Unit 1: Nuclear Unit 1: Nuclear Chemistry ReviewChemistry Review
By Mrs. BillingsBy Mrs. Billings
Brief Overview:Brief Overview:
• Structure of the atomStructure of the atom• Identifying types of decay (alpha, Identifying types of decay (alpha,
beta, gamma) & how nucleus beta, gamma) & how nucleus changes with eachchanges with each
• Nuclear reaction equationsNuclear reaction equations• Nuclear fission vs. nuclear fusionNuclear fission vs. nuclear fusion
Structure of the Atom Structure of the Atom
How would you describe the How would you describe the nucleus? nucleus?
Nucleus is small but dense!! Atom mostly empty space.
IsotopesIsotopes
• Isotopes are atoms with the Isotopes are atoms with the same number of protons but same number of protons but different number of neutronsdifferent number of neutrons
Practice: Practice: – Determine the number of protons and Determine the number of protons and
neutrons in Krypton-86 neutrons in Krypton-86
Answer:Answer:
• Mass number is 86, atomic number is Mass number is 86, atomic number is 36.36.
• Protons = 36Protons = 36• Neutrons = 86 - 36 = 50Neutrons = 86 - 36 = 50
• What is this called when it has a What is this called when it has a different mass from the one of the different mass from the one of the periodic table?periodic table?
What keeps nucleus What keeps nucleus together?together?
+ and + Repel + and + Repel
• Why doesn’t the nucleus’ protons Why doesn’t the nucleus’ protons repel each other and leave? repel each other and leave?
• - Strong Nuclear Force keeps it - Strong Nuclear Force keeps it together. together.
Why do things radiate? Why do things radiate?
Rutherford’s ExperimentRutherford’s Experiment
Types of DecayTypes of Decay• Alpha RadiationAlpha Radiation
– Nucleus loses 2 protons and 2 neutrons Nucleus loses 2 protons and 2 neutrons (alpha particle)(alpha particle)
– Has a +2 chargeHas a +2 charge– Can be blocked by paper or clothingCan be blocked by paper or clothing
Example:Example:226226
8888Ra → Ra → 2222228686Rn + Rn + 44
22HeHe
Types of Decay Types of Decay continued…continued…• Beta RadiationBeta Radiation
– A neutron turns into a proton and A neutron turns into a proton and gives off an electron (beta particle)gives off an electron (beta particle)
– Has a –1 chargeHas a –1 charge– Can be blocked by metal foilCan be blocked by metal foil
Example:Example:1414
66C → C → 141477N + N + 00
-1-1ββ
Types of Decay Types of Decay continued…continued…
• Gamma RadiationGamma Radiation– Each gamma ray has no mass and no Each gamma ray has no mass and no
charge and no particles; it’s just pure charge and no particles; it’s just pure energy!energy!
– Account for almost all the mass lost in Account for almost all the mass lost in radiationradiation
– Not completely blocked by lead or Not completely blocked by lead or concreteconcrete (BUT GAMMA, IT’LL KILL YOU!!!)(BUT GAMMA, IT’LL KILL YOU!!!)
Example:Example:238238
9292U → U → 2342349090Th + Th + 44
22He + He + 2 2 0000γγ
Radiation ChartRadiation Chart
TypeType SymbolSymbol
Alpha decayAlpha decay 4422 He He
Beta decayBeta decay 00-1-1 β β
Gamma decayGamma decay 0000 γ γ
Positron emissionPositron emission 0011 β β
Electron captureElectron capture 00-1-1 e e
Proton Proton 1111 p p
Neutron Neutron BombardmentBombardment
1100 n n
Types of DecayTypes of Decay
• Identify type of decay:Identify type of decay:– A. alpha, B. beta, C. gamma, D. positron, E. A. alpha, B. beta, C. gamma, D. positron, E.
electron captureelectron capture
141466C C 1414
77N + N + 00-1-1ββ
111166C C 1111
55B + B + 0011ββ
228228 8686 Rn Rn 4422He + He + 224224
8484PoPo1414
66C + C + 00-1-1 e → e → 1414
55NN
Nuclear Reaction Nuclear Reaction EquationsEquations
• Nuclear Reaction Equations:Nuclear Reaction Equations:– Calculating the new compound or types Calculating the new compound or types
of decay involved.of decay involved.Practice Problems:Practice Problems:
121277N N ? + ? + 00
11ββ 1414
77N → ? + N → ? + 00-1-1ββ
2262268888Ra → ? + Ra → ? + 44
22HeHe
Decay SeriesDecay Series
Practice Predicting Practice Predicting Radiation Radiation
TypeType SymbSymbolol
When it occursWhen it occurs
Alpha decayAlpha decay 4422 He He When atoms too heavy (>83)When atoms too heavy (>83)
Beta Beta decaydecay
00-1-1 β β Too many Neutrons
Gamma Gamma decaydecay
0000 γ γ
Positron Positron emissionemission
0011 β β Too many protons
Electron Electron capturecapture
00-1-1 e e
ProtonProton 1111 p p BombardmentBombardment
NeutronNeutron 1100 n n Bombardment (like in Bombardment (like in
nuclear fission) nuclear fission)
Fusion vs FissionFusion vs Fission
• Nuclear Fusion:Nuclear Fusion:– Two smaller nuclei are coming together Two smaller nuclei are coming together
to form one larger, more stable nucleus.to form one larger, more stable nucleus.– Examples of Sun and Hydrogen bomb.Examples of Sun and Hydrogen bomb.
• Nuclear Fission:Nuclear Fission:– One large nuclei splits into two smaller One large nuclei splits into two smaller
and more stable nuclei.and more stable nuclei.– Examples of nuclear power plant and Examples of nuclear power plant and
atomic bomb.atomic bomb.
Binding Energy Binding Energy
NUCLEAR JEOPARDYNUCLEAR JEOPARDY
DirectionsDirections• Circle desks into teams of 4Circle desks into teams of 4• Get a whiteboard & sock/marker to shareGet a whiteboard & sock/marker to share• Come up with the answer in your group, Come up with the answer in your group,
making sure other groups don’t hear you.making sure other groups don’t hear you.• Write the answer on your whiteboard and Write the answer on your whiteboard and
hold up toward teacher when done. hold up toward teacher when done. • First group done with correct answer gets First group done with correct answer gets
points.points.• Rotate the whiteboard to the next person in Rotate the whiteboard to the next person in
the group.the group.
Question 1Question 1
• What are the 3 main types of nuclear What are the 3 main types of nuclear radiation?radiation?
Question 1: AnswerQuestion 1: Answer
• AlphaAlpha• BetaBeta• GammaGamma• (positron)(positron)• (electron capture)(electron capture)
Question 2Question 2
How would you stop Beta How would you stop Beta radiation?radiation?
Question 2: AnswerQuestion 2: Answer
Metal foilMetal foil
Question 3Question 3
What type of decay is the What type of decay is the following equation?following equation?
1311315353I I 131131
5454Xe + Xe + 00-1-1ββ
Question 3: AnswerQuestion 3: Answer
1311315353I I 131131
5454Xe + Xe + 00-1-1ββ
Beta DecayBeta Decay
Question 4Question 4
What is missing in the What is missing in the equation?equation?
1313 77N ---> N ---> 4422He + _____He + _____
Question 4: AnswerQuestion 4: Answer
1313 77N ---> N ---> 4422He + He + __ 9 9
55B B __
Question 5Question 5
What is missing?What is missing?
3311H H 33
22He + ______He + ______
What type of decay is it?What type of decay is it?
Question 5: AnswerQuestion 5: Answer
3311H H 33
22He + He + __ 0 0-1-1β β __
Beta decayBeta decay
Question 6Question 6
• What is it called when a nucleus What is it called when a nucleus splits apart and releases massive splits apart and releases massive amounts of energy?amounts of energy?
Question 6: Answer Question 6: Answer
• Nuclear fissionNuclear fission
Question 7Question 7
• Which releases more energy fission Which releases more energy fission or fusion?or fusion?
• Give a real-life example of it to prove Give a real-life example of it to prove why.why.
Question 7: AnswerQuestion 7: Answer
• FusionFusion
• The sun or hydrogen bombThe sun or hydrogen bomb
Question 8Question 8
• When will atoms become When will atoms become radioactive?radioactive?
Question 8: AnswerQuestion 8: Answer
• When there are too many protons When there are too many protons and neutronsand neutrons
• When there is an uneven amount of When there is an uneven amount of protons and neutrons.protons and neutrons.
Question 9Question 9
• What keeps the nucleus from falling What keeps the nucleus from falling apart?apart?
Question 9: AnswerQuestion 9: Answer
• Strong Nuclear ForceStrong Nuclear Force
Question 10Question 10
• What makes up the majority of the What makes up the majority of the atom’s mass?atom’s mass?
• What makes up the majority of the What makes up the majority of the atom’s volume?atom’s volume?
Question 10: AnswerQuestion 10: Answer
• Mass= nucleus (protons & neutrons)Mass= nucleus (protons & neutrons)
• Volume= empty space (nothing)Volume= empty space (nothing)
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