of pa r t s

a change i n p r o p e r t i e s of one component i n a s y s t e m

reflects i n o t h e r components and then t h e whnle system

i s a f f e c t e d , ItFrom t h i s i t means tha t when one v a r i a b l e

Changes i n magni tude or i n q u a l i t y , others ere s u b j e c t e d

t o s t a i n s are t r ans fo rmed , t h e system Change8 p a t t e r n of

p e r f o r m a n c e or u n r u l y components ere d i s c i p l i n e d by

regul a t i n g mechanised. 29 (Geaphrey, 1972)-

26

These o u t p u t s t r u c t u r e gives a p e r c e p t i o n of

t h e b e h a v i o u r of the members of t h e s y s t e m as reflected

i n demand and support ( i n p u t ) i n t h e system. T h i s i s

because o u t p u t serves as inducement and t h e y n o t o n l y

influence, e v e n t s but also Lnf luence t h e s u c c e e d i n g

round of i n p u t t h a t find t h e i r way i n t o t h e system.

C o n s e q u e n t l y , as long as the p o l i c i e s of t h e a u t h o r i t i e s

w i l l affect t h e env i ronment o f the sys tem, demand w i l l

continue to be made into t h e system.

Eas ton (1965) surnmued up thus t

b u t p u t should not: be the terminal po in t of e i t h e r poliklcal process or of our interest i n them. The output of a c o n v e r s i o n p r o c e s s have the character of feeding back upon t h e sys tem and shapes its c o n s e q u e n t behaviour . But i f the a u t h o r i t i e s are able to take p a s t effect of o u t p u t i n t o account for t h e i r own future b e h a v i o u r , t h e y may i n some be appraised of w h a t h a s t a k e n p l a c e along the feedback loop. Thmugh t h e r e t u r n flow o f demand and s u p p o r t , a u t h o r i t i e s obtain i n f o r m a t i o n about the p o ~ s i b l e consequence of t h e i r p r e v i o u a b e h ~ v i o u r . T h i s p u t s the authorities into a p o s i t i o n to take the advantage of t h e d e c i s i o n t h a t h a s been fadback and to correct and a d j u s t the b e h a v i m r for ach ievement of t h e i r goals. Without feedback and c a p a c i t y to respond to it, no system can s u r v i v e for l o n g except by a c c i d e n t , 30

27

This feedback i s a dynamic process through which

information about performame of the system is

communicated back to i t so as to a f f e c t its subsequent

behaviourr of t h e system. So through the feedback

process, people's feeling and r e a c t i o n s to o p e r a t i o n a l

actions and performance of ENADEP are communicated

The w r k i n g of Enugu state is l i k e a s y s t e , ,' .t

Nsukka eons in the state i s a part of i ts i n t e r n a l

environment, The rural populace i n t h e zone make

demand to EnugU State government for t h e p r o v i s i o n of

8ocf a2 a m e n i t i e s l i k e feeder rural r o a d s and rural

water supply* They also make demand for improving

their standard of l iving, The p e o p l e of t h e zone a l s o

91ve support to the s t a t e government by paying t a x ,

law abiding, end also make community effort to batter

t h e i r l lv ing , The sta te a u t h o r i t i e s takes decisions

Ofi what value6 through ENADEP is going to be allocated

, , to Nsukka zone. The peop le s r e a c t l o n o are communicated

bs tk to the a u t h o r i t i e s so t h a t they make n e c e s s a r y

adjustment ,

David E a s t o n s t h e o r y i s a p p l i c a b l e to

deve lopment of r u r a l areas b e m u s e I t is when t h e

a u t h o r i t i e s know what is the need a n d a s p i r a t i o n t h r o u g h

t h e demand of the ru ra l papulacam t h a t W F ~ a r e a s

c a n be t r ans fo rmed , It is khmugh t h e s e demand

from t h e r u r a l populace that same r u r a l development

po l i d e s a r e being formulated by t h e a u t h o r i t i e s , -, . .

Having r e v l e w d ru ra l development 1 iteraturn

a v a i l a b l e and s t a t e d the t h e o r e t i c a l frmemrk it

i s now n e c e s s a r y to state the hypotResis of t h i s s tudy .

Hv-1

e x m i n i n g to what extent ENADEP have helped in rural

d e v e l o p m e n t i n t h e zone under study.

1. The p e o p l e of Ihe zone makes inouts of demlsnd

on ENADEP to improve t h e i r per c a p i t a income,

. EKADEP responds Co the demands of these r u r a l i t e s

b y p r o v i d i n g ildrpmved seed and other a q r o k i n p u t s

I. The rural populace in t h e mne also makes i n p u t

of demand on ENADEP to provide r u r a l i n f r a s t r u c t u r e ,

ENADEP claims to provide rural i n f r a s t r u c t u r e 1 i k e

rural feeder roads and rura l w a t e r supply to

r u r a l 1 t e s in Nsukka zone,

111 Through t h e feedback process, p e o p l e s ' f e e l i n g s

and r e a c t i o n s are communica ted back i n t o t h e

p o l i t i c a l system. b a t of t h e r u r a l i t e s i n t h e

zone a m illiterate and t h i s to a g r e a t e r e x t e n t

affects i n f o m a t i o n flow b e t w e e n ENADEP e x t e n s i o n

s t a f f and these rural ites,

pl ETH DOLOGY

a)

Zl.!is s t u d y I s focused on rural sett ing in Nsukka

zone of Enugu State of Nigeria. It I s chosen b e c a u s e

the researcher is famil iar wi th t h e r u r a l s e t t i n g i n t h e

a r ea and t h e cost of carrying dn t h e r e s e a r c h . Nsukka

zone has s i x local g o v e r n m e n t s 4

The c h o i c e of Rsukka Bone is d e l i b e r a t e . Our

80% of i ts p o p u l a t i o n are l i v i n g i n r u r a l a r e a w i t h

a g r i c u l t u r e as t h d r predominant o c c u p a t i o n . T h e i r

method of f a i m i n g is p r e d o m i n a n t l y t r a d i t f o n a l and

c r u d e . Worst st11 1, they lack& b a s i c n e c e s s i t i e s of

1 ife,.

b) &!~1 1 n9 Pmceduggg s

Purposive sampllng technique w i l l be u s e d i n t h e

a akudy to select: the research area, This i m p l i e s a

non-probabil ity sampling method I n wh l c h t h e s t u d y

3 0

area and t h e r e s p o n d e n t s to be i n t e r v i e w e d are drawn

ko be r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s of Nsukka zone which i s t h e

S t u d y a r e a , T h i s is based o n t h e r e s e a r c h e r s

d i s c r e a t i o n and p r e d i l e c t i o n of a v a i l a b l e i n f o r m a t i o n ,

The t a r g e t p o p u l a t i o n w i l l bc r u r a l dwellers and

f armera among them, ENADEP o f f i c i a l s i n h e a d q u a r t e r -

a t Enugu and some ENADEP'~ e x t e n s i o n agents i n Neukka

' zone s h a l l be i n t e r v i e w e d * I n a l l , about one hundred

and t w e n t y q u e s t i o n n a i r e s w i l l be BEs t r i b u t s d ,

c) ,Data C o l lectionr

Data f o r t h s study w i l l be o b t a i n e d from b o t h

primary and aecmdwy sources, The p r i m a r y d a t a w i l l

be based o n t h e structured q u e s t i o n n a i r e , This ~ t r u c t u r e d

q u s s t l a n n a i r e w i l l be administered to r u r a l dwellers i n

eelccted a r e a s u n d e r study, It w i l l be d e s i g n e d to

obtain background information o n the activities of

ENADEY i n p r o v i s i o n of rural water supply, feeder road8

and rural gtgr icu l tu ra l . e d u c a t i o n . Some of the ENADEP

e x t e n B i o n a g e n t s w i l l be subjected to an l n d e p t

i n t e r v i e w and also some of the EMADEP steff a t t h e

h e a d q t ~ a r t e r at: Enugu are also going t o be i n t e r v i e w e d

20 obtain t h e ways th= agency is making effort b

improve the canditfon of l i fe in rural secbr and t h e

C o n s t r a i n t t h e y f ace,

Secondary data will come f r a m textbooks, government

docurnen ts, seminars end conference papers and Other

published and unpublished ~ r k .

d 1 ~ a l vt lcal Techni-a

Descriptive tati is tics such as s imple averages,

f recpency d i s t r i b u t i o n and percentages are t o b e used

i n anal yslng t h e research data wh. never they are

a p p l i c a b l e ,

1.7 O~erational D P ~ inition~t

,Communitvl Jessie Ekrnard in hit3 work i n Community

D uelopment pub1 i s h d in &Eernationd E n c ~ c l a ~ a e d i a

p f social sciencea deffned a m m u n i t y as "terri t o r l a l l y

bounded social system or set of inter- lacking or

integrated functional sub-system (economic p o l i t i c a l

reproductive, e tc.) serving a r e s i d e n t pdpul a t i o n p l u s

the material cul ture OF physical p l a n t Chmugh which

t h e system opcrsteswb 33 T. R. Batben em~hasised t h a t

"people i n small t:edltiond cmmunfty feel that t h e y

be long and i t i s mainly these sense of belongfng t h a t

keep them observ ing community standards of conducts and

behaviour. *' 34 From t h i s definition, community is not

a c o n g t o m a r a t i o n of i n d i v i d u a l s w i t h o u t a f e e l i n g t h a t - '

t h e y b e l o n g t o a gmup. 3, S, Coleman i n h i s own

a p p r o a c h saw community as @'any human g r o u p of any s i z e

whose members h a v e a c o n s c i o u ~ l i v i n g a common l i f e

and s h a r i n g a common destinyn, 35 I n h i s e n a l y s l s of

t h e c o n c e p t , of communitys Cherles B o n j e a n c o n s i d e r s

t h e c o n c e p t to involve fcCSr) a t e r r i t o r i a l l y o r g a n i s e d

p o p u l a t i o n , (11) 8 populat ion more or less r o o t e d i n

the s o i l , i t o c c u p l e d , (111) Tndividual units l i v i n g

i n re1 a t i o n s h i p of mutual inter-dependents". 36 It is

hereby s t a t e d i n this wdrk ehet community i n t h i s

work means a g r o u p of people t h a t s h a r e a common

g e o g r a p h i c a l l o c a t i o n , common c u l t u r d traf t and

territsrial a f f i n i t y which is n o r m a l l y v i l l a g e group

which is e s s e n t i a l l y rural.

b ) pevdblaprnen t t

Development i n its own parts has been defined i n

v a r i o u s ways b y v a r i o u s v~ritors. It I s defined as a

c tMlp rehens ive c h a n g e o r tran5farmation In c-1 tu r a l , e d u c a t i o n a l , economic social. and political f h l d , 37

Here, d e v e l o p m e n t is something seen to encompass a l l b

aspects of human l i fe f r o m socia-cul t u r d t h r o u g h

p o l i t i c a l cum ec?nornic aspects of o u r life. Xn o t h e r

' words Z t may be re f inement of an e x i s t i n g order or #

w

total c o n v u l s i o n of an existing o r d e r i n t h e s o c i e t y ,

B i l l e r i n h i s awn arguemene saw it "as process not a s

a stake, S t a t e l a descriptive of c o n t e n t s w h i l e

process a r e d i s c r 1 p t i V e of these steps by which t h e

s ta te is created", 38 He therefore d e f i n e d davplopment

a s a d a p t a t i o n capacity of any unit i s i n c r e a s e d , By

a communi t v increases t h e i r c a p a c i t y to SF)-vc t h e i r

problems col l ect ive l y, then there is development,

C ) Communitv ~ e v ~ l o n m e n t i

AS c: lncepts of community and d e v e l o p m e n t has b e e n

looked i n t o above, i t i s also p e r t i n e n t to examine

whet i s community development, Dr. M . I. Okpara saw

rural deve lopment a s a self h e l p p r o j e c t , hardworking

which i s free ly undertaken through the i n s p r s a t i o n of

farmer f u t u r e , Ebr our c o ~ l n t r y , i t 2s f irst and

f ~ r e m ~ s t an endeavour to harness t h e ~lnkhusiasrn of

p e o p l e to accomplish t h e task of social and economic

d evelopment w h i c h our nation faces, 40

matefial development s u c h as roads, we ter s u p p l y or

b u i l d i n g o f achools or m a l e r n i t y c e n t r e s , t l 4 I ~ 3 r d

Robbins stated that development i s measured in terms

of r e l a t i o n to movement i n t e a l income per a head and

to note t h a t economic and m a t e r i a l w e l l b e i n g i s n o t

the o n l y a s p e c t of community. B i d d l e and B i d d l e

d e f l n e d community deve lopment as "a s o c i e t a l process w--

by which human being can become more content to l i v e

and g a i n c o n t r o l over sane Iocel aspect of f r u s t r j t i n g

and chang ing 43

The h o r l d Bank policy on rural develonment d e f i n e d

it as "a strategy designed to improve economic, and

social c o n d i t i m of spclcific qrouw of people - r u r a l

poor. 44 The d e f i n i t i o n of r u r a l development which

attempts towards integrat5.ng ideology is the one found

i n Uni ted N a t i o n s Economic and Social C ~ u n c i l p u b l i s h e d

i n October 1956 i n which c o r n u n i t y development was

d e ~ i n e d t h u s a

'fie process by which t h e effort of the people t h e m s e l v e s are u n i t e d with t h a t of t h e government authorities to Srngrove

b the economic, social and c u l t u r a l c o n d i t l o n of the communities into the l i f e of the n a t i o n and enable them to contribute f u l l y to national progress. It would not be regarded as a series of episode emhadied

i n concrete achievement, success, important thought they may be, is less important than the q u a l i t a t i v e change exprass& i n a t t i t u d e and re1 a t i o n s h i p which ~ d d s to human d i g n i t y and increase the continui nq capaci ty of people to h e l p themselves tc achieve goals which CWy d e t e r m i n e for t h m s e l v e s . 4 S

Some w r i t e r s tend to view rural development as

a mix of both urban and rural problems w h i l e o t h e r s

view it aril essentially rural. In this study, r u r a l

development will be regarded as rural phenomenon and

so should i t be. AZsa ccrrnmunity development is seen

a s t h e same as r u r a l deveboprnent. I n t h i s study,

t h e y can be used in terchanyeably.

REFERENCES

3rd National Development P l a n from 1975 - 1980, Vol. 1 (Lagos; Federa l M i n i s t r y of Economic Development 19751, p, 292,

John M. Cohan et air b v R ~ t s l Development P a r t i c i p a t i o n w Rur D e v e l o ~ m e n t .Monooraohy (Pub1 i a h e d by t h e Rpral Development Cornmi ttee C e n t r e f o r ~ n t e r n a t i o n a l S t u d l e e , Cornee U n i v e r s i t y 1977) p. 1%.

J. 0 , Clem "The Problems of Rural Development i n Nigeriafi A pzper read a t the workshop j o i n t l y o r g a n i s e d by t h e Depa r tmen t of Economics of U n i v e r s i t y of JOS and U n i v e r s i t y of Nigeria a t U . N . N + o n 28 - 31 October, 1987, p. 7.

Ebdu, H, 0. "The Role of Resource Poor F a r m e r s Under Depressing Economy i n t h e Development of a Nation". T h i s is a paper p r e s e n t e d a t the 3rd Annual Farming System R e s e a r c h and Extension i n t he Middle Be1 t mnet of N i g e r i a Baddeggl Niger S t a t e , March 20th - 23rd, 1991 (Published by the N a t i o n a l Farming R e s e a r c h Notwork, pp, 1 - 31,

O l i s a , W, L e d i n g Issues i n Rura l Davslomont (Enugu, 1992) pa 20.

Ijere, M, 0, Leading Issues i n Rural Developmwtt (Enugu: 19923, p. 20.

Mi j lndadi, N, & "Integrated Rural Development : Concepts and P l annlng Imp1 k a t i o n s t q r Community Oevelopment Journal (Volume 13, N o , 1, 1987) p. 20.

Shama Kumrr '*Rural tkvelopment i n )I I n d i a t Programmes, S t r a t e g i e s end P e r s p e c t l v c a f l . Community Development J o u r n a l (Volume 15, No. 1 J a n u a r y 1980) p. 20.

J e r r y J o n e s *'The Model Village Seharnes o f Nor< he rn Niger ia# A Model for Community Development" Community Development Journal (Volume 18, No. .1 January 1983) p, 74,

Dupe 01 atunbosunl Nigeria Neglected Rur a1 M a j o r i t y (Ibadan, Oxford U n i v e r s i t y Press, 1975) pm 160.

Sm R e T. WiLlims, "Rural Poverty t o Rural Prosperity: A Strategy to Rural Developrnmt i n Niger ia t ' ( A n Inaugural Lecture Delivered a t U n i v e r s i t y of Ife) p. 6.

S. K. T. williams. Rural Development i n ~ i g e r i a (Community of Ife Press 1978) pe 24.

H. I, ~ . j aegbu, &ban end Rural Develoment 1 Niaet Aq, (Ibadan, Heinanann E d ~ c a t i o n e l Book? L t d 1976) p. 73. '

~arnbir rr~econd National Development Plan 1972 - 1974" i n Robert: Chambers, Managing Rural Development Ideas and Exper ience From E a s t ~f rica (Uppsala: Scandinavian I n s t i t u t e of ~ f r i c a n Stud ie s 1974) p. 11,

Botawanar t Second Nat iona l DevelapmenC Plan 1970 - 1975, Ibid.

T. R, Batten, Community end Their Development (Londant Oxford U n i v e r s i t y Press, 1957) p, 190,

Memoh Lawal "%'he Theory and Practice of Community Developmenttc Ekneme Oko2 1 ( Ed). Nation& Conference on lNew LOG- Svs tea Unpublished Book pp. 549 - 76,

Ba I. O m a m e l a m * "Cornmunit y Development i n ~ c t i o n ; An Eastern Nigeria E x p e r l e n c ~ " ( O w e r r i t Image an@/$logan, 1981) .

Easton 0. Svstem Analvsis o f P o l i t i c a l L i f e ( N e w York, 196S), 17.

E c s t s i n and Apter Comparative P o l i t ics ( N e w Yorkr 1962) p, 4,

Robert Geophrey. What i s Comparative Polit ics (New Y o r k : 1972) P. 37.

T. Z. Sanders. "Community Development" In terna t iona l ~ n c v c l o p a e d i a of s o c i a l s c i e n c e s , (New York, 1968) pa 163 - 180, TI R. B a t t e n Op. cite p. 6 ,

mleman, J. Sm Background to Nationalism ( L o 6 Angeleer 1958) p, 421.

Boje im Charles Me (ed) CommunLtv Politics ( N e w York: 1971) p, 5,

Repar t on Orientation Seminer an Development Administration CCalabar r April 2973) p. 11.

Frenk Warini ( e d L Towards a New Publ i c kcimlnistration (Scfatont 1971) p. 112.

Okpara k, I, Community Development Journal @nugut 1972) pa 13.

40. Lord Robins The Thearv af Ecanouc Development $n History of Economic Thouaht,

41, B i d d l e and Biddle. Community Development Process (New Yorkr 19651, p, 79.

42. W r l d Bank, Rural Development: Sector P o l i c y Paper (wrld Bank Washington D. C. 1973) p, 13,

43. Quoted i n 0, Ekuma *ma. Chief C~mmunity Development Officer, Seminar Paper o n Leadership and Community Development (Enuqu: 1973) p - 2.

CHAPTER TWO

THE NATURE OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT

2.1 Pr; n c i p l e s of Rural D e v e l o ~ m e n t :

The c o n c e p t of rural d e v e l o p m e n t h a s some b a s i c

t r u t h which need to bes exmined. These p r i n c i ~ l e s

h e l p s to g u i d e a g e n t s of rural d e v e l o p m e n t to a c h i e v e

t h e i r aim, Any d e v i a n c e from t h e s e basic and accepted

p r i n c i p l e s may h i n d e r an effective r u r a l deve lopmen t ,

1~ a P a r t i c i ~ a t i o n r

In order t::, achieve a c c e l e r a t e d p a c e i n r u r a l

d e v e l o p m e n t , the members of the community s h o u l d be

w i d e l y mobilised for t h e p u r p o s e of development, They

shauld n o t on1 y c o n t r i b u t e money, meterid and cmmunal

1 a b o u r when n e c e s s a r y but a l s o ideas. The p e o p l e shauld

p a r t i c i p a t e both i n p l a n n i n g and execution stages, The

i n p u t of s u p p o r t is maximised and p e r s o n a l i t y growth

is f u l l y aesured when there is c a m p l e t e mass p a r t i c l p ~ t l o n .

This bhenomenon of mass p a r t k i p a t i o n alsa e n g e n d e r s - -.. -

g r e a t psychological sakisf action i n t h e minds of t h e

peopla. The people s h w l d also a t t e n d eeminars and

c o n f e r e n c e s where their problems is being d l scussed

a n d make c o n t r i b u t i o n s and a s k q u e s t i o n s p e r t a i n i n g

to their w e l l be ing . Each community s h o u l d haw%

4 1

r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s who would air t h e peoales p r o b l m a a t

c o n f e r e n c e s .

2,q P e o p l e s I n i t i a t i v t = :

It i s t h e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y of t h e people to i n i t i a t e

a n y community d e v e l o p m e n t project. The people should

d e t e r m i n e b y t h e m s e l v e s their fa1 t need -th-rn -their

p o l i t i c a l a n d a d m i n i s t r a t i v e machinery; make d i e t e l l e d

and p u r p o s e f u l plan o f these needs a d f i n a l l y u s e t h e i r

a v a i l a b l e r e s o u r c e s for e x e c u t i o n of t h e i r plan, When

a c o m m u ~ i t y has taken a d e q u a t e i n i t i a t i v e , t h e y may

so l ic i t f o r adequate a s s i s t a n c e , g r a n t o r l o a n s . I n

case where s u c h L n i t i a t i v e i s l a c k i n g , gove rnmen t s h o u l d

a c t v i g @ o u r o u s l y by using a p p r o p r i a t e a g e n c i e s or

s t r u c t u r e t o a d v i c e , arouse or s t i m u l a t e the people i n

order to s e c u r e the needed i n i t i a t i v e .

3, P l a n n e d Proqrammql

P l a n n i n g i s a c r u c i a l f a c t o r i n community

d e v e l o p m e n t . P l a n n i n g h a s b e e n def i. ned as i n t e l l i q e n t

c o o p e r a t i o n w i t h t h e i n e v i t a b l e , This d e f i n i t i o n

stresses t h e f u t u r i t y of t h e concept : of p l a n n i n g . b

Under s y s t e m c o n c e p t , p l a n n i n g i s defined as " t h e

a p r o c e s s whereby t h e s y s t e m a d a p t s i t s r e s o u r c e s to

c h a n g i n g i n t e r n a l f o r c e s , " F o r t h e p u r m s e of t h i s

42

work, community d e v e l o p m e n t p l a n n i n g i s a n i n t e g r a t i v e

a c t i v i t y which seeks to p r o v i d e f ramework of a c t i v i t#es

t h r o u g h which t h e s e 5s massive commitment of t h e

r e s o u r c e s of t h e people i n most e f f e c t i v e manner as

t o s a t i s f y t h e f e l t need of t h e community, The o u t p u t

of t h e p l a n n i n g process is s p l a n which p r e d e t e r m i n e

c o u r s e of a c t i o n and i n v o l v e s t h e f o l l o w i n g c h a r a c t e r i -

stics.

It m u s t i n v o l v e the f u t u r e .

It m u s t be a n e l e m e n t of pxx p e r s o n a l or

o r g s n i s a t i o n a l i d e n t i f i c a t i o n or c a u s a t i o n ,

It m u s t a l w a y s take i n t o f u l l a c c o u n t t h e a v a i l a b l e

and p o t e n t i a l r e s o u r c e s of t h e p e o p l e a n d mus t

make a prap :r r e l a t i o n of t h e means t o t h e e n d s ,

' It m u s t make p r o v i s i o n for e f f e c t i v e s y s t e m of

communica t ion and i n f o r m a t i o n f l o w whereby t h e

members of the community s h o u l d p a r t i c i p a t e

e i f e c t i v e l y d u r i n g p l a n n i n g p r o c e s s and s h o u l d

set u p a n effective m a c h i n e r y f o r t h e c o n t r o l and

c o r d i n a t i o n of d u v e l o p m e n t programme a c t i v i t i e s ,

I n e s s e n c e p l a n n l n g according to Kontz, is f t d e c i d i n g

advance w h a t to do, how to do i t and when t o do i t o f t 3

For t h e community development p l a n n i n g , it means

d e t e r m i n i n g i n a d v a m e the felt need of the c o m o u n i t y

43

and how to a c t u a l l y mobilise t h e p e o p l e , how to

o r g a n i s e t h e r e s o u r c e s w i t h i n and o u t s i d e t h e communi ty

a n d how t o a c t u a l l y rnobi'lbse t h e p e o p l e of t h e community

t o c a r r y o u t t h e p r o j e c t e f f e c t i v e l y , P l a n n i n g i s a n

i n t e l l e c t u a l l y demanding process, I t r e q u i r e s t h e

c o n c f o u s d e t e r m i n a t i o n of c o u r s e of a c t i o n and b a s i n g

t h e d e c i s i o n o n p u r p o s e , knowledge and c o n s i d e r e d

e s t i m a t e s , P l a n n i n g i n c o n m ~ n l t y d e v e l o p m e n t i s

important b e c a u s e it helps offset u n c e r t a i n t y a n d change , - --

to focus a t t e n t i o n e n objective, t o g a i n economy df t h e

project, a v o i d i n g waste and t o make fo r effective

control.

4 r Leadership r

If there is a n y s i n g l e f a c t o r t h a t d i f f e r e n t i a t e s

b e t w e e n s u c c e s s f u l and u n s u c c e s s f u l g r o u p , f t i s

l e a d e r s h i p . L e a d e r s h i p c a n be s e e n a s a n a r t of

i n f uer :c ing and i n s p i r i n g s u r b o d i n a t e s ' to p e r f o r m t h e i r

d u t i e s w i l l i n g l y , c o m p e t e n t l y and e n t h u s i a s t i c a l l y for

a c h i e v e m e n t of g r o u p o b j e c t i v e .

Ef f c c t i v e group l e a d e r s h i p is i n e v i t a b l e i n community

d e v e l o p m e n t , The p l a n n i n g and execut i s n of community

broject requires control, cordf nation, d i r t , c t i o n and

s u p e r v f s i o n i f desired goels a m to be met. An

e n l i g h t e n e d and effective leadership s u p p l i e s t h e s y s t e m

44

w i t h i t s v i t a l r e q u i r e m e n t c The people can be mabilised

if t h e r e i s a clear l e a d e r s h i p c a p a b l e of i n s n i r i n g

the people. An en1 iqh t e n e d l e a d e r s h i p i s p o s i t i v e

c a t a l y s t to community deve lopmen t , Community d e v e l o p -

ment is problem o r i e n t e d and e f f ~ c t i v e l e a d e r s h i p i s

a strategy fo r effective mlution to g r o u p problem,

F o r t h i s r e a s o n , community development req~ires a leader

w i t h a v i s i o n and can c o u n t an t h e s u p p o r t of h i s p e o p l e ,

5. Pfnn C o e r c i o n :

Community deve loprnent LB .a noh-coerciwe p r o c e s s ,

T h e p e o p l e of the community are le f t a l o n e to t h i n k

o u t t h e i r own n e e d s and take any m e a s u r e t h e y c o n s i d e r

a p p r o p r i a t e to s a t i s f y these needa, The s a t i s f a c t i o n

of t h e s e n e e d s i s d , ~ t e r m i n e d b y t h e p e o p l e ' s a v a i l able

r e s o u r c e s , H o w t h e non-coe rc ive p r i n c i p l e o p e r a t e

u n d e r a m e a s u r e o f social c o n t r o l , p r e s s u r e r e s u l t i n g from

heal tBy r i v a l r y and c o m p e t i t i o n o f gove rnmen t i n c e n t i v e

w h i c h may be i n form of m a t c h i n g g r a n t s , t e c h n i c a l

a s s i s t a n c e and other t y p e s of a i d s , So t h e p e o p l e of

ttie community shodld n o t be forced to u n d e r t a k e a

p r o j e c t t h a t is not gut: of t h e i r own v o l i t i o n ,

45

6. m e e m e n t with PePJLI.e's N d and Value t

Change s h o u l d n . ~ t be r e p u g n a n t to t h e p e o p l e ' s

L o r m s and v a l u e s . Community d e v e l o p m e n t is aimed a t

e n h a n c i n g t h e g e n e r a l l eve l of p e o p l e ' s s a t i sf 7 c t i o n

and i t s c o n t e n t is measured by t h e amount of s a t i s f a c t i n n

it is t o s e c u r e , An a t t e m p t to i n t r o d u c e a c h a n g e

wh ich i s r e p u g n a n t to the peoples cherf shed norms and

values r e s u l t s i n s h a r p b r e a k with the past and

c o n s e q u e n t l y d o e s not b r i n g any satisfaction to the

p e o p l e . T h i s m a k e s it necessary for p e o p l e to d e t e r m i n e

t h e i r own needs b y themse lves . hhen a p a r t i c u l a r c h a n g e

b y p e o p l e ' s t r a d i t i o n a l way is c o n s i d e r e d e s s e n t i a l ,

t h e r e s h o u l d be a programrile o f community e d u c a t i o n .

On the issue to e d u c a t e the p e o p l e s u f f i c i e n t l y o n the

e n v i s a g e d c h a n g e and convince them t h a t s u c h a c h a n g e

i s v i t a l and sa fe .

Agents of rural dzvel-pment: can be c l a s s i f i e d as

s trlrc.tura1 and nm-skructural. Structural are t h o s e

t h a t a r e establ f shed organs. For example, community

deve lo ;<men t o f f i c e r s , a g r i c 1 t u r d e x t e n s i o n s t a f f ,

c o o p e r a t i v e o f f i c e r s . These agen ts w o r k - s u n d e r c e r t a i n

agencies like DIFFRI, MimSt;R, A g r i c u l t u r a l Devel.opment

Programme and o t h e r s . Non s t r u c t u r a l a g e n t s a r e t h e

n o n - e s t a b l i s h e d organs. Exmples a r e v o l u n t a r y

agencies, town improvement union, "son of t h e soil ", teachers and youth o r g a n i s e t i ~ n s .

!&ere t h e i n i t i a t i v e of the p e o p l e d o e s n o t come

s p o n t a n e o u s l y e i t h e r as a result of i g n o r a n c e , l o w

m o t i v a t i o n o r l a c k of self d i r e c t i o n , a g e n t s of r u r a l

development helps to rjncourage, s t i m u l a t e and g a l v a n i s e

the people . They elso h e l p to i n f l u e n c e t h e p e o p l e so

t h a t t h e y c a n identify t h e i r felt needs, But i n d o i n g

this no a t t e m p t s h o u l d be made to c h o o s e p r o j e c t f o r

the p e o p l e o r decide w h a t t h e y need f o r them. The agents

of development should g u i d e the p o p 1 e* , t h rough g r o u p

process i n order to achieve t h e s e objectives, She agents

of community development a l w h e l p s the p e a p l a t o

Creak conmunf t y where thebe i s "no communitywr This

c a n be done through Using ~ p a r o p r i a t e t echniaues , e.g.

g r o u p processes to i n f u s e a sense of b e l o n g i n g and

conciausness of cummunal l i f e end "we feelhq'' . T h i s

requires a long tern p l a n of community development .

These agents of develop~nent a1 50 helps t o e d u c a t e

t h e , - )eople o n t h e n e e d s f o r change to be i n t r o d u c e d and

t o a d a p t t h e i r way of life to change. When a p r o j e c t e d

c h a n g e is opposed to peoples t r a d i t i o n a l beliefs, norms

and v a l u e s , they oppose a very great problem.

T. R. Bat t en p u t s it as thus2

One community development problem is then t o f i n d effective way of s t imula- t i n g , h e l p i n g and t each ing p e o p l e t o adopt new methods and learn new s k i l l s t * methods and s k i l l s which ere b e t t e r t han t h e p e o o l e s t r a d i t i o n a l methods and s k i l l s because they help them to qrow more food, have better h e a l t h and posses

\ more m a t e r i a l good that they have p r e v i o u s l y enjoyed.4

mmmuni t y development agents ahauld work w i t h g roups

r a t h e r t han w i t h i n d i v i d . als* They should i d e n t i f y

themse lves w i t h groups, e s t a b l i s h f r i e n d l y r e l a t i o n

w i t h them and p a r t i c i p a t e f u i l y w i t h group d i s c u s s i o n

where the peop le are convinced t h a t t h e p r o j e c t e d c h m g e

i s b e n e f i c i a l and d e s i r a b l e . During t h e p r o c e s s o f

d l s c u s s i o n , and p a r t M . p a t i o n , t he p r o j e c t e d chenged

will be accepted by t h e peop le simul t aneous l y.

2.3 0081 s and C b l e c t i v e s o f Rural Deve lo~ment t

Any community development programme should a t

l e a s t A w e same goals and o b j e c t i v e s t o achieve:

1. ' JCkmorn* ma1 &

Man h a s every d e s i r e to improve his economic

s u r v i v a l . Consequently, man's b a s i c needs are those

s l e e p , shelter and Sex. "If a l l these needs a r e no t

s a t i s f i e d and t h e o rgan i sm i s o f t e n dominated b y

p s y c h 0 1 0 g i c ~ l needs (economic nea ds) a l l o t h e r n e e d s

may become non-ex i s t ed or pushed to t h e background.115

Maslow stressed t h a t "far who i s extremely and

d a n g e r o u s l y hungry, no o t h e r i n t e r e s t e x i s t s b u t

foodH. In o t h e r wordst r u r a l development s h o u l d be

4 - g e a r e d towards i n c r e a s i n g . good p r o d u c t i o n , p r o v i s i o n

- - o f r u r a l water s u p p l y and e f f o r t s h o u l d also be made toward

e d u c a t i n g t h e r u r a l maases and i n c r e a s i n g t h e i r per

c a p i t a income.

2, S o c i a l Go&:

S o c i a l g o a l i n v o l v e s love and b e l o n g i n g n e s s , T h i s

need i 5 compl iment of our economic needs , S o c i a l needs

i n c l u d e s n o t o n l y to give and recieve, and affection

b u t a1 so t o a s s o c i a t e w i t h and be a c c e p t e d b y others

i n t h e a tmosphere o f f r i e n d s h i p , This can be achieved

t h r o u g h e d u c a t i o n e s p e c i a l l y t h m u g h esdul t e d u c a t i o n

programmes. ~ccordiw do B a t t e n , "to encmurage m a t e r i a l

deve lopn ;en t , is t o represent o n l y a p a r t o f t h e

commuility problem, it is e t l e a s t e q u a l l y i m p o r t a n t

a s chmge occurs to ensure t h a t t h e f e e l i n g or t h e b

s p i r i t o f community l a not destroyed."' The s o c i a l

re1 a t i o n s h i p of t h e members of a community l a a l s o a

p a r t of community d e v e l o p m e n t i n moral a s p e c t of

their l i v i n g and makes them to h a v e s p i r i t of o n e n e s s ,

3. Pol i t i c a l Goals t

I n community d e v e l o p m e n t , t h e e n t i r e c i t i z e n s

s h o u l d h a v e r i g h t to p a r t i c i p a t e e f f e c t i v e l y i n mak ing

of d e c i s i o n s t h a t a f f e c t s them, R u r a l i t i e s a l s o l i k e

t o h o l d c e r t a i n roles i n community circles, For a

communi ty t o be d e v e l o p i n g , e v e r y member of t h e s o c i e t y

m u s t h a v e r i g h t to hold c e r t a i n p o s t s i n t h e s o c i e t y ,

T h i s i s b e c a u s e , according to Maslow, man is p e r p e t u a l l y

w a n t i n g an imal . 8

This meana t h a t man h a s many n e e d s

w h i c h is g o i n g to be fulfilled t h r o u g h t h e community,

Thus D. A. Goalet asked a v e r y c r u c i a l q u e s t i o n , 9 t t d e v e l o p m e n t f o r whatt'. I, h i s book - Development,

f o r What q u e s t i o n e d t h e u n n e c e s s a r y and u n w a r r a n t e d

h i g h p r i c e which is belng p a i d for d e v e l o p m e n t i n some

t r a d i t i o n a l societies by W n q u e s t i o n i n g s a c r i f i c i n g

t r a d i t i o n a l v a l u e s o n the a l t e r of m o d e r n i s a t i o n and

-- stressed t h a t d e v e l o p m e n t Should be aimed -a% enhancing

the q u a l i t i e s of good life which i n v o l v e s t h r e e m a j o r

c o m p o n e n t s which are " s u s t e n a a c e , esteem and l j b e r t y w , 10

L, W, O y e t s d e f i n i t i o n of p o l i t i c a l d e v e l o p m e n t

. r u n s t h u s :

The main slennent of pol i t ica l development i n v o l v e s first, w i t h r e s p e c t to t h e p o p u l a t i o n as a whole, f r o m wide epread subject e t a t u s to an increasing numbec of acmmpanying spread of maee p a r t i c i p a t i o n , g r e a t e r a e n s i t i v i t y to t h e principlers of u n i ~ e r s a l i s t i e lat*, Second w i t h respect to governmental and general sys tern performance, political develop- ment i n v o l v e s an increase i n c a p a c i t y of the politicral system & man- p u b l i c a f f a i r s and control c o n t r o v e r s y and cope w i t h popular demand. P i n a l l y , w i t h t h e o r g a n i s a t e o n of pal i t y , pol i t ical development i n v ~ l v e s greater s t r u c t u r a l d f f f e r e n t i a t i o n , greater f u n c t i o n a l speci f i c i t y and g r e a t e r i n t e g r a t i o n of p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n s t i t u t i o n s and o r g a n i s a t i o n . 11

In any development pr"ogramme, t h e o b j e c t i v e should

be to f u l f i l t h e need a s p % r a t i o n s of t h e benef iciaries.

What happsna i n o u r rural c m u n i t i e s i s t h a t aonm

govmnment a g e n c i e s dream up ame b e a u t i f u l prof ects

and dump such a p r a f e c t st e high cost o n t h e communitiee

af- t h e n o i s y and h i a l y gubliclsed commlrsioning

ceremonies , t h e p r o j e c t k abandamd to r u r a l d w s l l s r s

wi'th m 'fund for t h e i r operait&on and maintenance, Hmce

t h e p a t h a t i c a t a t e of pe r sona l and i n f r a ~ t r u c h r r ~ l

dev/lopment i n r u r a l oomnlties. Eatabl i shment of

* f ural development committee, have not been a b l e t o h e l p

matters i n t h i s circumstances b e c a u s e of p o v e r t y

s t r i c k e n n a t u r e of the communi t i e s .

E f f o r t to develop r u r a l c o m m u n i t i e s m u s t h a v e

t h e f o l l o w i n g objectives.

a) S u s t ~ ~ i n a b l e i m p r o v e ~ e n t of t h e q u a l i t y of l i f e

and a s t a n d a r d of l i v i n g of m a j o r i t y of the r u r a l

p o p u l a c e , This w i l l i n c l u d e t h e p r o v i s i o n of

w a t e r s u p p l y for domestic and production use and

a l l s s a s o n r o a d for transportation of f a r p r o d u c t s ,

b) E n h ~ n c i ng t h e impratrement of the l r heal th c o n d i t i o n

t h r o u g h re1 i a b l e and accessible health s e r v i c e s .

C ) R a i s i n g t h e q u a l i t y , v a l u e and n u t r i t i o n a l v a l u e of

t h e i r foad i n t a k e a t a f f o r d a b l e p r i c e .

d ) Pmproving the h c u s i n g and g e n e r a l l i v i n g and

work ing c o n d i t i o n t h r o u g h e a s y p r o c u r e m e n t of farm

i n p u t s .

e) C r e a t i n g g r e a t e r human r e s c u r c e s d e v e l o p m e n t

o p p o r t u n i t i e s , more i m p o r t a n t 1 y, which w i l l l e a d

to improved p r o d u c t i o n c a p a c i t y and income level

w i t h i n t h e community.

The p r o v i s i o n of the above c o n d i t i o n s would h e l p

to l rnprove t h e y u a l 1 t y of l i fe and the w e d t h of the

' community. The afarementioned condi t ions would go a

5 2

l o n g way t o a r r e s t t h e r u r a l - u r b a n d r i f t of young

s c h o o l l e a v e r s .

2.4 Options Open to GNADEP for R u r d Develowmentt

1. ,Human Resources Development t

The re grea te s t h indrance to human deve lopmen t is

t h e l a c k of s k i l l e d and semi~skilled manpower. The

job o p p o r t u n i t y a v a i l n b l e i n urban c e n t r e s v i r t u a l l y

. attracts every e m p l s y a h l e p e r s o n leaving u n a d v e n t u r e t

some i n r u r a 1 a r e a s w l t b i n i t i a t i v e t o a c q u i r e or

d e v e l o p new s k i l l s , ENADEP may n o t be a b l e to set Up

a t r a i n i n g school b u t s u i t a b l e p e r r o n s c o u l d be selected

t h r o u g h the community development assaclation and s e n t

o u t for s p e c i f i c attachment to handle v i t a l c m r n e r c i a l

and t e c h n i c a l aspect of rural life, ENADEP s h o u l d

i n v i g o r i s e t h e t r a i n i n g of perw n n e l to reach a l l t h e

n o o k s and c r a n n y of rural sector.

2. A q r i c u l t u r e ; . .. P e a s a n t agriculture is the mainstay of r u r a l

e c m o m y , Rural dwellers spend very l o n g h o u r s i n t h e

farm, carrying o u t very t e d i o u s jobs l i k e b u s h b u r n i n g , e 1 b

stumping, p l a n t i n g , weeding, h a r v e s t i n g and t r a n s p o r t a t i o n

a o f f a r f i p r o d u c t s . Most times, d i f f i c u l t y i n t r a n s p o r t a t i o n

33

of farm p r o d u c t s is l i r n f t i n g factor^ to f a r m o u t p u t s .

ENADEP c a n l i n k progress ive r u r a l farmers t o o b t a i n

l o a n from f i n a n c i a l institutions t h a t h e l p s to f i n a n c e

ay r i c u l t u r e 1 i k e t h e N i g e r i a n A g r i c u l t u r d and

c o o p e r a t i v e Bank (N.A.C.S.), T h i s w i l l h e l p the

L u r a l dwellers t o buy inproved v a r i e t i e s of farm

i n p u t s , t o i m p r o v e p r o d u c t i v i t y , ENADEP c a n also h e l p

r u r a l farmers to p r o c u r e simple s t o r a g e f ac i l i t i e s of

ngricul t u r a1 products for price m,icfsilkf a s tabilisation

and improved income far farmers,

3, R u r a l Ilnfrastructuret

ln most rural ereas, t h e r e i s almost complete

a b s e n c e of good r o a d s and o t h e r t r a n s p o r t a t i o n s y s t e m s ,

h e a l t h and o t h e r social we1f are, e d u c a t i o n , water,

and e l e c t r i c i t y , Development of i n f rastrructure i s very

n e c e s s a r y to r e d u c e the drift o f r u r a l d w e k r s out of

t h e A r c o m m u n i t i e s and to. improve t h e of l i f e o f -- -...

r u r a l dwellers, X t w i l l a lso i m p r o v e p r o d u c t i o n and

f a c i l i t a t e the t r a n s p o r t a t i o n of farm p r o d u c e to

c a r ~ s u m p t i o n a r e a s *

Ok:.ony said t h a t the tranaportatf o n provides t h e b

arteries t h r o u g h which the economic Life stream of a

, s o c i e t y flows - t h e people, i n f c r m a t i o n , raw m a t e r i a l

and f i f i i s h e d praducts which h e l p s to b u i l d and m a i n t a i n

t h e s o c i e t y . He went further to state t h a t f o r t h e

3 most p a r t , new t r a n s p o r t f a c i l i t i e s e n a b l e d t h e e x p a n s i o n

o f local a c t i v i t i e s and i n t e g r a t i o n of p r e v i o u s l y

i so la ted m a r k e t s . 12

4 r Commerce m

Trade and commerce are v i t a l a s p e c t of community

l i f e b u t t h e p o o r e r the community , t h e s m a l l e r t h e

t r d i n g and commercial a c t i v i t y , U s u a l l y o n e or t w o

persons e m e r g e as community t r a d e r s o n p e t t y items

but t h e a c t u a l b e n e f i c i a r i e s of t h e p r o d u c t i v e c a p a c i t y

o f t h e community are uaually non r e s i d e n t who knows where

t h e goods c a n be digposed af a t good p r i c e . T h i s e x p l a i n s

why t h e farm operation is f a r more t h a n t h e m a r k e t price

of the p r o d u c t s , Agricultural m a r k e t i n g s h o u l d be

encouraged ea t h a t farmers p e r c a p i t a income c a n be

increased,

5+ M ~ c h i n e r v and ~ ~ u f ~ m e n t

There is near absence of m e c h a n i s a t i o n i n r u r a l

areas, Xn many communities, t h e r e i s l a c k of g a r r i

grating machines, milling and d r y i n g of rice and o t h e r . .agro-related machineries, Same farm p r o d u c t s are s t i l l

processed i n crude way. ENADEP c a n link r u r a l ites - -

e 6 , l e c i a l l y farmers th mast of t h e companies t h a t produce

these e q u i p m e n t and guarantee the payment m if the

f arrner f a l l s to f i n i s h W e payment.

2.5 J t u r a l L i t e r a c y and. Ru development r

L i t e r a c y i s the fundamenta l p e r s o n a l s k i l l w h i c h

u n d e r 1 ies t h e whole modern1 s i n g s k i l l s, L i t e r a c y h a s

f i g u r e d p rominen t1 y i n d i s c u s s i o n of developmebt e v e r

s i n c e deve lopment was i d e n t i f i e d as i m p o r t a n t t o p i c

of p c l i c y r e s e a r c h . Emph8~d s h a s b e e n on human r e s o u r c e

deve lopment i n c l u d i n g l i t e r a c y a s a key t o development

v e r s u s t e c h n o l o g i c a l i n n o v a t i o n , improved p r o d u c t i v i t y , --+

o f p h y s i c a l r e s o u r c e s and c a p i t a l formaChl as a

p r i m e movers i n the deve lopmenta l process.13 ll

( Aldelman I 19%).

Golden (1955) generally i n f e r r e d t h a t 1 i t e r a c y

h a d f a k r l y p e r v a s i v e t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o n i n d i v i d u a l . H e

a lso viewed l i t e r a c y as e n e c e s s a r y c o n d i t i o n f o r

d e v e l o p m e n t and recommended i n v e s t m e n t i n e d u c a t i o n , 14

T h e r e is a r e i a t i o n s h l p between l i t e r a c y and degree of

u r b a n i s a t i o n , ' pttrt ic ipatian i n e l e c t i o n and medsa usage.

If t h e r u r a l p o p u l a c e era educated, khey will have t h e

o p p o r t u n i t y of knowing the develwment o p ~ o r u t n i t l e s . . a v a . . l a b l e t o them. If l i t e r s c y i s f o c u s e d on a g r i c u l t u r a l

development, i n d i v i d u a l farmers w i l l improve h i 8

~ m d u c t i v i t y , Greon r e v o l u k l n n i n 1970s In N i g e r i a

t e n d e d to focua more attention o n a g r i c u l t u r s l i n p u t s

and fa i led t o draw attentfan to human r e s o u r c e

i n v e s t m e n t as a ' lbver t3o a g r i c 1 t u r a l development ,

T h e emphas i s t h i s perrod shifted from t r a n s f o r m i n g the

i n d i v i d u a l f a r m e r and h i s a t t i t u d e s to i n t r o d u c i n g

new a g r i c u l t u r d inputs.

The r a t e of literacy of r u r a l d w e l l e r s i s l o w i n

Nsukka zone, ~ d u c a k i o n h e l p s o n e t o have a c c e s s to

a p p r o p r i a t e s o u r c e of i n f a r m a t i o n , The c o u n t r y s i d e

p e o p l e i n Nsukka town a d i t a environa are not well

lettered, T h i s may directly or i n d i r e c t l y a f f ec t the

l e v e l of r u r a l development. In order to achieve de sir&d

r u r a l development , effort should be dtrected t r ~ r u r a l

1 i t e r a c y .

Richard Johnson A. et a l . ( e d ) , The Theorv and Management of Systems, (New York: 1967) p, 24,

B a t t e n T, R, Communities and Their Development (London: 1969) p. 18.

Maslow, H , A. "A Theory of Human Mot ivat ionN People and P r x l u c t i v i t y . (New Yorkr 1 9 6 9 ) ~ p. 101.

Ibid,

Batten T, R, Op. tit. p. 6.

L, w. Pye and sydney Verba. P o l i t i c a l Culture and Pol iClcal Pevelopment ( P r i n c e t o n Series: 1965) p e 11.

Okkony I, G, F, What is rural Community end its Charac ter i s tkgqq . A paper p r e s e n t e d i n Third Anniversary Conference of the National Board for Community Banks (Kadunat 26 - 28 Apr i l , 1994) P e 14.

I b i d ,

~1 deman I, *Development Economics - a reassessment of goalat' The American Economic Review 6 5 (Play 1975) pp. 302 - 309. Golden C, %ikeracy and Social Change i n Underdeveloped C o ~ n t r i e s " Rural Sociology 20 (March, 1955) pp. 1 - 7.

50

C H A ~ E R WIREE

NSUKKA AND 1.TS COMPOSITION

One with c lam observ&Cion may be wondering t h e

r e l e v a n c e cf ecology af Nsukka to t h i s study. Barnhart

( 1979) said t h a t ecology is that branch of ~ 0 c l 0 1 0 g y

that deals w i t h relationship between human being and

i t s environmentfl.' This ecology i s necessary for t h e

unders tanding of sociol.cu1 t u r d , economic and p o l i t i c a l

and other backgroufids t k 3 t is existing i n t h e area under

study and how these c o n d i t i o n s has e i ther aided or

impeded rural development in NsUkka zone.

The c o m p o s i t i o n and fdcatian d e f lnes t h e boundary

and various l o c a l gowrnmmts t h a t make up Nsukka aorle

of Enugu S t a t e . For economy, rural economy in the area

under s t u d y w i l l be dealkh with. I n d e a l i n g wi th the

economy of t h e a m s , particular attention w i l l be paid

i n t h e i r o c c u p a t i o n t stardard of l i v i n g , types of

s e t t l e m e n t s and how i t affects developmnt I n t h e

area. The pol 1 t ical and B O C ~ nl drqanisakkms will

deal w i t h ways which, these mralites i n t he a e a =re

able to p i l o t t h e i r own afralrs before t h e establishment

6f modern government. The problems encountered by rural

d w e l l e r s f n Nsukka zone will a1 so be df scussed under t h i s

chapter.

34 i Location e a (=otnpos&ionl

Nsukka is locntcd between l a t i t u d e 6O40' and

7 0 ~ 0 0 n o r t h of equator imd between 7O3' and 7O38' eas t

o f greenwhich meridian. Nsukka i s bounded in t h e north

by the present Benue Skate end south by Enugu Zone of

Enugu S t a t e , The local governments within EJaukka mne

ard Nsukk a, Isi-Uao, Igbo-Eza South , Igbo-Eze North,

U 20 Uwani, and Igbo-EtStf.

T h i s areR under istudy l i e s w i t h i n t h e Guinea

Sevana or derived Savana region of Nigeria. I t s c t u a l l y

l ies between the trapZScal grassland of Northern Nigeria

ahd rainforest sane of southern Nigeria, Put df fferently

i t l i e s within t h e transitional zone. The veg~t~tion

i s a mix ture o f grass and rainforest trees, Reinfarest

ttees l i k e a i l bean, palm, mango nnd other ecnnamic

trees occupy the dcpmssion between the h i l l ~ e Nsukka

i s characterised by extensive bush burning -fore!

c u l tivation, Rain starts ak Nsukka i n March and l e s t8

t i 1 1 October/Novmber, This farms the rainy season w h i l e

the dry season starts in November and lasts till February.

. .

60

Nsukka has no big river except ~ b o n y i , and Erne. It

is naturally blessed w i t h numerous spr ings which becomes

rcduced i n f lourage i n dry season when w a t e r t a b l e

falls below normal*

3.2 Rural Ecnrp- NsukkRnet

According to Carver I fl24), lgrural economy i s t h a t

branch of science af statesmanship which daale wi th

agricul t u r e , o t h e r r u r a l onkerprisa end rural l i f e as

a factor in n a t i o n building.u2 The str ik ing feature of

this d e f i n i t i o n Fs that lagrAcuL t u r e is placed in t h e centre

of economic l i f e of rural o o m r n ~ n i t i e s ~

i n contrast t o urbanised e ~ m r n u n i t l e s , Ngukka end

its areas are structurally s i m p l e minded societies in

at early stage of modern development. L i k e every other

loss developed counC-,ry 09 the world, N i p r i a and N~ukker

zuno in p a r t i c u l a r , more than f i f t y percent of l t a

popu'l a t l o n are r u r a l dwellers* Finch and Tiwewartha

rrdked t h r e e types of settlements, The f irnt one

is kyr the Dispersed or Xsolaked type of settlm-nt.

T h i s type of settlment 5s replete with problems because

t h e possibilities of i n t r a and Inter cooperntfve effort

among such settlement w i t h mspect to read, power

facilities, h e a l t h and other i n f r a s t r u c t u r e 1 f a c i l i t i e s

may not be e a s i l y reallsed. The second is Nucleated

t y p e of set t lement: which makes for e f f e c t i v e c o o p e r a t i o n

i n the area of self h e l p scheme i n development p r o c e s s .

This type of s e t t l e m n t hag got t h e problems of over

population, land problem and eaay decimat ion. The

t h i r d type i s colonial in nature and I t e x i s t s in form

of p l nnta t i o n and ranch1 and vill age. 3 me first t w o . :'

typologies of settlement are most1 y associated with

!Jsukka arcas. mese types of settl anent affccts b o t h

p c ~ s i t i v c l y and negaCively t h e living c o n d i t i o n of t h e

area. L i v i n g c o n d i t h n in Nsukka is also affected by

socio-cul t u r a l and traditional mores. Examples re

percetisation of land, destruction of valuable forest,

rel ic~ious attitude towards forestsaa as l ivestocks and

The standard of l i v i n g of rural d w e l l e r s in Nsukka

and its area are po z', not i n terms o f not hav ing . ahykhing to ea t or d r i n k , but i n a l l year round quant i ty

and qua l i ty* ?ha standard of l i v i n g 1s punctuated by

various aspects of poverty which veries from one r u r a l b

c m n u n i t y tn anadher, In the area under study, t h e r e 1s

6 2

acute poverty i n terms of having very l i t t l e t o e a t

or to weer a t c er ta in season of the year, Poverty i n

this area is seen i n terns of h i g h 2 consumption r a t e

and t h a t i m p l i e r l a w saving rate. Zn terms of working

e 7

I t capital, a n d s ~ a t e of operation, poverty in Nsukka is

expressed in form of poor crude and obsolate tmls,

smallness of scale of operation, poor outpout that is

i n c a p a b l e of meeting the needs of immediate communit#es.

The r e s u l t a n t effect is poor income and poor puchasing

povix. Another cause of ?oar standard of l i v i n g i n

Nsukka arca are ~ ~ p ~ - o d : r c ~ i t r e c u l t u r e s , This is couched

i n ssowt eocio-cul turd practices 1 i k e Woritstt , taboos,

and re legat ion of w m e n to the background,

The occupation 3f pco?le of Nsukka zone is

predominently agricuhbre, T n i s i n d i r e c t l y shapes

t h e i r ways of life, Thdugh many of the comaunitles

engage in t r x ? i n g h u t it is mainly egro-related

trade, Some comnun~tiss l i k e most of khe communities

~ o v e r k o t Area and some part of Eha-~lumona engage

in extensive fanning, b t t y traditrg- wine tapping I

and bl ack smithing 1s amorphously distribu tee. The area

, has very r ich loamy, hunus soil t h a t sus ta in a v i r i l e

rur~1. agriculture, S4.d There means of 3 l v e l ihood

depends on t h e pnceed from agticul ture . Both men

and wumen, even c h i l d r e n t a k e p a r t i n farm work.

f e is however, observed t h a t the r i c h a g r i c u l t u r a l

h e r i t e * is naE mexirnised becau~e of shortage of water

iand i r r i g a t i o n system and other ~gricul tural f a c i l i t i e s ,

with t h e exception of Abonyi, Cpi lake, Erneq ~ d i n a r i v e r ,

there is ,hardly any other river i n Msukka and its

area, These rivers have Llot been harnessed, This c r e a t e

problem not mi y for agricul t u r d product iv i ty but el so

for the h e a l t h and well being of t h e rural. popuf ace.

Most of t h e egricu!. Cural ~cornrnodi t ie .a are not durable end --

could n e i t h e r be stored because of l a c k of a t o t a p

facilities. B e c ~ u s e of t h i s , t h e y sre disposed a t a

give away price hence the petty traders canmt save any J

s u b s t a n t i a l money for their family upkeeping let alone

f o r self h e l p project.

Mbagwu ( 1978) identified three d i s t i n c t p a t t e r n

of trade i n Nsukka area.

. lr Trade in Naukka bwn'.

2. Trade in Nsukke rural areas.

3. Trade between Nsukka tom and the p e r i p h e r i a l

I hinter1 and region* 4

In trade i n Nsukka bwn, commodity of t r a d e shows

a b a l a n c e d mxl mixture of primary p r o d u c t s i n c l u d e farm

vegetables which are bas ic staples for urban p o p u l a t i o n .

They also i n c l u d e anlmal p m d u c t s such a s p o u l t r y ,

f i s h and meat as well a s some products l i k e palm oil,

palm win, palln kernex and firwood, ~ 1 . 1 t h e s e are i n

great demand in t h e town.

me! manufctut+d goods in Nsukka tawn i s Of s i m p l e

bread, c i g a r s t e , cosmetics, drinks, cookhg utensf 1 n

stnklonery, drugs eke, The traders main ly b?lv these

commodities main1 y f m n Onit sha and sell i n the town.

The kown Z scked haaic m t k a g e i n d u s t r i e s exaept braad

indtl.;try and prtnking which Its a t I o w scale. The

market does n o t posseso t h e market t h r e s h h a l d for t h e

supply of h e a v i e r and more ~o;:his t . icated t y p e of

h- idustr iu l equipment. L3csidcs9 a small prop( . )r t ion of

Workers a t University of 44igeria and a f 2 w civil servants

and m i d d l e c l p s a bus iness men around, there is l i t t l e

o f market c ~ p ~ c i t y i n t h e Jrkua~ town to engage t r a d i n g L

on mbr vehic les , gonerabrs, motor c y c l e s and o t h e r

a heavlor equipment that requires a l o t of purchasing power.

65

Trade in Nsukka town 1s dominantly r e t a i l .

Trade i n Nsukka areas I s transacted at specific

market days u s u a l l y four days. These markets have

s p e c i f i c centres, each village having its own. These

markets have specific centres, each village heving i t s

awn. These markets arz usual ly co! l e c t t n g centre for

agrkUltura1 producks, xt may hold t r u e t h a t scme of

these markets around Nsukka area are standard m a r k e t

one can find in any dmra2opj.ng area. Such markets are

Oye Orba m a r k e t which is n a w being rt.cc;nstt.ucted by t h e

world Bank and Gbollo Afor merket which i s s t a n d a r d

i n i t s owr? form. These two r n ~ r k e t ~ sell motor cycles,

e l e c t r i c generating planks and o t h e r heavier equipment,

days - Clye, for, NSWO, Eke. C t h e r importent ma:-kets

Okpuje, Eke Ede. T h e s e markets serves main ly t h e i r

local. nreas. The fxm r~rduce sold i n rural r n ~ r k 5 . t by

p2oclucers are hardly any surplouses. These are commodities

traded ko raise money b purchase o the r much needed goods

a produced & in the a=ns. However, I n some farm

Eha-An\uf~, P a l m o i l kernel , frults especially banana,

p l a n t a h , arangea and o t h e r commodities l i k e rice,

&am, cassava, maize and 1 ivestocks are i n r e a l surpluses .

Trade in these rura l W C ~ B E9c~ept Orba and O b o l l o for

markets are based on n g r i c u l k ~ r a l produce.

Trade between Nsukka bwn and it^ peripherial

regions is a trade cmducted between people of d i f f e r e n t

c u l t u r e s aver long d i s t a n c e s t This type of trede i a

a two-way movemeni;~ .Some of the rural populace bring

t h e i r product for sale a t Nsukka Zown w h i l e some t raders

i n N ~ ~ k k a town do 9 kc those hinter land t6 buy their

artlclc$of trade. The product is brought i n t o Nsukka

town may i n c l u d e qarri, palm d l and vegetables w h i l e

traders i n Nsukka towns go to t h e h i n t e r l a n d to .

purchases rice, y m , plantain and O t h e r products.

Examples of whem t h ~ trders i n Nsukka town purchese

their products ere ~ d a n i end OYe Orba,

There is m manufacturing f ndustry w h i c h could

prov.tde anather source of Income. Same af t h e cottage

i n d u s t r i e s bhak .,managed to e x i s t e,g, bread indi ls try ,

g h r r i processing industry are not even own. d by t h e are

indigenes. These cottage industries L : u s u a l l y carried

out by one to few l n d i v i d u a l s ~ The economy is t h e r e f o r e

b a s i c a l l y s u b s i s t e n t s in nature* T h e result i s t h a t

o u t of 86% of t h e p o ? u I x x are poor. T h i s adverse1 y a

a f f e c t ~ t h e standard of l iving of the people of the

area. When standard of 1-fving is mentioned here, it

encompasses n u t r i t i o n , md she1 ter.

3.3 Po1 i t . ical and S o c a Ornmlsnt ian:

Pn N s ~ k k s , there minted whet one might c a l l

v i l l a g e democracies i n a l l t h e ccmmunitles that: rnake up

Nsukka zone of E n u p State before the corning of t h e

EuFocrrms. During kh&s parlcd, each commanity cmsisted

of autcwnaus un i ts rang!.ng f r m f ami l fes, m i n i m a l and

m i n o r patril- lneagc thmucjh major ~ n d maximal 1 ineages

to entire v i l l a g e and vi l lage grou;>s. These was no

cent ra l ised system of adrn5nisCrstfon RS one can find in

I i c l u s d F u l e n i or i n Yorubn land, However, there ~ x i s t e d

h ierarch ies of a u t h o r i t i e s who hold d l f fsrent r d e s and

exerci~e power in k k s e commnities, There was RO

f unctsionml d if f e ren t l ak ion b~kween pol i k i c a l 3rd social

activities, 4 3 ' h ~ t r ~ d i t i o n e l ccmmunitfcs were frangr

played dominant' role ih the qovsrnrirent of t h e s e b

communl ties,

68

There was absencze of R)r Kings i n any of these

communities p r i o r b "114. 'She onus of governing each

community was placed an the rrNdishiqf ( e l d e r s ) ; a

c o u n c i l of s t a t e carisleling af t i t l e d men r e p r e s e n t i n g

variours v i l l a g e s and quartersa These f u n c t i o n a r i e s

had impor t an t voLces i n the intra-lineage and i n t e r -

l i n e a g e m a t t e r s and declsfona, and they played impor t an t

roles i n v a r i o u s fes t iva l s and ceremaniea of annual

m i l f t a r y and c i v i l func t ions . They took d e c i s i o n about

i n t e r - t r i b a l war or pea-. They also f l x dates for annual

f e s t i v a l s and ar ranged t h e leading ceremoniear a f f e c t i n g

the whole peopf e. They were the guardian of cemmonier ,

the c u s t o d i a n of its prostersty and welfare,

Age grade8 weft3 Very v i t a l i n s t i t u t i o n i n eve ry

Igbo soc i e ty . This social o r g a n i a a t l o n still persist

i n many Sgbo aocietiss* TZS o r i g i n must have been

n e c e s s i t a t e d by tha need ta f i n d an o r g a n l s e d group to

c a r r y o u t p u b l i c f u n c U a n ~ . These dut ies inc ludes - . -

c l e a r i n g s o u r c e s of water aupply, bui ld ing and maintenance

of roache m ~ r k e , G squeres and o t h e r s . They c a r r y out

public duties that might be allocated by the elders

auch as collection of dues, fineer, the punishment of

crimes, the burial of the dead and enforcement aP the law.

T h e age g r a d e s he lp each o t h e r i n moment of n e c e s s i t y

and e x e r c i s e d considerable d i s c i p l i n e o v e r i ts own

members. "It t h e r e f o r e perfomed a most impor t an t

f u n c t i o n i n gua rd ing public ( I f a n & s i a : 1979).

I n a d d i t i o n ko the graded s e n i o r i t y i n t h e age

g r a d e o r g a n i s a t i o n , there was f u r t h e r d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n

of s t a t u s exp res sed i n title a s s o c i a t i o n .

The t i t l e d a s s o c i a t i o n played q u i t e d n f g s i g n i f i c a n t

and d e c i s i v e role i n the government of communities,

Title in t h e s e communities were generally n e i t h e r honoura

n o r marks of r a n k s and a u t h o r i t y m n f e r s d on the local

ruler. T i t l e is, normally achieved and secured by

payment of fees b t h e e x i s t i n g o r g a n i e a t l o n of the

t i t l e h o l d e r s and by performing stipulated rites. They

played Lmportant Core in the community by helpZng the

counciZ of elders to settle ddaputea and to m a h t a i n

was able t o hold each aubmmour community together

u n t i l the coming of t h e E u t ' o p e a n ~ ~ Not o n l y that , it has

continue to be useful in t h e government of each community.

c o n m u n i t i a s i a bependent on the t r d l t land ~ y s h m .

ev Even w i t h t h e modelen govement, s e t t l e m e n t of d i s p u t e s

is f i r d t ref fered to the v l l l age r e p r e s e n t a t i w s , where

i t posses d i f f lcul ty for them to r e s o l v e , i t then goes

to the c o u r t of law for a d j u d i c a t i o n . It is r e c o g n i t i o n

o f t h i s f a c t thek k a d i t i 0 n a l government has e x i s t e d i n

modern government.

In the j u d i c i a l system i n fgbo l a n d , t h e r e has

never e x i s t e d a word i n Igba language for judge, T h i s

could ba d e e e i b e d f r o m the fact that there were a kind - ' --

of c~llective r e s p o n s i b i l i t y fo r t h e good order,

d l s c i p l f n e and c o n b e n h e n t of Che lineage. 3tn the

t r a d i t i o n a l Igbo eociety, diaputes were usually settled -

by the *Ohawe ~ f t e r 'all s i d e 8 concerned have been.

heard, an8 a ~ k e d q u e s t i o n , members of the council would

g o i n t o consul tat ion d u r i n g which d i f ferenees, of o p i n i o n s

were i roned out, a f i n a l d e c i s i o n was reached, blatrre

apportioned and punishment agreed upon,

The council of elders a d villaga, assembly were

. the l ~ g e s t and most powerful pol i - t ical unit i n mst

CommunLtiee i n N s e k a zone* The c o u n c i l o f e l d e r s

u s u a l l y cons i s t ed of a l l the heads of the kindradar and

titled men from a l l the v i l l a g e s of the community.

"The verdic t o r t h e arrangement fo r s e t t l e m e n t was

U s u a l l y announced by a spokesmen of t h e c o u n c i l - invariably t h e s e n i o r t i t l e man or a man widely

known and respected for his irrestible o r a t o r y o r

m e l l i f u o u s sauvi ty* ' (Ifemesia 1 3979).

Although some major f u n c t i o n s of t h e l i n e a g e

heads have b e e n takein aver: by t h e modern government , C . .

most communi t iee i n the zone under s t u d y have

continued to u s e the same syshrn of d i s ~ u t e adjudieertilon

3.4 Prob lems of Rura l Development; i n Nsukkar

Problems of r u r a l development i n N ~ U k k e ranges from

aoclo-cul tur el to e o o n ~ m i c cum pols t i c a l ~ r i e n t a t % o n of

t h e people w i t h i n Che area under study. These problems

may be glaring i n some of other r u r a l areas i n N i g e r i a

but developmental problems i n Naukka i a wor thy of

diacuaslhng here because of developmental potential t h a t

d t x e x i s t s i n the area under study,

The p r i n c i p l e that states t h a t development s h o u l d

conform with the peoples norms and Valuea creates a

$&)or p m b l em i n rural development. f n t r a d i t i o n a l

societies, there i a elways a conflict between t r a d i t i o n a -

l i s m and modernity. Many communities, have he ld

t enac ious1 y to their tradiWma1 be1 ief s, norms and

Values t h a t they have resiskd any move to change them.

But people bhould not be forced t o change t h e i r

cherished norms, v a l u e s and practices, rather o p p o r t u n i t i e s

should be created for desired change t o occur w i t h

peoples norms and tradition. This can be achieved if

there i s well planned and co-ordi nated community

educat ion . This p o i n t was stressed by 3. H a Dribe

when he eraid "... i n a l l innovat ion , a s shall f ind, a

long p r o c e s s of education must proceed t h e introduction

of new idea i n order to make it acceptab le to the c u l t u r e

as a whole and allow it: %or its ready ass imilatfonq~. 8

The s tudy of t h e peoples norms and values before

embarking on any community development becomes therefore

Very necessary. The people O f Nfsukka has h e l d t e n a c i o u s l y

t o t h e i r t r a d i t i o n a l v a l u a and any attempt to bring

about a change even if tha change Pa better than the i r

cherished tradi tiom1 mrmrr and eul lure, they a1 ways

g i y e I t a second thought* Mast of the development

'agents f ind i t very d i f f i c u l t to penetrate the people

because of t h e i r way of life, Examples are f i r s t t h e b

a y r i c u l t u r a l ex tension officers t h a t a r e s c a t t e r e d a1 1

over Nsukka zone f i n d very d i f f i c u l t t o convince t h e

r u r a l d w e l l e r s t o chwge the i r method of farming, to

use improved v a r i e t i e s of crops, t o u s e f a r t i l i z e r to

boost t h e p r o d u c t i v i t y of the i r c rops and o t h e r

chemicals t o p r o t e c t t h e i r crops gram past at tack .

There i s popular saying or be l l e f that f e r t i l i s e r

reduces t h e of the soil and if one is to l e a s e

out l and t o you, the person w i l l warn you not to apply

fertilizer t o y o u r crops. That is el so appllcabla i n

t h e use of t r a c t o r s and o t h e r machima Ln land

prepara t ion . This problems i s a l s o encountered by

h e a l t h o f f i c e r s i n the area* The peopla aP the area

find i t very d i f f i c u l t In bring out t h e i r children for

immunisation because they believe t h a t t h e i r fare

fathers were n o t immunised against any deadly deases,

Much talked about adult Ufieracy campaign is j e t t i s s i o n e d

by t h e r u r a l i t e s because they b e l i e v e tha t i t 5 s better

td angage in some other more rewarding activities I n

t h e evening than attend c l a ~ ~ e s r

I ~ n o k h e t problem t h a t plague r u r a l development is

ignorance, ThLs ignorance takes two farms. The f i r a t

is ignorance of the people on what to do to improve

74

t h e i r l i v i n g s t a n d a r d * The second i s t h e p e o p l e s

p r i o r i t y need. I n the first cam, t h e problem is

compounded b e c a u s e the people have n o t o r g a n i s e d

t h e m s e l v e s to solve t h e i r i n d i v i d u a l and c o l l e c t i v e

problems. The second not ion of i g n o r a n c e i s t h a t t h e

peopie h a v e o r g a n i ~ d themselves to s o l v e t h e i r problem

but w h k h of t h e needs is most p r e s s i n g t o them. The

people may h a v e a need for a p o s t office and a h e a l t h

centre. I n s t e a d of taking the p r o j e c t of b u i l d i n g a

h e a l t h c e n t r e f i r s t , they w i l l s t a r t w i t h a p o s t off ice

o r a c i v i c c e n t r e , TL f a the d u t y of t h e community to

think o u t t h e i r own priority needs. When a community

i s i n c a p a b l e of d e t e r m i n i n g her f e l t need, ar what to

do to improve t h e i r l i v i n g c o n d i t i o n of t h e people of the

area, a g e n t s of community deve lapment are r e q u i r e d to

e d u c a t e , a d v i s e , and s t i r n u l a k e the community into proper

and e f f ~ c t i v e action* The mmmdnity i n t o proper and

e f f e c t i v e a c t i o n * Howevert a d e q u a t e a c t i o n should be

taken n o t to impose any project on the people or to

dictate t o them, Cammunity e d u c a t i o n helps the p e o p l e

t o c r y s t a l i s e t h e i r p r i o r i t y needs, chooae t h e i r goals

h d y , programme them r a t i o n a l l y and implement them

e f f e c t i v e l y ,

There is arlso problem of %ommunity creat ion( ( ,

Community davellopment embodies two main i d e a s - develop-

ment and community* Thereforee camm~~niky development

should opera te where there is a community, A

community e x l s t s where there i s a sense of belonging,

a geeup feeling and concious sf l i v i n g a common life,

A group of p e o p l e that lecka such vital element is not

a community but a conglomeration of people. Areas of

"no community", are seen i n places where c o n f l i c t have

permanently divided the people i n t o factions or b l o c k s

or i n a place whefe t h e stranger elements constitute

the major p a r t of the community and are n o t assimilated

with t h e indigenoua part of t h e community. Other aMas

of "K) communityN can also: be found i n dlaces where

t w o or more factions are warring. They can be merged

lo farm a community councilc In arees of "no community,

a f forts should be geared towards the creation of community.

According to T o RI B~tten, t h i s can be done i n two s t a g e s ,

The first is development within the groups themselves a s . members becomes more knowledgeable people, more f siendl y-- "'-a-

, and coopera t ive mong themselves and mare able t o conduct

their buslnssr without 0 u t & i & he lp and guidance, ~ n d the

sccond i e t h e . - development of cmmunity at 1 arge

as t;he chatacteristics developed w i t h i n the group

influences the conduct i n t h e i r group.

Econamic problems also p l ague t h e successful

implementa t ion of development pro$ec ts . Many development

p r o j e c t s have founded on the rock of economic problems,

T h i s group df problems have many feceta, F i r s t t h e r e is

problem of attaining or ensuring optimal r e s o u r c e - mix,

B y resource - mix, i t means optimal allocation o f such

p r o d u c t i v e r e s o u r c e s as land, l a o u r , c a p i t a l and

management. Them is the d i f f i c u l t y of ensuring as well

a s a t t a i n i n g this optimal even under modern sy~ltem of

produckion l e t alone under the prevalent-- traditional system

of p roduc t ion i n developing fbcalr countries o f the the

t h i r d world, Secondly, them Ze the problem of invesk-

ment rates as w e l l as ordering investment: p r o j e c t s or

se t t ing p r i o r i t i e s mortg pmjects i n the process ni rural

development, T h i r d l y * there is the problem of effcctua-

t i n g and management of projects to a t t a i n set objectives

Fn the p l an for rural davelopmcnt. This problms cen trea

on the d i f f i c u l tyy of obtalninq kr su i tab le manpower and

t h e provision of adequate training facilities, Four th ly ,

there is the problem of attainment of marketing and

d i s t r i b u t i v e e f f i c i e n c y .

Pill t h e s e problems enumerated abave are not o n 1 y b

p e c u l i a r t o Nsukka mne but $ a l s o qlarfhq, They are <

v i s i b l e to an extent: of crippling rural development i n

the area.

77

Xnk@r~communityy olwhes pbSef3 a lot of problem to

rural deve~opment . A l iving example is clashear between

Omaai and Iga I n 199v93 al l i n Umto Uwani toea1

Oovetrnent wea. This adecyuately affected the a c t i v i t i e s

o f rural development: agents as the c l a s h e s las ted for

several months before I t was settled due to i n t e r v e n t i o n

of s t a b government* Rural dev~lapment cannot for

any reason thrive where there is no peace mong the

communities that exist: or *at have common boundary.

Samson Olajurnon (ed) Elements of Rural Economics, Xbadan ( 1 9 8 1 ) ~ p. 4,

Mbagw, T. C. "Trade and Transport In Nsukkal' 3;n Ofomaka (ad) Jsukka and ~nviironment. Enwgu (19781, pa 210.

Xbid, p. 85.

Batten T. R. mnunit.;les and Their Deuelopmknt London (1969) 2 - 3.

CHAPTER FOUR

BACKGROUND INFORMATION

Before t h e c r e a t i o n of Enugu S t a t e , a w o r l d

Bank a s s i s t e d p r o j cct k n ~ w n as Anambra S t a t e A g r i c u l t u r a l

Development P r o j e c t (ASADEP) was o p e r a t e d , This was

a l o a n p a c k a g e meant for i n t e g r ~ t e d a g r i c u l t u r a l and

r u r a l d e v e l o p m e n t p r o g r m r n e s i n a n a r e a c o v e r i n q w h a t

. u s e d to be Bendel , C l f ~ ~ e R i v e r , Imo, P l a t e a u S t a t e s , " I

This was known as t h e f irst Mu1 t i -S ta te A g r i c u l t u r a l

Deve lopmen t P r o j e c t (MSADP - 1) w i t h a t o t a l l o a n of

162 m i l l i o n u n i t e d States do l la r s ( U S D ) , o u t of which

22.4 m i l l i o n do l la r s was a l l o c a t e d to old Anambra S t a t e ,

A s new s t a t e s were c r e a t e d i n MSADP - 1 areas ,

e a c h new s t a t e h a s i t s own ~ g r i c u l t u r a l Development

Programme, Thus from the o l d Anambra Sta te , Enugu

S t a t e was r e m c a r v e d o u t a n d s u b s e q u e n t c r e a t i o n of

Enugu S t a t e A g r i c u l t u r d Development Programme and

new Anambra S t a t e ASADEP was c o n s t i t u t e d .

'. ENADEP was f o r m a l l y e s t a b l i s h e d b y an edict

d a t e d 22nd December, 1991.

b

&NADEP Project E v d uakisn t

ENADEP c l a i m s to embark o n p r o v i s i o n of r u r a l

i n f r a s t r u c t u r e i n t h e zone u n d e r s tudy . Emphasis w i l l

s u p 9 1 y.

Rural i n f r a s t r u c t u r e i s u n d e r t h e E n g i n e e r i n g

sub-pmgramne of ENADEP, The aim of t h i s sub-programme

i s t o p r o v i d e n e c e s s a r y i n f r s s t r u c t u r e , m a c h i n e r i e s ,

a n d equipment. f o r the i m p l e m e n t a t i o n of s ta te wide

a g r i c u l t u r a l proqramrnee The s p e c i f i c o b j e c t i v e i s

r e h a b i l i t a t i o n of spot improvement and main tenance

of r u r a l feeder r o a d s fo r a l l w e a t h e r a c c e s s to

a . g r i c u l t u r a l p r o d u c t i o n areas, i n p u t s u p p l y c e n t r e s ,

and m a r k e t o u t l e t s , p r o v i s i o n of l o w cost p o r t a b l e

w a t e r s u p p l y sys tem to r u r a l f a r m e r s , p r o v i s i o n of

water s u p p l y sys tem f o r small s c a l e i r r i g a t i o n by

t a p p i n g s u r f a c e and s h a l l o w ground water u s i n g

s i m p l i f i e d and low cost t e c h n o l o g i e s .

ENADEP claims to have c o n s t r u c t e d and m a i n t a i n e d

feeder r o a d s i n these areas of Nsukka, zone. The ereas

are as f o l l o w s ;

Feeder Roads C o n s t r u c t e d and Maintained ENADEP i r \ Nsukka Zonq

Loca l Governmenl

I s l - U w

Isb-Urn

tt

t!

11

XgSo-Eze Sou t h

fl

Xgbo-Eze N o r t h

3bollo-Afor - Ezimo

Wkw-Agba - Mbu

Neke- Agu - Obollo Eke

ogbodu-&a - I m i l i k e ~ g u

Ezirno - I m i l f k e Uno

Itch1 - had^

Ibagwa - I t ch i

Ogurette - M U f u - Obol lo- Afar

o g u w g u Ojor

Length (Km)

lOkm

lOmk

lOkm

The above d a t a is u n c l a s s s f i e d i n ENADEP

h e ~ d q u ~ r t e r at; Enugu, These r o a d s were c ~ n s t r u c t e d Se twee n

and m a i n t a i n e d L 1991 and June 1994. . -

Rural water s u p p l y took t h e form of r e h a b i l i t a t i o n .

of . d i sused /uncornp le ted bore holes, d r i l l i n g of new bore

holes, hand dug w e l l and rain w a t e r h a r v e s t i n g scheme,

F i f t e e n n a t u r a l s p r i n g water was t a r g e t t e d f o r b

deve lopment w i t h i n t h e t i m e u n d e r s t u d y , o n l y f i v e have

a b e e n completed. b r k is y e t to s t a r t o n o t h e r s s t

t h i s t i m e of t h e s tudy. I+ was l e a r n t t h a t wrk h a s

8 2

r e a c h e d a d v a n c e d stage i n 22 bore h o l e s w h i c h t h e

c o n t r a c t was a\warded i n 1992 b u t n s n e h a s b e e n

completed, It was n o t e d t h a t r a i n w a t e r Aaxa

h a r v e s t i n g was 100% as was t a r g e t t e d .

I n Nsukka zone of the state, ENADEP claims to

have made a number of effort t o p r o v i d e r u r a l w a t e r

t o r u r e l i t a s . The areqs are listed belowt

2 E u L 2 Areas ENADEP P r o v i d e d R u r a l Water S u p p l y i n Nsukka mng.

- L o c a l G o v e r n m e n t Towns

Uzo-'Jwani Nsukka

N s u k k a t I

I t

tt

tt k Igbo-EZe N o r t h

I t

. l t

tt .

I s i - U z a I I

b

tt

It

I g b o - E t i t i I t

Uvuru

Ede Obala

Edem ~ n f ,

Akpa Edem

Obukpa

Ihagwa ~ n f

O k p u j e Eke m u f u

~ g u - x b e j e E t e - Uno

Ogu r u t te I m i l i k e - Ndiagu Ezimo Uno

O w e r r e Eze Orba

Neke Aku Ekwegbe

E z i - Ukehe

T a b l e 2 i s f m r i u n c l a s s i f i e d d a t a from ENADEP'~

H e a d q u a r t e r a t Enugu.

A g r i c u l t u r a l E x t e n s i o n serv5ces i s aR o n going

process w h i c h a s s i s t s farmers th rough e d u c a t i o n a l

p r o c e d u r e to improve f a r m l n g methods and t e c h n i q u e s ,

i n c r e a s i n g p r o d u c t i o n e f f i c i e n c y and income, t h e r e b y

b e t t e r i n g t h e c o n d i t i o n of l i v i n g and l i f t i n g social

and s t a n d a r d of r u r a l l i f e , The o b j e c t i v e of t h i s

sub-programme is to o r q a n i s e a d i s c i p l i n e d and w e l l

s u p p o r t e d pe r fo rmance I. o r i e n t e d Extens i o n s e r v i c e

c a p a b l e of m o t i v a t i n g s m a l l h o l d e r Farmers and E x t e n s i o n

s t a f f for a d o p t i o n of ISM r e l e v a n t t e c h n o l o g i e s w i t h a

view to a c h i e v i n g a s i g n i f i c a n t i n c r e a s e i n food

p r o d u c t i o n and income to t h e farmers,

The number of E x t e n s i o n agents i n Nsukka zone a r e

f i f t y e i g h t . The number of male is 37 and female is 21.

The commercial s e r v i c e sub-programme of ENADEP,

T h i s came i n t r , b e i n g a.t s t a t e c r e a t i o n i n 1991. The

commercial s e r v ice sub-programe cornpd se SI

' i ) a g r o - i n p u t supply e x c l u d i n g f e r t i l i z e r ,

i i ) m a r k e t i n g and c r e d i t ,

h e aim of t h i s sub-programme l a t o e s t a b l i s h and

operate o n e e f f i c i e n t s y s tern of procurement , d i s t r i b u -

t i o n and s a l e of agro- inpu t s c a p a b l e of m e e t i n g t h e

smaL 1 h o l d e r farmers and to p r o g r e s s i v e 1 y commercial ise

the i n p u t t h r o u g h a p p d n h e n t of p r i v a t e r e t a i l e r s .

An0 t h e r ob j ac t i ve of t h i s sub-programme is to

p r o v i d e m a r k e t intel: igence and es tab l i r h 1 inkage

be tween f i n a n c i a l ins t i k u t f o n s and small h o l d e r

f a r m e r s so a s tc e n & l e the l a t e r o b t a i n c r e d i t for

The s t r a t e g y f o r n ~ h i e v i n q this i s through t h e

ope i .a tIon of ~ g r o - i n p u t conpanen ts , agro chemica l s,

procured and s o l d to farmers, %he t e c h n i c a l component

o f i n p u t s u p p l y curn2onent i n c l u d e t h e p r e p a r a t i o n of

a g r o - i n y t demand e s t i m a t e s , procurement and d i s t r i b u -

t i o n of in;:uts and effectively moni tor the r e t a i l

ou tle t.

The strategy through the o p e r a t i o n of credit and

rn arke t i n g comy;.oncn t are :

a ) o s t a b l isbf ng contact w i t h f i n e n c i a l i n s t i t u t i o n a .

b j. iden t.if y l n g poten LiaL l o a n b e n e f i c i a r i e s ,

c) i i n k i r r g b o n a f i d e f a m e r s tc f i n a n c i a l i n s t i t u t i a n s ,

d ) v i s i t i n g major markets and i d e n t i f y i n g remunerat ive b

o u t l e t s for farmers products.

85

e) d i s s e m i n a t i n g m a r k e t i n f o r m a t i o n s th rough

t h e media.

The t e c h n i c a l component of c r e d i t and m a r k e t i n g

component e n t a i l s t h e i d e n t i f i c a t i o n of b o n t - f l d e

f a r m e r s t h r o u g h recommendation of E x t e n s i o n sub-programme

a n d 1 i n k i n g such f a r m e r s to credit i n s t i tu t i c n s .

Having i d e n d i e d v a r i o u s claims by ENADEP, i t

i s now p e r t i n e n t to a n a l y s e and i n t e r p r e t e d a t a

c o l l e c t e d from t h e field,

A n a l ~ ~ i s and I n t e r ~ r e l x t l o n f iZ Data C o l l e c t e d :

Out o f t w o hundred and twenty q u e s t i o n n a i r e

a d m i n i s t e r e d , t w o hundred and f o u r q u e s t i o n n a i r e were

r e t u r n e d , Out of t h e s e number r e t u r n e d , f o u r of them

were i n v a l i d b e c a u s e t h e y were n o t answered, T h i s

l e a v e s t h e r e s e a r c h e r w i t h two hundred ( 2 0 0 ) q u e s t i o n n a i r e ,

Although many q u e s t i o n s were posed i n t h e

q u e s t i o n n a i r e , o n l y those q u e s t i o n s r e l e v a n t i n

c o n f i r m i n g or d i s p r o v i n g t h e h y p o t h e s e s w i l l be a n a l y s e d ,

In a n a l y s i n g d a t a c o l l e c t e d , s i m p l e p e r c e n t a g e s s h a l l be

used. Where t h e g r e a t e r number of t h e r e s p o n d e n t s

g a v e p o s i t i v e answer to t h e q u e s t i o n , t h e h y p o t h e s i s

i s conf i rmed b u t if g r e a t e r number of r e s ~ o n d e n t ~

gave a n e g a t i v e answer t h e h y p o t h e s i s i s d i sproved ,

The people of the zone make fn:mts of denand on -f: + - , ',

ENADEP to improve, pee c a p i t a income. ENADEP responds

t o the demands of these rurd l t e s by p r ~ v i d i ng improved

seedling, agro- inputs end credit facilities to boost

. . *urcc?: F i e l d survey, 1994,

&$3m 3

D i s t r i b u t i o n of Respondents bv Their R e s ~ o n s e i n ~ m p r o v i n g Their Per Capita Income.

-..I---

Aqro-Chemical s 4s 22.5

Seeds 86 43 114

to r u r a l fa rmers , out of 200 q u e s t i o n n a i r e s r e c e i v e d b

b a d ) 45 (22.5%) i n d l c i t o d t h a t ENADEP prc;vided agro-

All of t h e above 36 15

None of the above 39 19.5

To t n l 200 TOO

. c l , e m c i a l s , 86 (43%) respondents agreed t h a t t h e proqrrrmme

provided seeds to them, 30 (15%) agreed t h a t both

17 0

16 1

85

80.5

i ' agro-chemica l s and s e e d s 39 (19.5%) r e s p o n d e n t s

,. t had t h e p e r c e p t i o n t h a t none of t h e above a g r o - i n p u t s

w e r e p r c v i d e d i n t h e i r l o c a l i t y .

From t h e above t a b l e , t h e g r e a t e s t number of

r e s p o n d e n t s c l a i m e d t h a t ENADEP p r o v i d e d s e e d , t h a t

i s 86 r e s p o n d e n t s , 45% received agro-chemical s b u t

30 r e s p o n d e n t s r e c e i v e d b o t h agro-chemical and seeds .

39 r e s p o n d e n t s i n d i c a t e d t h a t none of above s e r v i c e s

h a v e n e v e r r e a c h e d them. T h i s i m p l i e s t h a t g r e a t - s t

number of r e s p o n d e n t s a g r e c d t h a t such s e r v i c e s

r e a c h them whe the r agro-chemical o r seed.

p-,

D i s t r i b u t i o n of Responden t s bv Their P o s i t i o n f l o u t C r e d i t F a c i 1 i ties

Sources : F i e l d Survey 1994.

Y e s

NO

T o t a l

No

72 -

128

20 0

%

36 m a - G -

64

10 0

Difference

128 C

72

% ; ~ i f f e = ~ ~ e

64

36

Also i n o r d e r to c o n f i r m o r d i s p r o v e t h e f i r s t

hypo t h e s i s , r e s p o n d e n t s were posed w i t h t h e q u e s t i o n

w h e t h e r ENADEP h e l p r u r a l s m a l l h o l d e r farmers to

r e c e i v e credit f a c i l i t i e s f r o m f i n a n c i a l i n s t i t u t i o n s ,

o u k k of 200 q u e s t i o n n a i r e receivr-,d, 7 2 (36% agreed

t h a t ENADEP h a s l i n k e d them to f i n a n c i a l i n s t i t u t i o n

f o r c r e d i t f a c i l i k y w h i l e 128 (64%) i n d i c q t e d t h a t t h e y

h a v e n o t b e e n l i n k e d ,

T a b l e 3 and 4 i s u s e d to test t h e first

h y p o t h e s i s , T h a t ENADEP p r o v i d e improved a g r o - i n p u t s

a n d credit f ac i l i t i e s to boost p r o d u c t i v i t y , T a b l e 3

c o n f i r m e d t h a t a g r o - i n p u t s l i k e s e e d l i n g s a n d agro-

c h e m i c a l s were made . a v a i l &le to t h e m b y ENADEP b u t

t a b l e 4 d i s p r o v e t h e claim t h a t ENADEP Link r u r a l

f a r m e r s t o f i n a n c i a l i n s t i t u t i o n s to o b t a i n c r e d i t .

T a b l e 3 and 4 c a n n o t be sa id to c o n f i r m h y p o t h e s i s o n e

b e c a u s e t h e a g e n c y d o e s n o t l i n k g r e a t e r number of

r e s p o n d e n t s to f i n a n c i a l i n s t i t u t i o n s .

The r u r a l p o p u l a c e i n t h e zone a l s o makes i n p u t of

demand o n ENADEP t o p r o v i d e r u r a l i n f r a s t r u c t u r e ,

ENADEP c l a i m s to p r o v i d e r u r a l i n f r a s t r u c t u r e l i k e r u r a l

feeder r o a d s and r u r a l w a t e r s u p p l y to r u r a l i t e s i n

Nsukka zone.

D i s t r i b u t i o n o f Rewmndente P e r c e p t i o n on Rural f n f r a s t r u c t u r g

S o u r c e s ~ F i e l d Survey 1994.

I n r e s p o n s e to t h e q u e s t i o n "which o f t h e f o l l o w i n g

r u r a l i n f r a s t r u c t u r e h a s been p rov ided by ENADEP i n

Rural w a t e r supp ly

Rural f e e d e r r oad

All of t h e above

None o f t h e above

To t a1

y o u r place". Out of 200 q u e s t i o n n a i r e a d m i n i s t e r e d ,

. D i f f e r e n c e

129

158

175

78 '

2 1 (10.5%) i n d i c a t e d t h a t ENADEP p rov ided r u r a l w a t e r

% D i f f e r e n c e

89.5

84

77.5

39

No

23:

32

25

222

200

s u p p l y ; 32 (16%) agreed t h a t t h e agency p rov ided r u r a l

-

%

10.5

16

12.5

61

100

f e e d e r r o a d s , 25 (12.5%) r e s p o n d e n t s agreed t h a t bo th

f e e d e r roads and w a t e r s u p p l y were prov ided by ENADEP

i n t h e i r l o c a l i t y , 122 (61%) r e s p o n d e n t s i n d i c a t e d t h a t

ENADEP h a s n o t p rov ided any o f t h e r u r a l i n f r a s t r u c t u r e

1 i s t e d above.

90

From t h e above, one can f i n d t h a t more t h a n t h e

h a l f of the resp n d e n t s have not felt t h e I m p a c t of

ENADEP i n t h e arca of rural i n f r a s t r u c t i o n .

T a b l e 5 d i s p r o v e s the h y p o t h e s e s t h a t ENaDEP p.-

p r o v i d e s r u r a l i n f r a s t r u c t u r e to rural ites i n Nsukka

zone of Enugu S t a t e .

H y p o t h q s i a 3:

~ h r o u ~ h t h e f e e d b a c k p r o c e s s , w o p l e s * f ee l ings

a n d r e a c t i o n s are communicated back i n t o t h e p o l i t i c a l

system, Most of t h e x u r u r a l i t e s i n t h e zone a r e

i l l i t e r a t e s and t h i s to a g r e a t e r e x t e n t a f f e c t s t h e

i n f o m a t i o n f low between ENADEP E x t e n s i o n Staff and

t h e s e r u r a1 I tes,

T a b l e 6

D i s t r i b u t i o n of Respondents by T h e i r P a s i t i o n o n ENADEP E x t e n t i o n S e r v i c e s .

S o u r c e s r F i e l d survey 3994,

"Yes

No

Don ' t know b

To t a1

No

82

73

45

200

$1

4 1

36,s

22.5

100

D i f f e r e n c e

1 18

127

1 5 5

% D i f f e r e n c e

5 9

63.5

77.5

9 1

A q u e s t i o n Mas pmed to r e s p o n d e n t s w h e t h e r

ENADEP Extension agrmts h e l p rural f a r m e r s to c h t d n

i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t e x i s t i n g t e c h n o l o g i e s and farmj-ng

m e t h o d s and t e c h n i + e s . Out 05 t w o h i n d r e d q u e s t i o n n a i r e

r e c e i v e d b a c k , 8 2 (41%) of t h e rcspondent;~ i n d i c a t e t h a t

t h e y u s u a i l y e n j o y t h e services o f e x t e n s i o n a g e n t s ,

73 (36.5%) i n d i c a t e d t h a t t h e y d o n ' t knaw w h i l e 4 5

( 22.5%) said t h a t t h e y d o n ' t know,

From t h e above table, o u t o f t w o hundred

q u e s t i o n n a i r e s , 41% i n d i c a t e d t h a t t h e y g e t i n f o r m a t i o n

o r s e r v i c e s f rom ENADEP E x t e n s i o n a g e n t s , 36.5 s a i d t h a t

- v- t h e y d o n ' t , 22.5% were' i g n o r a n t . The g r e a t e r p e r c e n t a g e

e i t h e r d o n o t know or t h a t t h e y d o n ' t receive s u c h

services,

Table D i s t r i b u t i o n o f R e s p o n d e n t s b y Their E d u c a t i o n a l S t a n d i n q ,

None o f t h e above 1 220 i 60 1 80

96 D i f f e r e n c e

F SLC

id. A. E.C.

N?E/OND

S o u r c e s : ~ i e l d S b r v e y 1994,

%

26

No

52

15

08

D i f f e r e n c e

148

Degree/HND

75

04 "' 1 192

05 2.5 ( 195

F o r t h e q u e s t i o n t h a t was a s k e d to a s c e r t a i n t h e

academic cpel i f i c a t i o n of r e s p o n d e n t s , o u t of 200

q u e s t i o n n a i r e r e c e i v e d 52 (26%) of t h e r e s p o n d e n t s

i n d i c a t e d t h a t t h e y have first school leaving certificate,

15 (7.5%) are school certiiicete h o l d e r s while 5 (2.5%)

i n d i c a t e d t h a t t h e y are either HND c e r t i f i c a t e h o l d e r s

w h i l e 8 (04%) are e i ther OND or PICE h o l d e r s . The number

of r e s p o n d e n t s who d o n ' t have any a c a d e m i c q u a l i f i c a t i o n

i s 120 (60%) r e s p o n d e n t s .

Frorr. the above i n f o r m a t i o n d i s t r i b u t i o n o n t h e

table, more than t h e h a l f have n o t s e e n t h e f o u r wall

of a s c h o o l , T h i s m i g h t h a v e c o n t r i b u t e d immense ly to

poor r e s p o n s e to e x t e n s i o n s e r v i c e s , Those who h a v e

h i g h e r c e r t i f i c a t e are f e w i n number and this i n v a r i a b l y

a f fec ts c h a n g e s i n ecvnlimic and social s t a t u s of t h e

r ~ r a l i t e s . I n o t h e r words i l l i t e r a c y retards r u r a l

d e v e l o p m e n t ,

T a b l e 6 and 7 cnnFl.rms h y n o t h e a i s 3 t h a t most.

rhrralltes are i l l i t e ra te arid t h i s to a q r e a t e r e x t e n t

affects information f'30ol b e t w e e n E x t e n s i o n a g e n t s of

Lpc prc(jrPmme and t h c rwalites.

Table 8, Distr ibut ion of Respondents on Their Relative S t a n d i n q

o n General Performance of ENADEP

-- Exce l lent

Very good

Good

Poor

V e r y poor

- -

Sources:

D i f f e r e n c e

F i e ld Survey 2994.

% D i f f e r e n c e

.. The r e s e a r c h e r posed f u r t h e r q u e s t i o n t o g e t g e n e r a l

accessmcnt of ENnDEP act ivit ies . 27 (13.5%) graded t h e

ENADEP e x c e l l e n t , 54 (27%) graded t h e programme v e r y

good while 20 ( l o % ) , 90 (4511 , 9 (4.5%) greded I t : good,

p o o r and v e r y poor respectively.

From the above i n f c r r n ~ t i o n d i s t r i b u t i o n , t h e

g r e a t e s t number of respo,,nc?ents graded ENhDEP poor.

T h i s means t h a t the r ~ ~ p 3 n d e n t s h a v e not felt t h e

1;mpact cf EFJAVEP rural dsvc l cpment a c t i v i t i e s .

C o n s m n t s to Programme .Zmplementat ion :

One of t h e constraint of ENADEP i s i r r e g u l a r

p r o c u r e m e n t of i n p u t by the sub-progrmme r e s p o n s i b l e

f o r d o i n g t h a t . The only ~ g r d - i n p u t ENADEP r e c e i v e

and d i s t r i b u t e are aqro-chem$ca;ts and seeds . It was

observed t h a t d e l a y i n p m c u r e m e n t s y s t e m makes i t

d i f f i c u l t to pmcure agro-chemicals which i s u s u a l l y

d o n e t h r o u g h I n t e r n a t i o n a l C o m p e t i t i v e B i d d i n g o n a t i m e .

Also there i s no adequate storage faci l i t ies for c h e m i c a l s

such as a i r c o n d i t i o n e d stares, T h i s h a s c o n t r i b u t e d

t o reduce s h e l f l i f e of these c h e m i c a l s and seeds,

~ g e n c i e s t h a t auppzy aeeds to ENADEP l i k e t h e

N a t i o n a l seed Service do not most of t h e t i m e have t h e

r e q u i r e d seed, e.g. upland Rke. Farmers also are

ignorant of the need bo use improved seeds and agro-

c h e m i c a l s e s p e c i a l l y the Pungicldes and a l o t e n l i g h t e n -

ment is r e q u i r e d to get famera to u s e t h e s e m e t e r i a l a ,

C o n s t r a i n t s to provision of r u r a1 f nf r a s t r u c t u r e

i s l a c k of f i n a n c e especially in m a i n t a i n i n g equipments .

AnothW problem of the Engineering - sub-programme is

that c o n t r a c t o r s are d i s c o u r a g e d from t h e speedy e x e c u t i o n

of projects due to delay in making payment for f u l l y or

95

p a r t i a l l y completed project. f n f l a t i o n a l s o causes

serious v e r i a t i o n i n the cost 09 projects and

Agric:ul t u r a l ~evelo?menk Pragrmme does not a l low

cost v z r i a t i o n , cantract~rs t e n d to abandon t h e i r jobs.

T h i s resul ts i n long delays* A1 so unf -,reseen dif f l c u l ties

with r e s p e c t to geology (earth formation) pedology/under

ground water condition of some o f the sites pose very

serious problem in c ~ n s t r u c k i b n ~ Use of o b s o l a t e

equipment by contractors resul t in constant breakdown

of equipment. This also delcys the job.

Communication gap is another c o n s t r a i n t t h a t

m i l i t a t e against t h e activities of ENADEP and t h e i r

client. The messages.~f Ule e x t e n s i o n staff do n o t

reach t h e target p o p u l ~ ~ o n . This may be d u e t o low

l e v e l of e d u c a t i o n of them ruralites under atudy. X t

may be due to non-alla ant at t i tude of these extens ion

agents t o dc t h e i r jobs, mother problem that stem from

extension agents is t h a t most of them use Cheir motor b i k e s

g l v & t o t h c m f o r motohcycle transport (Okadd thereby

mismanaging the resources and d i r e c t i n g i t to another use.

REFERENCES

. Zntarview w i t h Mr. Okwo C Z ~ . i e t u ~ E, PrLncipal Training Officer, ENADEP Headquarter Enugu on 6/9/94,

2. Interview with Comtnercbal. Manager, Mr. Ese ~ n t h o n y E. ENADEP Headqu ator, Enugu on 719/94.

3. Interview w i t h Mr. Dmian A Y ~ C ~ ~ P Rural Development Officer, ENADEP Headquarter, Enugu on 7/9/94,

CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY, RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUSION

The aim of t h i s r e s e a r c h p r o j e c t is to e s t a b l i s h

t o wha t e x t e n t Enugu S t a t e A g r i c u l t u r a l Development

Programme h a s h e l p e d i n rural deve lopment . The s t u d y

w a s n e c e s s i t a t e d b y 1 e w l e v e l of s t a n d a r d of l i v i n g i n

r u r a l areas i n o u r c o u n t r y e s p e c i a l l y i n Neukka zone of

Enugu s t a t e where t h e r u r a l i t e s l a n g u i s h i n a b j e c t

p o v e r t y ,

Through t h e s t u d y , i t was l e a r n t t h a t ENADEP h a s

a number of sub-programmes w i t h specific f u n c t i o n . t o

t h e condition of rural dwellers, The ~ n g i n e e r i n g

s u b p r o g r a m m e was r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e p r o v i s i o n of

r u r a l i n f r a s t r u c t u r e , the E x t e n s i o n s e r v i c e sub-programme

was r e s p ~ n s i b l e for d i s s e m i , n a t i n g i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t t h e

new f a r m i n g m e t h o d s and t e c h n i q u e s and a v a i l a b l e

t e c h n o l o g i e s while t h e credit and m a r k e t i n g sub-programme

w a s responsible for m a r k e t i n g a g r i c u l t u r a l i n p u t s and

l i n k i n g small h o l d e r farmers to f i n a n c i a l i n s t i t u t i o n s

f o r credit facilities. b

A c c o r d i n g to t h e d a t a collected and a n a l y s e d ,

i t was l e a r n t t h a t i l l i t e r a c y a f f e c t s t h e pace of

r u r a l d e v e l o p m e n t and i n t u r n a f f e c t s t h e farmers

r e s p o n s e to E x t e n s i o n S e r v f c e s , ~ l s o b e c a u s e of t h i s

l o w l e v e l of l i t e r a c y and e d u c a t i o n , t h i s h i g h t e n s

t h e l e v e l of i g n o r a n c e , This i n t u r n i n c r e a s e s t h e

w e i g h t o f p o v e r t y i n the area t h e t was s t u d i e d .

I t was a l s o l e a n 2 t h r o u g h t h e study t h a t

r u r a l i t i e s w h e r e ENADEP has h e l p e d t o p r o v i d e rural

i n f r a s t . r u c t u r e 1 i k e rural feeder roads and r u r a l w a t e r

s u p p l y d i d n o t feel me impact& The r u r a l f e e d e r

roads would h e l p t h e r u r a l f a r m e r s t o t r a n s p o r t t h e i r

a g r i c u l t u r a l o u t p u t s to makke t o u t l e t s where i t w i l l

a t t r a c t h i g h e r prices and also h e l p e x t e n s i o n a g e n t s

t o r e a c h t h e i r c l i e n t s . T h i s may be d u e to the f a c t

t h a t most of t h e s e r u r a l feeder roads are n o t g i v e n it

r a u t i n e m a i n t e n a n c e antLrs bashed away or d i v i d e d i n t o *-n r

t w o . I t may a l so b e due to abandonment of t h e projects

b y c o n t r a c t o r s and a t times claim to have completed

t h e p r o j e c t q .

Through t h i s r e s e a r c h p r o j e c t i t was a lso

esbabl iahed t h a t a g r o - i n p u t s d i d n o t r e a c h r u r a l

f emers as was envisaged b y ENADEP, These r u r a l

farmers still use unimproved varieties of seeds and b

lacked ergm-chemica ls which i s e s s e n t i a l t o t r e a t

a their farm a g a i n s t insect and disease a t t a c k , D e s p i t e

t h e e f f o r t of t h e s e r u r a l i t i e s , t h e y g e t l o w y i e l d

w h i c h i n v a r i a b l y r e s u l t s to l o w income of t h e s e

r u r a l ites,

~ l s o a i t was l e a r n t t h r o u g h t h i s work t h a t

ENADEP face c e r t a i n c o n s t r a i n t s i n t h e p r o c u r e m e n t

a n d d i s t r i b u t i o n of a g r i c u l t u r a l i n p u t s , l i n k i n g

fanners to f i n a n c i a l i n s t i t u t i o n s to o b t a i n c r e d i t ,

C o n c e r n i n g r u r a l i n f r a s t r u c t u r e , t h e c o n t r a c t o r s

u s u a l l y abandon s u c h p r o j e c t s before c o m p l e t i o n d u e to

i n f l a t i o n a n d A.D.P. d o e s n u t g i v e room f o r r e n e g o t i a t i o n .

N a t u r a l p r o b l e m s l i k e t h e g e o l o g y of a n e n v i r o n m e n t p u t s

a l o t of c o n s t r a i n t s o n p r o v i s i o n of r u r a l i n f r a s t r u c t u r e

e, .g, a borehole may be abandoned d u e t o t h e n a t u r e of

t h e so i l , I t was alsio l e a r n t t h r o u g h f i e l d o b s e r v a t i o n

t h a t most e x t e n s i o n a g e n t s u s e t h e i r motor b i k e s f o r rrr-U

motor c y c l e transport. They 'n*d l o n g e r psy enough

a t t e n t i o n , to c o u n s e l l i n g t h e r u r a l i t e s o n t h e a v a i l a b l e

f a r m i n g methods and t e c h n i q u e s and e x i s t i n g t e c h n o l o g i e s ,

Recommendations:

A t t h i s j u n c t u r e , i t s h o u l d be s u g g e s t e d t h a t b

t h e programme s h o u l d t a i l o r t h e o r d e r to o u r local

a n e e d s and s t e p u p t h e u s e of m e d i a e x t e n s i o n component

and r a d i o j i n g l e s o n t h e i s s u e o f improved s e e d s and

a g r o - c h e m i c a l s . ~ l s s s i n c e most of t h e r u r a l farmers

i n Nsukka z o n e are small scale f a r m e r s , a s y s t e m o f

p a c k a g i n g o f t h e s e agro-chemica l and s e e d s t h a t w i l l

s u i t these farmers need should be a d ~ p t e d , The u s e of

private r e t a i l e r s s h o u l d be e f f e c t i v e l y be m o n i t o r e d

i n t h e sell of t h e s e agricultural i n p u t s b e c a u s e most

of these retai lers may divert the aim of ENADEP t o

s e l f i s h g a i n s . ~ l s o ENWDEP s h o u l d e x t e n d i t s s a l e o f

t h e s e i n p u t s to l o c a l gove rnmen t h e a d q u a r t e r s and e s t a b l i s h

a c e n t r e t h e r e fo r the sale of t h e s e i n p u t s . T h i s w i l l

make farmers t o h a v e easy access t o t h e s e t h i n g s whenever

t h e y need them.

The programme s h o u l d i n v o l v e o t h e r a g e n c i e s i n

r o u t i n e m a i n t e n a n c e of t h e s e roads.- ENADEP may e n t e r

i n t o a g r e e m e n t w i t h the l o c d gove rnmen t s i n t h e zone

to be i n v o l v e d i n t h e r o u t i n e m a i n t e n a n c e of t h e s e .9- .

roads, It may a l s o borrow some e q u i p m e n t f r o m the

s t q t e m i n i s t r y o f works I n t h e b i d to p r o v i d e r u r a l

inf r a s t m c t u r e . ENADEP should el so i n v o l v e e f f e c t i v e l y

i n b u i l d i n g and m a i n t e n a n c e of r u r a l water s u p p l y and b

t h e s e f e e d e r roads.

It was found t h a t i n Nsukka zone, t h e r e i s a

h i g h l e v e l of i l l i t e r a c y . The programme t h m u g h i ts

agents s h o u l d i n t e n s i f y t h e t r a i n i n g of r u r a l i t e s

and i f p o s s i b l e ENADEP can i n G O n j ~ c t i ~ n w i t h t h e

s t a t e government in tens i fy adul k l i t e r a c y campaign.

A1m the programme slhotlild select wral farmers t h r o u g h

t h d r community development: amnittee to go for r o u t i n e

training who will c a m e back ka teach other f a r m e r s

what they have learn&

tow t e c h n o l o g y which is e n e r g y s a p p i n g i s used

i n a g r i c u l t u r e i n N~ukka zone. T h i s i s because of

1 ack of f i n a n c e to engage modern t e c h n o l o g y i n farming.

Credit f a c i l i t i e s should be made a v a i l a b l e to farmers

i n order t o engage modern t e c h n o l o g y i n fanning.

This w i l l g e n e r a l l y improve the income OP these

f amers.

It was a l s o learnt t h r o u g h t h e s t u d y t h a t

where ENADEP h a s helped p r o v i d e r u r a l i n f r a s t r u c t u r e

l i k e r u r a l water supp ly and 811 w e a t h e r feeder roads

for the. t r a n s p o r t a t i o n of a g r i c u l t u r a l oolkputs end

h e l p t h e e x t e n s i o n to reach their wards d i d not feel

t h e Impac t of t h o s e infrastructures. T h i s may be d u e

t o t h e f a c t t h a t most of these rural feeder rods

are n o t g i v e n r o u t i n e m a i n t e n a n c e and e a s i l y d i v i d e d or

washed away b y e r o s i o n , Another p o s s i b i l i t y is t h a t

c o n t r a c t o r s d o abandon such p m g e c t s h a l f way o r

claim to h a v e comple ted t h e p r o j e c t .

Through t h i s r e s e a r c h p r o j e c t , i t was e s t a b l i s h e d

t h a t agro-in.nuts d o n o t reach r u r a l f a r m e r s a s was

e n v i s a g e d by ENADEP. These r u r a l farmers s t i l l u s e

unimproved v a r i e t i e s of s e e d s and l a c k c e r t a i n e s s e n t i a l

a g m - c h e m i c a l s to treat their farm a g a i n s t i n s e c t and

disease. T h i s d e s p i t e their effort g e t l o w y i e l d which

invariably c o n t r i b u t e s to l a w income to t h e s e r u r a l i t e s .

The p h i l o s o p h y behind e s t a b l i s h m e n t of ~ g r i c u l t u r a l

Development Programme (AW) is to improve g e n e r a l

c o n d i t i o n s of t h e wrdiCes+

3t was e s t a b l l ~ h e d fist d e s p i t e a l l c o n s t r a i n t s ,

EMADEP g e n e r a l p e r f o r n a m e be s l i g h t l y below average.

S f $ h i s is t h e c a s e , ENADEP s h o u l d be e f f e c t i v e ,

e'ff lclent and above a l l , p r o d u c t i v e . It s h o u l d be

a r t i c u l a t e and r e s p o n s i v e bo t h e n e e d s and a s p i r a t i o n s

of ' t h e r u r sl popul ace.

Rural populace w i l l c o n t r i b u t e to the n a t i o n a l

economy i n a p p r e c i a b l e manner if ENADEP i n t e n s i f y i ts

effort i n bettering the c o n d i t i o n s of t h e s e people

of country s i d e . So the people of Nsukka zone of

Enugu S t a t e having abundant human and material r e s o u r c e s

can improve t h e i r c o n d i t i o n of l i v i n g i f t h e s e p o t e n t i a -

l i k i e s are h a r n e s s e d by the programme.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Almond, GI and Coleman J, @d)* The Polit ics of Dcvc*lopinq ~ m s g , N w Jersey: Prince ton University P r e s s ( ~ 6 0 ) .

Batten, T, R. Communities and heir pevelapment, London8 Oxford U n i v e r s i t y Prase, 1969.

D i d d l e , LJ. W, and ~ l d d l e , L+ J e The Co munl t P . New York + r H o l t, R n c h a r t

M n Im6~).

Coleman, J, S. ~icreriel G:Lcksr~und to Nationalism, Los Angel est University of C a l i f o r n i a Press €1958) 0

Easb-m, David, g S ~ k m . ~ n n l ~ s h of P o l i t i New Y o r k : John wi ley and Sons Inc. (1

E C S W ~ and ~ p t u (ed) , Yorkr The Free Pre

Ijere, M. Leadins Issuen -in .Rural Davelo~ment, Enugu: Fourth Dimension Publ ishers ( 199 2).

Marini, Frank t Towards a New Public Administration. Scraton: Ch;lr.dl..-r Pt ib l i s k i n g Co17pany ( 1973).

Ofomah, G . E , K , %andlordr; in T\'sukkal*, In Cfdmaka (ed) Nsukka and 1 ts Environment, Emrgu c Fourth Dimension Publ ishers ( 1978)

Olojuwon Samson, I M ~ B ~ ~ S of Wral Economics, Ibadan: IbadFn university P r e s s ( , l 9 8 l ) .

Olakunbosun, Dupe. Nwlected Rural Ma30rityr fbadanr Oxford U n Z ~ e r : ; i t y Press (1975).

Robbin, Lard, The Theor of Ecommic Development An t h e History o f E -op&ic Thought, London 1 Macmill an and CO* Ltd. , 1 9 k

Robert, G, What La Commrative Politics? New Y ~ r k r Macrcdllzn P ~ S S (99fi1,

Botswana! ~ e ~ n d Natianal WVclopmnt P l a n , 1970 - 1975 (Uppealat Scandinavian Institute of ~ f r i c e n S t u d i e s 1974).

Jones Jerry *The Model Village Scheme of Northern Nigeria r A model for Community Development, C o k u n i t y Developmen t Journal, - (Volume 18, No. 1 January, 1983).

bith hi p h i l i p Me "Issues In Rural Development i n Kenya" &&& hfrican .uTOtlf^u C?ol!lmc 9 , NO, 3 , 1992) .

Nfgcrfst 3rd ~ a t i m s l Dcwelopment P l a n from 1975 - 1980 V a l + 1 (Lagos Pederal ~ i n i s t r ~ of Economics Dcvsl~7p~nent, 3 7 5 1

Strategies and P e r s p n c t i v e ~ " Cornmunitv D&clo~mkn t a r n n l , (Vo lma 15, ?:a+ 1, 1980).

Abdu, H, 0. t " h a Role of resource poor farmer under Depressing Economy i n the Developing of a Nationtt This is R paper prssented at .the 3rd ~ n n u a l Farming system Research and Extenrplan i n the middle B e l t zone of Nigeria. Mzrcfi 20 - 23, 1991 (Published by t h e NationaL F a n t d n ~ Research N e t w o r k ) .

Cohen, J. M. et a l e "Rural I)eVeloprnent Part$,cipationtt R1.ral Qeve_2ofnnen1:. b w r a ~ h { P ~ 1 ? 1 i s h d by Rural Development Committee Centre for In terna t ior~al Studies, C ~ s n e l University, 1977).

Clam, J , 0. "The Problem of Rural Development i n NigeriaN, A paper mad at: ~ r k s h ~ p joint ly ~ r g m i s e d by t h e Department of Economics University of 30s and Univers i ty of Nigeria N s l l k k ~ at U N ~ on 28 - 31st October, 1387. .

~ i l i ' i a m s , S. K. T. flRuPd Poverty to Rural l rosper i ty t A Strategy to Rural Development i n Nigeriam ( An Inaugural. Lecture del ivered a t University o f If do

UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA, NSUKKA DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE

Sir/MaBm,

Please, t h i s study design i s to e v a l u a t e the role

of Enugu s t a t e ~ g r i c u l turd Development Programme i n

Rurel, Development i n Nsukka mne of Enugv state* This

study is author i sed by po~bgraduate echo01 of the

U n i v e r s i t y , ~ l l information call.ected w i l l be treated

a b n f i d e n t i a l l y ,

Thank you,

Ugwuanyi, C. U,

.r 4. Marital S t a t u s . a ~ ~ ~ e ~ r r r a a ~ ~ e e r . ~ . o ~ m e a a ~ ~ ~ ~ . ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

SECTXON B

Tick (-/) to appropriate a p t i o n ,

5, Academic qualificeUon

(a) f i r s t school Leaving Cert i f i ca te ( )

(b j school Ceftificata ( )

( c ) NCE/ONP ( 1

(d l DegreelHND ( 1

(e) None of the W e ( 1

6 , Do you have a town union or a development committee

i n your cmmunitfi (a) Yes C ), ( b ) N o ( 1,

7 e Do mu have young Farmers club i n your Community?

S a) Y ~ S ( > (b) NO 1.

8. Are you a member of farmers Club?

C a) Yes C: 1 {b) No ( ).

9* rf Yes what pst d id YOU hold?

(a) Secretary C ) (b) Treaaurer ( 1.

{c) President/Chahtan ( > (d) Ordinary membcr ( 1.

10. Hes ENADEP E~tension agents mobilised you f o r

130

1 ENADEP Extension agents educate you on t h e available

technologies arid farming mathad and techniques,

(a) Yee {b (b) No C l o CcJ Don't know ( ).

12. Which of t h e following rural fnfrastruceure has been

provided by ENADEP in your place

(a) Rural water supply C b

(81 Rural feeder road ( 1

tc) All of t h e above { 1

(d) None of the above ( 1.

13, ENADEP u s u a l l y sell ko you.

(a) ~gr-chemicals { 1, tb) Seed t 1 ,

(d A l l of the above { )I

Cd) None of the above < 8 u

14. Hava ENADEP and its Extehslon agents ever 15nked

mu to any f inancial i n s t i t u t i o n to obtain loan

< a1 Yes ( ) Cb) No ( 1.

15, H o w can you gemrally eccesa the performance of

ENADEP in your area3

{a) Excellent ( ), (b) Very goad ( 1