Name_______________________________Test Date_____________Period_______
Unit 5 Part B: Day 1 Cell Growth, Division & Reproduction
CELL SIZE LIMITATIONS
• Cells that are _______ _______ will have
_______________ diffusing materials through the cell.
- ________________, ________________, and _______
must enter cell at an efficient rate and cells need to remove
________________ from the cell quickly or else they will build up toxins
• Cytoskeleton ________________ ________________the cell organelles
• Cellular communication ________________ and is less efficient
• DNA will a limit a cell’s size
• If cell is too big then DNA ________________ make enough ________________ to
support the cell
Large Cell: It takes ________ ________ for the nutrients to reach the ________________ of this cell
Smaller Cell: It takes ________ ________for the same nutrients to reach the ________________ of
this cell
HOW DO CELLS SOLVE THIS PROBLEM?
As cell size ______________ too much- it can which can lead to ________________ of a cell.
It is important for cells to stay small so it can ________________ properly by _____________
materials in & out ________________.
ANSWER: ________________ ________________ before they get too big!
CELL CYCLE :
Cell Cycle: is the series of events that take place in a ________________leading to its
______________ and _____________ (replication) that produces _____ daughter ______________.
Eukaryotic cells divide via the ___________ ______________.
Prokaryotic cells divide via ________________ __________________.
Cell Division in Prokaryotes (no nucleus)
– Prokaryotes such as ________________ divide by the
________________ process of ________________
__________________.
Binary Fission advantages for prokaryotes:
– Only requires a ______________ organism to start
– Reproduce ______________ and increase in population.
– Less ______________ usage
Binary Fission disadvantages for prokaryotes:
– All new cells are ______________ (identical) so the only source of genetic variation is
______________
Eukaryotic (nucleus) Cell Cycle
Process by which a _______ __________and ______________
to produce ______________ ________ __________
______ _____________ go through cell division.
Cells divide before they become ________ ___________
Average cycle for a cell is 22 hours.
Cells grow and divide, SO that YOU can grow and reproduce
3 reasons why cells reproduce by asexual (1 parent cell) reproduction:
1. ______________of organism
2. ______________ body tissues
3. __________________________ of old cells
What are the TWO main phases of the cell cycle?
Interphase: ______________________ (90%) phase of the cell cycle (G1, G0, S, G2 Phase)
State Description Abbreviation
Interphase Gap 1 G1
______________ ______________
cell ______________ ______________
carries out normal _______ ______________
Ribosomes ______________ ______________
Interphase
Gap 0 G0
______________ phase
________ division
Some cells never leave G O phase
ex.___________cells (once it’s gone- it’s gone)
Some cells never enter G O phase
ex. ______________cells (constantly renewed)
DNA Synthesis
S
DNA Replication – process by which _______
is ______________ to make _______
________________ ______ _____________.
______________ the amount of chromosomes
in cell
(you must give new cells a copy of ALL the
instructions)
Gap 2 G2
The ______________growth
cell ____________ to ______________ (mitosis)
cell’s ______________ are ______________
ex. Mitochondria, vacuole, golgi, chloroplast
Needed ______________ are produced to build.
Cell division
Mitosis M
Prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase
Division of _____________
Cell division
Cytokinesis Division on the _____________ (2 new cells)
***SYNTHESIS (S) PHASE REVISITED***
FUNCTION (JOB) OF DNA:
The master copy of an organism’s information code that contains the _____________
(_____________)_____________ to make _____________
_____________ how an organism looks and acts (_____________)
A _____________ is a _____________ of _____________ that codes for a _____________.
Each unique gene has a unique _____________ of _____________.
This unique sequence of bases will _____________ for the production of a unique protein.
It is these proteins and combination of proteins that give us different _______ _____________.
DNA STRUCTURE (HOW DOES DNA LOOK?)
The _________ ________________looks like a twisted ________________and is called a
_ ________________ _______________.
Scientists Discovery Year Oswald Avery Discovered that the nucleic acid DNA stores and transmits
the genetic information from one generation of an organism to the next
Erwin Chargaff Discovered a relationship in the nitrogenous bases Adenine (A) = Thymine (T) Guanine (G) = Cytosine (C)
Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase
Concluded that the genetic material of the bacteriophage was DNA, not protein. Used radioactive phosphorous and sulfur.
Rosalind Franklin Took an x-ray of the DNA structure so the patterns could be seen. The x-rays show that DNA is twisted around each other like a helix and has two strands.
James Watson and Francis Crick
Watson and Crick proposed that DNA is made up of 2 chains of nucleotides held together by nitrogenous bases & that the 2 strands are twisted together in a shape called a double helix.
A molecule of DNA is __________ _________of
millions of tiny _______ _________ (______________)
called _____________________.
Each nucleotide has 3 parts:
1. ________ _________ ___________ _________
2. ________ _________ ___________ _________
3. 1 of 4 ________ _________ ___________ _________
NUCLEOTIDES
The ___________ (___) & ___________ __________ (__)
form the ________________ of the DNA molecule
The ___________ ________ _____________ (____________)
form the ____________ ____ ___ of the DNA molecule.
There are ____types of _____________ ________ _ (________)
The bases are held together by _____________ ___________ _.
NITROGEN BASES
Each base will only bond with one other specific base held together with hydrogen bonds.
___________ (purine) pairs with ___________ (pyrimidine) “Apples go in a Tree”
___________ (pyrimidine) pairs with ___________ (purine) “Cars go in a Garage”
A = T form a BASE PAIR C = G form a BASE PAIR
Because of this ____________ ____ ______________
_________________, the order of the bases in one strand
determines the order of the bases in the other strand.
DNA REPLICATION (TO COPY)
DNA has to be ___________ before ______________
_ __________ can be made in __________
________________.
DNA Replication happens during the ___ ____________ or “Synthesis Phase” of the cell cycle
All _____ ___________have to be ______________ a complete set of _________ instructions!
According to Erwin Chargaff-
If there are 5 A’s, how many T’s are there?___________
If there are 82 G’s, how many C’s are there?___________
DRAW AND LABEL THE 3 PARTS OF
NUCLEOTIDE
Write the complementary strand of DNA to the following sequence.
5′ A G G - C T C - A A G - T C C - T A G 3′
Without ___________________, new _________ would NOT have all ____________
instructions & the organism will not ____________________.
Replication is _______ -___________________ (one strand is old, one strand new)
This is to help __________________ ________________ (mutations) in DNA.
START with Original DNA (Parent Strand)
STEPS OF DNA REPLICATION (TO COPY)
Step 1: Separation of strands.
DNA has to ________________and ______________.
DNA ______________ in the ________________ (weak hydrogen bonds).
______________ is the enzyme speeds the ______________ of
______________ bonds.
Step 2: Base pairing & Bonding of bases
The free _______________ _____________in the
_________________ will __ ______________ to bases to the
exposed __ _________.
Remember bases bond A=_______ , _________ =G.
Free ______________ continue to _________ _______until the
entire double strand of DNA has been ___________________
_______ ___________________ is the enzyme that builds and ___________ the nucleotides
DNA is made out of an original strand with a new strand. This is called semi-conservative.
Step 3: Results of replication.
Replication produces ____ ______________ molecules of DNA.
The polymers will twist back up. Now ________ ______________
______________ can be made!
Sequence the follow pictures in order of DNA replication.
Parent New New Parent
**BACK TO CELL CYCLE
M Phase – Mitosis and Cytokinesis
M Phase: __________________ phase of cell cycle (Mitosis and Cytokinesis)
A ______________ cell ______________ to produce two daughter cells that are
______________ ______________ to the parent cell.
Daughter cells have the ___________ number of ______________ as the ____________ cell
MITOSIS – is divided into ________ phases
1) Prophase ____________________
______________ move to the opposite sides
Spindle ______________ form
Visible ______________ (______)
Nuclear envelope __________ down
______________ ______________ are held together by a ______________
2) Metaphase ____________________
The _________ ________________line up across the
_________________ (equator) of the cell
Sister chromatids are connected to a spindle fiber at its centromere.
3) Anaphase ____________________
Sister chromatids ____________________ and move
__________ from each other.
What happens if the chromatids break? ____________________
Nuclear envelope
Cell Membrane
Cell Membrane
Sister Chromatid
4) Telophase TWO
The ________________ move to opposite sides of the cell.
__________ new ______________ ________________will form around the sets of
chromosomes.
Cytokinesis CUT
Cell membrane________ inward to create ____ cells
Each cell has its ______________ ____________ with
________________ ________________
CYTOKINESIS IN PLANT CELLS
Cell ________________ forms prior to the cell ___________ appearing
EUKARYOTIC REPRODUCTION: MITOSIS (ASEXUAL)
Daughter cell
Nuclear envelope reforms Daughter cell
Practice problem:
Parent Cell________________
Chromosomes replicate = ________________ Cell divides producing 2 identical daughter cells each with
________________ (same as parent)
Practice problem:
Parent Cell has ________________ Chromosomes replicate = __________________
Cell divides producing 2 identical daughter cells each with ________________
Controlling the Cell Cycle/Division
Cell ________________ and cell ________________ are carefully controlled inside an
organism.
Most ________________ and ________________ cells do ________ divide once they have
developed (G0 phase)
Cells that make blood, ________________, and ________________ divide
________________throughout life
Cell division is controlled by:
– ___________ regulates timing of cell division
– Regulator _______________ including growth factors
– Apoptosis: when a cell is programmed to _______
Cell Cycle Disorder: CANCER
Cancer - the ________________ ________________ (________________) of cells (cells
________________ ________________ making more cells)
Due to ________________ in ________________
Cells ________________ the ________________ to control their growth rate
Cells no longer respond to signals that regulate growth of most cells.
Cancer cells form ________________ of cells called ________________ and cause
________________ to other cells and tissues
a. Benign tumor: does ________________ ________________ to surrounding healthy tissue
b. Malignant tumor: ________________ and ________________ other tissue (*move)
Causes of Cancer:
• Smoking • Radiation exposure • Defective genes • Viral infections
Treatment of cancer • Surgery • Radiation
• Chemotherapy
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