Unit One Text A: 1. Teaching Aims and Requirements 2. Teaching
Focus 5. Abstract of the Text 4. Text organization 6. Text A study
7. Summary of Text A 3.Cultual Background
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1. Teaching Aims and Requirements
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Teaching Aims and Requirements A. Grasp the main idea and
structure of the text. B. Master the key language points and
grammatical structure in the text. C. Conduct a series of reading,
listening, speaking and writing activities related to the theme if
the unit.
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Cultural Background 1. A brief introduction to Ford Company
Ford Motor began a manufacturing revolution with its mass
production assembly lines in the early 1900s. Now the company has
firmly established its status as one of the worlds largest makers
of cars and trucks. It makes vehicles with such brands as Ford,
Lincoln, and Mercury. Among its biggest successes are the
redesigned Ford Mustang and F-Series pickup. Ford owns a 33% stake
in Mazda and also controls the Land Rover, Jaguar, and Volvo
nameplates through Premier Automotive Group. The Ford family owns
about 40% of the companys voting stock.
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A Brief Introduction to General Motors (GM) So far General
Motors (GM) has steered around competitors to remain the world s
No. 1 maker of cars and trucks, with brands such as Buick,
Cadillac, Chevrolet, GMC, Pontiac, Saab, and Saturn. GM also
produces cars through its Holden, Opel, and Vauxhall units. GM also
has stakes in Suzuki Motor, and GM Daewoo Auto & Technology.
Subsidiary GMAC provides financing. GM has been selling off
non-core assets including stakes in Fiat and Fuji Heavy Industries
(Subaru), as well as its locomotive manufacturing business. Like
its US counterparts Ford Motor and Chrysler, GM is in the midst of
restructuring its sprawling North American operations.
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4. Text Organization Part OneParas1-3 Part TwoParas 4-6 Part
ThreeParas 7-9 Part Four Para 10 After reading each part, well sum
up the main idea.
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Part One: Main Idea Although free-market competition is often
described as cutthroat and wasteful, competition and cooperation
exist side by side in free-market economy.
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Part Two: Main Idea Competition arises from scarcity while
cooperation becomes appropriate when coordinated efforts and
knowledge of many people are necessary to achieve the common
good.
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Part Three: Main Idea Not all forms of competition and
cooperation are beneficial, but in competitive markets, firms
compete by means of serving the customers as well as they can and
only those who cooperate best can survive.
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Part Four: Main Idea Far from undermining cooperation,
free-market competition enhances cooperation.
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5. True or False 1. In a symphony orchestra, there is only
cooperation( F ) No. There are both cooperation and competition.
2.Competition and cooperation do exist side by side in human
society.(T) 3.In bidding competition, someone gets something by
force, which other people also want to get. ( F ) In bidding
competition, people are willing to sacrifice their great quantity
of other goods to get something they want. 4.Cooperation is a
distinctive feature of all economic activities in a competitive
market..(T)
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Unit Eight Competition and Cooperation Unit Eight Book Three
Text A
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Paragraph 1: Free market competition is often described as
cutthroat and wasteful. Dog-eat-dog rivalries are fueled by greedy
self-interests operating according to the law of the jungle in
which survival of the fittest is the only rule. In contrast,
government regulation is said to have the potential to promote
genuine cooperation in which citizens pull together to advance the
common good.
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But those who deplore free-market competition simply do not
understand it. Competitive markets excel at promoting cooperation.
Indeed, to succeed in the market requires great cooperative skills.
A person buying a wool coat gains his comfort as a result of the
willing cooperative efforts of many workers in widely varied
activities from raising sheep to spinning yarn to retailing. Every
wool coat requires that very
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Dog-eat-dog rivalries are fueled by greedy self- interests
operating according to the law of the jungle in which survival of
the fittest is the only rule. 1. What do the phrases the law of the
jungle and survival of the fittest mean? 1) The law of the jungle
means everyone cares for himself only. 2) Survival of the fittest
means only the strongest reatures will stay alive. 2.Translate the
sentence into Chinese.
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Words and Expressions: rivalry: n. 1.[+ with/between] the state
or condition of competing There has always been intense rivalry
between New Zealand and Australia. 2. Collocations friendly rivalry
intense/acute/bitter/fierce/keen/strong rivalry between sibling
rivalry enter/get into rivalry with sb. stir up rivalry
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Paragraph 2-3: large numbers of people coordinate their efforts
cooperate in production and distribution. Similarly, the existence
of a pencil would be impossible without the cooperation of
countless people and firms from around the globe. Still, private
firms selling coats and pencils are described as competitive, not
as cooperative. And so they are in a genuine sense. Each firm, each
producer, competes for the advantage of satisfying consumer
demands. But these firms are no less cooperative. Competition and
cooperation exist side by side. Each has its own roles to play in
building a peaceful and prosperous society..
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Competition and cooperation exist side by side. 1. More
examples: again and again ; ; through and through out-and-out , day
after day word for word eye to eye man-to-man hand in hand 2.
Translate the sentence into Chinese.
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globe: n. 1) the Earth The cities were beautiful and adorned
with all the fine things of the globe. 2) a round object with a map
of the Earth drawn on it At that time in every classroom of the
school there was a big globe.
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Paragraph 4: A symphony orchestra is an unequaled example of
cooperation, yet competition has a role to play even in orchestras.
Different musicians compete for each seat in the orchestra.
Moreover, different orchestras compete for the privilege of making
recordings with prestigious recording studios. Football and
baseball teams parallel orchestras in these respects: different
players compete for slots on the team, and different teams compete
against each other for the championship. And the production of
steel, the operation of a department store, and the publication of
a magazine all involve both cooperation and competition.
Competition and cooperation are unavoidable in human society.
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Words and Expressions: privilege: n. a special advantage that
is given only to one person or group of people Parking in this
street is the privilege of the residents. 2. Collocations an
exclusive privilege diplomatic privileges abuse a privilege
accord/award sb. a privilege offer special privileges
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Paragraph 5-6: Competition is inseparable from scarcity.
Scarcity exists when there is not enough of some goods to provide
consumers. It follows that we must find some way to decide who gets
how much of any scarce goods. The accepted way in free-market
competition is to allow those who want a particular kind of goods
say, a bushel of apples to bid for it. The bushel of apples will
then go to the person who voluntarily sacrifices the greatest
quantity of other goods in exchange for the apples. We call such
bidding competition, but note that such competition differs
fundamentally from another kind of competition physical terror: he
gets the apples by beating up all others who want the apples.
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We call such bidding competition, but note that such
competition differs fundamentally from another kind of competition
1. What does the first such refer to here? It refers to what has
been mentioned in the previous sentence. 2. Paraphrase the
sentence. These two words have different parts of speech. The first
one is a pronoun while the second one is an adjective.
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Words and Expressions: in exchange for: 1.by way of exchange by
way of exchange Tom gave Helen an apple in exchange for a piece of
cake.
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Paragraph 7: Cooperation is appropriate, of course, when the
coordinated efforts and knowledge of many people are necessary to
produce a particular kind of goods, such as the wool coat or the
pencil. People who competed for jobs now find themselves
cooperating with others to produce a product. This cooperation
takes place not only among fellow employees but also firms with
their customers, stockholders, creditors, and with all manner of
suppliers. Sellers cooperate with buyers so that buyers will become
repeat customers. Employers cooperate with workers to improve
productivity. Customers cooperate with suppliers to ensure reliable
service and quality supplies. Cooperation is indeed a hallmark of
all economic activities in a competitive market. This book embodies
the works of many young writers.
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Words and Expressions: all manner of: every kind of This small
portable oven is capable of cooking all manner of baked goods. The
British Isles have been conquered by all manner of people.
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Paragraph 8: Not all varieties of competition are beneficial,
just as not all varieties of cooperation are desirable. Indeed,
competition can be bad. If the owners of General Motors spread
nails on the roads leading to Ford factories and dealerships, this
is a form of non- economic competition and a most undesirable
formGeneral Motors benefits not only at the expense of Ford, but
also at the expense of consumers because the nails on the road
effectively eliminate consumers option of buying Fords. But notice
that identically undesirable consequences occur when General Motors
and Ford cooperate with each other to lobby successfully for import
restrictions on foreign automobiles. Tariffs hurt consumers no less
than do nails on the road. Few people, however, refer to tariffs,
dumping laws, and costly regulations as examples of cutthroat
competition or business cooperation. Instead, such legislation is
typically revered as desirable social policy.
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Instead, such legislation is typically revered as desirable
social policy. 1. What can we infer from this sentence? From this
sentence, we can infer that the author doesnt think much of this
kind of legislation.
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Words and Expressions: legislation: n. [U] a law or set of laws
The government has promised to bring in new legislation to combat
this problem. 2. Collocations: adopt/enact legislation amend
legislation abrogate/repeal legislation pass legislation veto
legislation remedial legislation drastic legislation emergency
legislation
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Paragraph 9: The phrases dog-eat-dog and survival of the
fittest are harsh- sounding phrases, and they vastly misrepresent
competitive activity within private-property markets. In
competitive markets, firms do not attack each other savagely.
Rather, firms do battle by seeing who can best serve the customer.
That is, in competitive markets, firms compete by seeing who can
best cooperate with consumers. Kmart and Wal-Mart strive to offer
consumers better deals because each firm knows that if it fails to
offer good deals, customers will patronize other, more responsive
firms. Both firms survive as long as each cooperates with consumers
effectively enough to earn profits. To protect firms from the
competition of rival firms would be to encourage protected firms to
be less cooperative with consumers.
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Words and Expressions: patronize: vt. 1.to use or visit a shop,
restaurant etc It s a charming little restaurant which is mostly
patronized by locals. 2. to support or give money to an
organization or activity At last, the rich man decided to patronize
that young musician. Nowadays some people in cities patronize the
children in poverty-stricken area.
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Paragraph 10: Of course, in any competitive industry only the
fittest firms do survive. In the 1930s, groceries were distributed
mainly by mom- and-pop stores. Today, supermarkets each of which
carries on average about 50,000 different kinds of products have
replaced the mom-and-pops. Supermarkets offered consumers a new
shopping choice. Consumers voluntarily switched their patronage
from mom-and-pops to supermarkets because, as judged by consumers,
supermarkets cooperated better with consumers than did the
mom-and-pops. No supermarket literally killed mom or pop. Some of
these small-store owners retired while others moved into other
lines of work. Today, the descendants of the owners of mom-
and-pops are surely better off than they would have been had
supermarkets never come along.
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Today, the descendants of the owners of mom-and- pops are
surely better off than they would have been had supermarkets never
come along. 1. What can we infer from the sentence? By citing this
example, the author just wants to tell us sometimes the competition
is not a bad thing. 2. Translate the sentence
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Words and Expressions: distribute: v. 1) to supply (goods) in a
particular area, especially to shops Milk is distributed to the
local shops by Herald s Dairies 2) [+ to/among] to divide and give
out among several people, places, etc. Copies of the report were
distributed shortly after the meeting.
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Questions and Answers of Text A 1.Does the author really think
free-market competition is cruel? Why do you think so? No, he
doesnt. His usage of quotation marks on the phrases which means
cruel or bad shows that they are not what you think they really
are. 2. Does the author really think overnment has the function to
promote cooperation? Why or why not? No, he doesnt. The reason is
almost the same as the previous sentence. He also uses quotation
marks on the phrases pull together to show that he doesnt think
people will really do so.
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After Reading_5.1_1 HOMEWORK Directions: For this part, you are
required to write a composition on the topic Competition and
Cooperation. You should write at least 150 words and base your
composition on the outline given n Chinese below: 1. 2. 3.