UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SARAWAK
R13a
BORANG PENGESAHAN STATUS TESIS
Judul: TWO CHANNELS AUDIO LINKS OVER OPTICAL FIBER
SESI PENGAJIAN: 2003/2004
Saya CYRUS NYAWAI MASON (HURUF BESAR)
mengaku membenarkan tesis * ini disimpan di Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak dengan syarat-syarat kegunaan seperti berikut:
I. Tesis adalah hakmilik Universiti Malaysia Sarawak. 2. Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak dibenarkan membuat salinan untuk
tujuan pengajian sahaja. 3. Membuat pendigitan untuk membangunkan Pangkalan Data Kandungan Tempatan.
4. Pusat Khidmat Maklurnat Akademik, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak dibenarkan membuat salinan tesis ini
sebagai bahan pertukaran antara institusi pengajian tinggi. 5. ** Sila tandakan (I) di kotak yang berkenaan
0
I
V-]
I
SULIT
TERHAD
TIDAK TERHAD
(Mengandungi maklumat yang berdarjah keselamatan atau kepentingan Malaysia seperti yang termaktub di dalam AKTA RAHSIA RASMI 1972).
(Mengandungi maklumat TERHAD yang telah ditentukan oleh organisasi/ badan di mana penyelidikan dijalankan).
(TA ANG N PENULIS)
Alamat tetap: 1230 KENYALANG PARK,
93300 KUCHING, SARAWAK.
Disahkan oleh
(TANDATANGAN PENYELIA)
EN. NORHUZAIMIN JULAI Naina Penyelia
Tarikh: 26 MARCH 2004
CATATAN * **
Tarikh 26 MARCH 2004
Tesis dimaksudkan sebagai tesis bagi ljazah Doktor Falsafah, Sarjana dan Sarjana Muda. Jika tesis ini SULIT atau TERHAD, sila lampirkan surat daripada pihak berkuasa/organisasi berkenaan dengan menyatakan sekali sebab dan tempoh tesis ini perlu dikelaskan sebagai SULIT dan TERHAD.
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Laporan Projek Tahun Akhir berikut:
Tajuk: Two Channels Audio Links Over Optical Fiber
Nama penulis: Cyrus Nyawai Mason
Matrik: 5303
telah dibaca dan disahkan oleh:
ý 2ý ý 1-- -- ---------
I 2j Norhuzaimin Julai Tarikh
Penyelia
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P. KHIDMAT MAKLUMAT AKADEMIK UN IMAS
liiiIIIIIIIIIIpIIRIIIV 1000125612
TWO CHANNELS AUDIO LINKS OVER OPTICAL FIBER
CYRUS NYAWAI MASON
This project is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science with Honors
(Electronics and Telecommunications Engineering)
Faculty of Engineering UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SARAWAK
2004
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Especially Dedicated To: My Beloved Family; My Late Father, My Mother, Brothers and
Sisters, Mau, Lecturers, and Colleagues
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Upon the completion of this project, the author would like to express his highest
appreciation to his supervisor, Encik Norhuzaimin Julai for his cooperation, suggestions,
ideas, and guidance through out the process of finishing the project.
The author would also like to thank his fellow lecturers especially to Encik Kismet
Hong Ping their project coordinator, Encik Ng Liang Yew his mentor, Encik Martin Anyi,
Encik Wan Azlan, Encik Zakaria, who have helped by giving their time to guide, advice and
support in the process of making this project. Without their help this project would not have
been the same.
The author would also like to convey his heartiest appreciation to all his colleagues,
and friends for their help and support.
Last but not least, the author would like to thank his family for their constant support
and understanding. And to those that have help and not mentioned here, their kind assistance
will not be forgotten. God Bless them all.
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ABSTRAK
Two channel audio links over optical fiber merupakan sebuah projek dimana konsep
komunikasi optic dibentangkan dan diapplikasikan. Analisa sistem di simulasikan
menggunakan kedua-dua kaedah perisian dan perkakasan. Perisian yang digunakan untuk
simulasi adalah CommSim dan Matlab. Simulasi di lakukan untuk menganalisa bagaimana
sistem pengkodan/ modulasi dan sistem transmisi optic beroperasi. Isyarat maklumat
dimodulasi dan diubah daripada sebuah isyarat elektrik yang berterusan kepada denyutan
optic untuk transmisi. Isyarat ini kemudiannya diubah kembali kepada isyarat elektrik oleh
penerima, dan kemudiannya di dimodulasikan. Secara am nya, inilah bagaimana two channel
audio link over optical fiber" beroperasi. Walaupun, topik ini hanya merangkumi audio,
sistem ini diharapkan boleh diaplikasikan kepada pelbagai jenis maklumat lain tidak mengira
isyarat digital atau analog.
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ABSTRACT
Two channel audio links over optical fiber is a project where the concepts of optical
communication is discussed and applied. A system analysis of the system is simulated both by
using software and hardware simulation. The programs used to simulate the analysis are the
Commsim and MatLab software. Simulation is done to analyze how an encoding/ modulation
system and optical transmission system operates. Information signals are modulated and
converted from continuous electrical signals to pulses of optical signal for transmission. Then
the received signals are converted back to electrical signal by the receiver and demodulated.
Basically this is the operation of the two channel audio link over optical fiber. Although the
topic only refers to audio, this system is hopefully applicable to any information source for
transmission either digital or analog.
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TABLE OF CONTENT
APPROVAL SHEET
TITLE PAGE
DEDICATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ABSTRAK
ABSTRACT
CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF FIGURES
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Objectives of Project
1.3 Project Overview
1.4 Statement of problems/ Hypothesis
1.1 History of Optical fiber communication
1.6 Elements of a Telecommunications System
1.7 Reflection
1.8 Refraction
1.9 Critical Angle
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1.10 How light travels through a Fiber cable
1.11 Sources of Optical Transmitter
1.12 Light-emission processes
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
2.2 PAM (Pulse Amplitude Modulation)
2.3 PCM (Pulse Code Modulation)
2.4 TDM (Time Division Multiplexing)
2.5 Sampling Theorem
2.6 Sampling in PAM
2.7 Sampling Frequency
2.8 Quantization
2.9 Sample/Hold Amplifier
2.10 Analog to digital converter (ADC)
2.11 Optical Fiber Communications
2.12 Channel Attenuation and Distortion
2.13 Optical Modulation
2.14 Semiconductor Laser
2.15 Optical Detectors
2.16 Noise
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CHAPTER 3: BASIC DESIGN OF OPTICAL COMMUNICATION 56
SYSTEM
3.1 Introduction 56
3.2 PAM (Pulse Amplitude Modulation)
3.3 PCM (Pulse Code Modulation)
3.4 TDM (Time Division Multiplexing)
3.5 FDM (Frequency Division Multiplexing)
3.6 The Transmitter
3.7 The Transmission Medium
3.8 Receiver
CHAPTER 4: HARDWARE RESULTS
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Information signal
4.3 Hardware Layout
4.4 PAM (Pulse Amplitude Modulation) Results
4.5 PCM (Pulse Code Modulation) Results
4.6 Analog Transmitter Circuit Results
4.7 Analog Receiver Circuit Results
4.8 Digital Transmitter Circuit Results
4.9 Digital Receiver Circuit Results
4.10 Summary
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CHAPTER 5: HARDWARE DESIGN
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Analog Hardware Design
5.3 Digital Hardware Design
5.4 Summary
CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
REFERENCES
APPENDIX A
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 5.1 List of Components for Analog System Design
Table 5.2 List of Components for Digital System Design
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure l. 1
Figure 1.2
Page
Basic Concepts of Optical Fiber Communication Block Diagram 4
Total Internal Reflection 9
Figure 1.3a Basic PCM TDM Transmitter Block Diagram
Figure 1.3b
Figure 1.4
Figure 2.1
Figure 2.2
Figure 2.3
Figure 2.4
Figure 2.5
Figure 2.6
Figure 2.7
Figure 2.8
Figure 2.9
Figure 2.1 Oa
Figure 2. I Ob
Figure 2.11 a
Figure 2. l Ob
Figure 3.1
Figure 3.2
Basic PCM TDM Receiver Block Diagram
Examples of Communications Waveforms
Original Signal and Sampling Signal
PAM sampled waveform
PAM Comcepts
PAM Sampling
Quantization of Samples
Analog Signal to be digitized
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32
Sampling and Reconstruction of the waveform from the sample pulses 35
Comparison of Analog to PAM signal
Companding Versus Expanding
Analog Signal Optical Modulation
Digital Signal Optical Modulation
Analog Signal and Noise
Digital Signal and Noise
Simulation Result of PAM Sampling (Single Channel)
Simulation Result for PAM system
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Figure 3.3
Figure 3.4
Figure 3.5a
Figure 3.5b
Figure 3.6
Figure 3.7a
Figure 3.7b
Figure 3.8
Figure 3.9a
Figure 3.9b
Figure 3.10
Figure 3.11
Figure 3.12a
Figure 3.12b
Figure 3.13
Figure 3.14
Figure 3.15a
Figure 3.15b
Figure 3.16
Figure 3.17a
Diagram of Simulation PAM and TDM System
PAM System Simulation Input signal
Sampled I kHz Signal
Sampled 2 kHz Signal
Multiplexed Sampled Signal
Demultiplexed I kHz Signal
Demultiplexed 2 kHz Signal
Simulation Output Signals
Channel 1 Comparison of Input to Output Signal
Channel 2 Comparison of Input to Output Signal
Diagram of Simulation PCM and TDM System
PCM Simulation Input Signals
Sampled Channel 1 Signal (PCM Simulation)
Sampled Channel 2 Signal (PCM Simulation)
Sample and Hold Signal (Both Channels)
Digital Representations of Sampled Signals in Parallel Form
Serial Digital Representation (Binary) of Channel I
Serial Digital Representation (Binary) of Channel 2
Multiplexed Digital Signals of Channel 1 and Channel 2
Channel 1 Demultiplexed Signal
Figure 3.17b Channel 2 Demultiplexed Signal
Figure 3.18a Channel 1 Received Parallel Digital Signal
Figure 3.18b Channel 2 Received Parallel Digital Signal
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Figure 3.19a Channel I Converted Digital Signal into Analog Form Signal 72
Figure 3.19b Channel 2 Converted Digital Signal into Analog Form Signal 72
Figure 3.20a When Gain is Applied to Channel 1 Signal 73
Figure 3.20b When Gain is Applied to Channel 2 Signal 73
Figure 3.21 a Sample and Hold Signal Channel 1 PCM Simulation 74
Figure 3.21 b Sample and Hold Signal Channel 2 PCM Simulation 74
Figure 3.22 PCM Simulation Output Signal 75
Figure 3.23a Comparison of Input to Output Channel 1 PCM Simulation Results 75
Figure 3.23b Comparison of Input to Output Channel 2 PCM Simulation Results 76
Figure 3.24 Input and Output of PCM System Simulation 76
Figure 3.25 Concepts of FDM System (Transmitter) 79
Figure 3.26 Concepts of FDM System (Receiver) 79
Figure 3.27 Diagram OF FDM System Simulation 80
Figure 3.28 FDM Simulation Input Signals 81
Figure 3.29 Channel 1, IV DC Component Added Signal and Original Signal 81
Figure 3.30 Channel 2, IV DC Component Added Signal and Original Signal 82
Figure 3.31 a Amplitude Modulation Signal of Channel 1 82
Figure 3.3 lb Amplitude Modulation Signal of Channel 2 83
Figure 3.32 Compound Signal of Channel 1 and Channel 2 Added Together 83
Figure 3.33 Signals Obtained by Passing the Compound Signal through a Lowpass 84
and a Highpass Filter
Figure 3.34a Absolute Value of AM I kHz Signal 84
Figure 3.34b Absolute Value of AM 2 kHz Signal 85
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Figure 3.35a FDM Simulation Obtained 1 kHz Output Signal 85
Figure 3.35b FDM Simulation Obtained 2 kHz Output Signal 86
Figure 3.36a Comparison of Input to Output Channel I FDM simulation Result 86
Figure 3.36b Comparison of Input to Output Channel 2 FDM simulation Result 87
Figure 3.37 Input and output OF FDM Simulation 87
Figure 3.38 MAtLAb Results for the DC added and no DC added Components 88
Figure 3.39 Magnitude Spectrum of the Modulated Waveform 89
Figure 4.1 a Hardware 1 kHz Signal 93
Figure 4.1 b Closer View of the 1 kHz Signal 94
Figure 4.2a Hardware 2 kHz Signal
Figure 4.2b Closer View of the 2 kHz Signal
Figure 4.3 HPS I Channel PAM System Layout
Figure 4.4 HPS 2 Channels PAM System Layout
Figure 4.5 Analog Optical Transmitter
Figure 4.6 Digital Optical Transmitter
Figure 4.7 Analog Optical Receiver
Figure 4.8 Digital Optical Receiver
Figure 4.10 HPS 2 Channel PCM System Layout
Figure 4.11 Sampled PAM Signal Hardware Results
Figure 4.12 Sampling Signal Hardware Results
Figure 4.13 Sample and Hold Signal Hardware Results
Figure 4.14 Sample and Hold Sampling Signal Hardware Result
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Figure 4.15 Receiver Sample and Hold Signal Hardware Result 104
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Figure 4.16
Figure 4.17
Figure 4.18
Figure 4.19
Figure 4.20
Figure 4.21
Figure 4.22
Figure 4.23
Figure 4.24
Figure 4.25
Figure 4.26
Figure 4.27
Figure 4.28
Figure 4.29
Figure 4.30
Figure 4.31
Figure 4.32
Figure 4.33
After passing through the Low pass Filter Hardware Result 105
Multiplexed Sampled Signal (1 and 2 kHz) Hardware Result 106
Sample and Hold Multiplexed Signal Hardware Result
Demultiplexed Channel 2 Signal (2 kHz) Hardware Result
Hardware Result Output of Channel 2
Serial Digital Converted Analog Signal Hardware Results
Synchronizing Signal Added to PCM Signal Hardware Result 110
Multiplexed (Channel I and 2) signal PCM Hardware Result 111
DAC output Multiplexed (Channel 1 and 2) signal Hardware Result 112
Demutliplexed, Sample and Hold Signal Channel 2 Hardware Result 112
Output Signal of Channel 2 PCM System Hardware Result 113
PAM Single Channel Prepared For Optical Transmission
PAM Dual Channel Prepared for Optical Transmission
Added DC Offset Single Channel Signal
Added DC Offset Dual Channel Signal
Optical Transmitter Signal (Single Channel)
Optical Transmitter Signal (Dual Channel)
Preamplifier Signal (Single Channel)
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Figure 4.34 Preamplifier Signal(Dual Channel) 1 18
Figure 4.35
Figure 4.36
Figure 4.37
DC Offset and Voltage Adjusted Signal (Single Channel)
DC Offset and Voltage Adjusted Signal (Dual Channel)
Sample and Hold Amplifier Signal Passed From The Optical Reciever 120
(Single Channel)
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Figure 4.38 Sample and Hold Amplifier Signal Passed From The Optical Reciever 120
(Dual Channel)
Figure 4.39 Output Signal of PAM Optical Transmitter System (Single Channel) 121
Figure 4.40 Output Signal of PAM Optical Transmitter System (Dual Channel) 122
Figure 4.41 PCM Signal Passed Through a Schmitt Trigger (Single Channel) 123
Figure 4.42 PCM Signal Passed Through a Schmitt Trigger (Dual Channel) 123
Figure 4.43 Received Signal at The Comparator Circuit 124
Figure 4.44 Received Signal at The Schmitt Trigger 125
Figure 4.45 Received Signal at the DAC 126
Figure 4.46 Received Signal at the Sample and Hold Amplifier
Figure 4.47 The Reproduced Signal at the Receiver End
Figure 5.1 Analog Transmitter Circuit Design
Figure 5.2 Analog Receiver Circuit Design
Figure 5.3 Digital Transceiver Circuit Design
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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
This project is done to design an affordable, reliable and an acceptable quality optical
fiber audio link system which could be used on all audio inputs. The design should be
exceptionally simple and yet capable of transmitting and receiving an acceptable quality
sound output.
The technology of using optical signals to carry audio information is currently
available only in high-end entertainment systems such as the 5.1 (5 channel directions and I
subwoofer) surround sound systems for computer systems, sound systems for game consoles
such as SONY Playstation2 and various other entertainment system produced by Japanese
companies. The use of optical transmission to carry audio signals is becoming more and more
popular due to the quality of the sound it produces, which is less susceptible to transmission
noise due to electromagnetic flux especially in copper cables. The drawback of this
technology is the high price tag it carries. To overcome the problem of high price and make
the technology affordable, the circuit could be designed and built ourselves.
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A Two Channel Audio Links over Optical Fiber is currently only available to a few in
the current market due to its high price. The Two Channel Audio Links over Optical Fiber is
divided in to two main categories;
1. Analogue Two Channel Audio Links over Optical Fiber and,
2. Digital Two Channel Audio Links over Optical Fiber
The quality of the output depends entirely on the transmission method itself. Analogue
transmission would produce an output which is generally of poor quality compared to that of
digital transmission, as the transmitted signal could be affected by noise and could not be
processed to produce a good output. As for the digital transmission, the sound expected
should be better than its counterpart, as digital signal is influenced less by noise.
The end product could also be used as other means of communication systems such as
that of an Intercom or even a Telephone. The numbers of applications are almost limitless in
the field of communications.
The method used to produce the end product is concluded on the next page in the form
of a flow chart:
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Start
Research
ý
Reciever Analogue
Fiber Optics Communication Hardware
ir-77 77ýi Digital
Transmitter Analogue Digital
f_ t
I
Literature Review
Design
Build
i Run Test
Outcome Sucessfull?
Yes
Compile Result and Submit Report
ý Simulation
Analogue
No
Digital
Towards the end of this project is expected to be a design for both the analogue and
digital optical fiber link transmitter and receiver. The circuit design is hopefully to be able to
carry and give an output of audio signals which is of acceptable quality. By using optical
fiber, noise due to atmospheric interference could be reduced to a minimum; flux from using
copper cables as a medium could be eliminated entirely giving a better high fidelity audio
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signal. The circuit could also be used as an optical fiber link transceiver circuit in other
telecommunication applications such as that of an intercom, possibly that of a telephone
system and maybe even that of a networking system. The circuit is targeted on producing an
affordable optical telecommunication system which doesn't compromise on quality and
reliability.
Information Input
Codec or
Converter Light source transmitter
Reciever
Information output
light detector
Fibre-Optic"/. Cable /s
f /ý
Figure!. I Basic Concepts of Optical Fiber Communication Block Diagram
4
Decoder Filter Amplifier JJ`
Pho ocell or
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1.2 Objectives of Project
The objectives of this project are:
1. To identify and accumulate data on the Two-Channel Audio Link over Optical Fiber
systems principles and basics.
II. To explain the functionality and operations of a Two Channel Audio Link over Optical
Fiber systems.
III. To produce a Literature review of on the topic of Two-Channel audio link over Optical
Fiber.
IV. To manipulate the data gathered to design a working circuit of a Two Channel Audio
Link over Optical Fiber Systems for both Analogue and Digital.
V. To simulate the operations of a Two Channel Audio Link Over Optical Fiber for both
Analogue and Digital.
VI. To compile the necessary data gathered from research and simulation to design a
working transceiver circuit of a Two Channel Audio Link over Optical Fiber.
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1.3 Project Overview
The purpose of this project is to identify and accumulate data on the principles and basics
of how to design and produce a Two-Channel Audio Link over Optical Fiber systems.
Principles of optical communication are important in analyzing and designing of a optical
communications systems.
After all principles and basics needed in optical fiber communication systems are
gathered, the functionality and operations of sections and devices in a Two Channel Audio
Link over Optical Fiber systems is later explained. Explanation of these theorems is important
to explain the functions of each part of the circuit used in the design of the circuit.
This information is then used to produce a Literature review of on the topic of Two-
Channel audio link over Optical Fiber covering the topic of both transmission and receiving
circuit theorems. These data is then manipulated to design a working circuit of a Two Channel
Audio Link over Optical Fiber Systems for both Analogue and Digital circuit.
Both circuits will be design accordingly to the analysis done on the topic of optical
communications. When a circuit is designed, the circuit is then simulated; this is done to test
the operations of a Two Channel Audio Link Over Optical Fiber for both Analogue and
Digital are working the way that it is expected to.
When all data is complete from research and simulation, then the data is compiled
accordingly to design a working transceiver circuit of a Two Channel Audio Link over
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