DAILY
ESSENTIAL
QUESTIONS
1. What were the causes of
imperialism?
2. How did the United States
acquire Alaska and Hawaii?
3. What were the causes and
effects of the Spanish American
War?
4. Why did the US get involved
Asia specifically China?
5. What were the different foreign
policies of Roosevelt, Taft, and
Wilson?
EQ #1 - WHAT WERE THE CAUSES OF IMPERIALISM?
WHAT IS IMPERIALISM?
Imperialism - The policy by which stronger nations extend their political, economic, and military control over weaker territories.
WHAT WERE THE CAUSES OF US IMPERIALISM?
1. Economic Gain $$$$
2. Nationalism
3. Militarism/ Naval Power
4. “White Man’s Burden” – Social Darwinism
• US moved from isolationism to expansionism because of capitalism that increased the need raw materials for industry
• Wanted more people to sell goods to in overseas markets
• Wanted Europe to know that we were powerful
• Fredrick Jackson Turner – Frontier Thesis
• Need Naval Bases around the world to secure trading relationships
In The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, historian Alfred T. Mahan argued that great nations owed their greatness to naval power.
• Imperialists feel that it is the moral duty to spread White (European) culture and Christianity to inferior people and the best nations should do this.
• US moved from isolationism to expansionism because of capitalism that increased the need raw materials for industry
• Wanted more people to sell goods to in overseas markets
1. Economic Gain $$$$
• Wanted Europe to know that we were powerful
• Fredrick Jackson Turner – Frontier Thesis2. Nationalism
• Need Naval Bases around the world to secure trading relationships
•In The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, historian Alfred T. Mahan argued that great nations owed their greatness to naval power.
3. Militarism/ Naval Power
• Imperialists feel that it is the moral duty to spread White (European) culture and Christianity to inferior people and the best nations should do this.
4. “White Man’s Burden” –
Social Darwinism
WHAT WERE THE CAUSES OF US IMPERIALISM?
• Called “Seward’s Icebox”
and “Seward’s Folly” as a
useless frozen tundra.
• But valuable resources
including timber and oil
were found.
• Alaska doubled America’s
territory at that time.
1. Alaska - In 1867, Secretary of State William
Seward purchased Alaska from Russia for $7.2
million.
EQ #2. How did the United States acquire Alaska and Hawaii?
• In 1887, US sugar
planters gained control
of the government.
• In 1891, Queen
Liliuokalani abolished
the constitution that
gave white planters
power.
• In 1893, with the help of
U.S. Marines, the Queen
was dethroned.
• In 1898, Congress voted to annex Hawaii.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eHTOEfSyu-4 6min
2. Hawaii
Sanford Dole – Hmmm? $$$
(I need to sell my pineapples!)
What were the Causes?1. In 1890s, Spain controlled
Cuba, Puerto Rico,
Guam, and the
Philippines.
2. Cubans rebelled against
Spanish rule. Spain
retaliated and thousands
of Cubans died of disease
and starvation in
reconcentration camps.
3. The Yellow Press published emotional
headlines in the United
States that exaggerated
Spanish atrocities.
4. Americans have
businesses in Cuba!
EQ #3. What were the causes and effects of the
Spanish-American War?
The Yellow Press is journalism with little or nolegitimate well-researched news. Uses eye-catching headlines to sell more newspapers.Techniques include exaggerations of news events,scandal-mongering, or sensationalism.
William Randolph
Hearst, publisher
of the New York
Journal stated:
"You furnish the
pictures, and I'll
furnish the war!"
5. In response, Pres. McKinley warned Spain to make peace and
sent the battleship Maine to Havana harbor to protect American citizens.
6. The De Lome Letter - The Spanish Ambassador wrote a private
letter that was intercepted. The letter said that Pres. McKinley was
weak and stupid. The Yellow Press published the letter. The letter
fueled jingoism –aggressive nationalism.
7. On February 15, 1898, the Maine exploded, killing 266 Americans.
8. The Yellow Press
demanded war.
Headlines screamed,
“Remember the
Maine!”
9. McKinley asks
Congress for the
authority to end the
fighting in Cuba leading
Spain to declare war on
the US in 1898.
10. Secretary of State
John Hay called it a
“splendid little war.” It
lasted 4 months.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3JYFJU3ZJLM4min
What were the results/effects of Spanish-American War?
1. In Cuba 385 American battle deaths
2. 2000+ American deaths from disease and bad meat
3. Cost: $250,000,000
4. In the Treaty of Paris U.S. acquires Puerto Rico, Guam, Philippine Islands
(100,000 sq. miles, 10 million people) for $20 million
5. Anti-Imperialists angered by anti-democratic aspects of imperialist efforts.
6. Teddy Roosevelt becomes famous for Rough Riders. Will become the VP
with McKinley in 1900 election. Becomes President in 1901 after McKinley is
assassinated.
7. The United States now had an empire and a new stature in world
affairs.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cztQVr_fAz4
TR Rough Riders
What happened to Puerto Rico after the
Spanish-American War?
1. The Foraker Act, 1900, (aka Organic Act) the US
established civilian government on the island of
Puerto Rico but a governor would be appointed by
the US President.
2. Good location for a naval base.
3. In the Insular Cases, 1901, the Supreme Court ruled that Puerto Ricans did not have the same rights or
tax status as other Americans.
4. However, in 1917 Puerto Ricans became US citizens.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8EOxtY3M6Co 4min
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/07/25/puerto-rico-status-debate_n_3651755.html 2014 article about statehood
But the Platt Amendment (1903) made it a protectorate of the United States, which retained the rights to:
Teller Amendment (1898)– said Cuba can become
independent. It did in 1902.
1. approve or reject any treaty
signed by Cuba.
2. intervene to preserve order in
Cuba.
3. lease military bases in Cuba –
Guantanamo Bay – still there
today!
What happened to Cuba after the
Spanish-American War?
1. During the war Commodore George Dewey easily defeated the Spanish in the Philippines
BUT...
3. Imperialists - President
McKinley argued that the United States had a
responsibility to “uplift and
civilize” the Filipino people.
However, the United States
brutally suppressed a Filipino
rebellion - 1901. – 5000 Americans die and 200,000
Filipinos die.
2. Anti-Imperialists - Critics like
William Jennings Bryan and Mark Twain attacked
imperialism as against
American principles. In other
words we should leave the
Philippines alone.
What happened to the Philippines after the Spanish American War?
Who do you agree with and why?
4. In 1901 President McKinley made William Howard Taft the governor of the Philippines.
5. He won the support of the Filipino people. He gave them limited self rule and built the schools, roads, and bridges.
6. 1916 Congress passed the Jones Act which said that the Philippines could eventually become independent.
7. After WWII the US liberated the Philippines from Japan and it became an independent country.
THINK: DO
YOUR BEST
TO ANSWER
THESE
QUESTIONS.
1. Do you think there is any such thing as a "splendid little war"? What other wars might some people remember as "splendid little" ones? Who might think these wars were not so splendid? Who usually suffers most in a war? Who has to bear the long-term effects of a war?
2. What responsibilities does the press have in terms of how it reports news stories? What are the short-term benefits of exaggerating or fabricating stories to make exciting headlines? What might be some long-term benefits of adhering to the truth?
EQ#4. Why did the US get involved in Asia specifically China?
In 1899, China was being exploited by
European powers and Japan. Britain, France,Germany, and Russia each carved out
spheres of influence, or zones in which theyenjoyed special access to ports and markets.
•Pres. McKinley and U.S. Secretary of State
John Hay announced that the United States
expected an Open Door Policy - “equality of
treatment for commerce” in China.
•Why? Free Trade - 400,000,000 potential
consumers in China $$$$
•Some Chinese were upset by foreign
influence. The US and other countries had to
put down the Boxer Rebellion in 1900.
McKinley’s Open Door Policy
1. This term came from an old African
saying, “Speak softly and carry a big
stick; you will go far.”
2. Roosevelt saw it as America’s moral
responsibility to “civilize,” or uplift,weaker nations. (Social Darwinism)
Roosevelt
developed a
foreign policy
for U.S.
actions in
Latin America
known as
“big stick”
diplomacy.
What was Roosevelt’s “Big Stick Diplomacy?”
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rzm2EBYfyDg Bio 4min
In 1904,
Roosevelt
added the
Roosevelt
Corollary to the Monroe
Doctrine.
• The U.S. would act as an “International
Policeman” in the Western Hemisphere
to prevent European intervention.
• But it was also about American
investments in Latin America!
• To show the strength of the US Navy to
the rest of the world he sent The Great
White Fleet around the world.
• It was a fleet of 16 battleships
and additional smaller boats
around the world in 1908.
What was the Roosevelt Corollary
(to the Monroe Doctrine)?”
Remember: What was
the Monroe Doctrine?
You learned about this in
American I.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D6k9nu8-7oU Hip Hughes 3min
1. The United States needed
permission from Colombia which
owned the Isthmus of Panama.
2. Colombia wanted more $$$ than
the US was willing to pay.
3. Roosevelt sent warships to Panama
to support a Panamanian rebellion
against Colombia.
4. The United States recognized the
Panamanian government.
5. Roosevelt negotiated to lease the
“Canal Zone” from the new
Panamanian government for $10
million and an annual rent.
The Panama Canal was constructed between
1904 and 1913.
How and why was the Panama Canal constructed?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W20uDG4tVPw3:20 min
6. Construction of
the canal was a
tremendous
engineering feat
that involved
thousands of workers.
7. Why is the Panama
Canal significant? The
canal cut 8,000
nautical miles off the
trip from the west
coast to the east coast
of the United States. Saves time and
money!!
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=shWrzvNGLdw Cruise ship going through locks
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cB3tfM7ISgY new locks 2min
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bUh9aLwR3Cc 4min show this one first!
• Rather than emphasizing military force, Taft looked to increase American investments $$$ in plantations, mines, and railroads.
In 1909, William Howard Taft became President. He replaced the “big stick,” which was unpopular among Latin Americans, with
“dollar diplomacy.”
• Taft also used dollar diplomacy in China to build railroads.
What was President Taft’s “Dollar Diplomacy?”
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MNn48EFgybM Disney Bio 3min
President,
Woodrow
Wilson
proclaimed a
new policy of
“moral diplomacy” in
1913.
1. Supported human rights and national integrity rather
than U.S. self-interest
2. Stated that the U.S. needed
to be a friend even when it was not in our best interests
3. Promised the U.S. would
“never again seek one
additional foot of territory” by conquest.”
4. Wanted to
encourage
democracy!
What was President Wilson’s “Moral Diplomacy?”
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d0Y78EBR
qN4 all three 5.30min
U.S. Imperialism: Open Door - Big Stick – Dollar - Moral Diplomacy
Big Stick
Diplomacy(Roosevelt)
Dollar
Diplomacy(Taft)
Moral
Diplomacy(Wilson)
Open Door
Policy(McKinley)
All four of the presidents listed above wanted to get
involved in global markets for strategic and economic
purposes. President McKinley sought to tap into the Asian
consumer market, President Roosevelt wanted to demonstrate
U.S. power to other countries, President Taft wanted to be more
subtle and use the dollar, and President Wilson wanted to use
U.S. military and economic power to encourage countries to
adopt democratic principles.
U.S. Imperialism: Open Door - Big Stick – Dollar - Moral Diplomacy
Big Stick
Diplomacy(Roosevelt)
Dollar
Diplomacy(Taft)
Moral
Diplomacy(Wilson)
Open Door
Policy(McKinley)
“The U.S. and all European powers
should share
trading rights with
China, respecting its sovereignty”
“The U.S. should
speak softly and
carry a big stick,
acting as a sort of world police
service”
“The U.S. should
invest in countries
instead of getting in wars”
“The U.S. should
only aid
countries that
share our moral
and democratic vision”
Ch
ina
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