Unicellular OrganismsEntire organism is made up of one single cell
Bacteria and protists
Smallest unit capable of all life functions
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Multicellular OrganismsThe organism is made up of many
cells
Cells have specialized functions within the organism
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All living things are made of cells. Our bodies are made up of between 10 trillion (1013) and 100 trillion (1014) cells.
A cell is the basic unit of life. Each contains smaller parts called organelles. These organelles have special functions that maintain all the life processes of the cell, including:
Intake of nutrients
movement
Growth
Response to stimuli
Exchange of gases
Waste removal
Reproduction 3
nucleus nucleolus rough endoplasmicreticulum
smooth endoplasmicreticulum
ribosomes(small brown dots)
Golgi apparatus
mitochondrion
cell membrane
cell wall
central vacuole
cytoskeleton
wall of adjacent cell
chloroplast
cytoplasm
chromatinPlant Cell
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Animal Cell
Vacuole
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Nucleus
Brain of the cell Office of the factory Contains nearly all the cell’s DNA and
with it the coded instructions for making PROTEINS and other important molecules
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Nuclear membrane Surrounds nucleus Made of 2 membranes Dotted with thousands of nuclear pores
How do we get messages, instructions and blueprints out of the office?
Allow material to move in and out of nucleus by using “little runners” such as proteins, RNA and other molecules
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Inside the nucleus we see…
Contain a granular material called… CHROMATIN
Chromatin= DNA + protein Usually spread out in nucleus During cell division, chromatin clumps
together or condenses…we call this…. CHROMOSOMES
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Chromosomes
Threadlike structures that contain genetic information that is passed on from one generation to the next
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Nucleolus
Small dense region inside the nucleus Function: assembly of ribosomes begin…
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Ribosomes Most important function of cell is…
Making proteins Proteins regulate a zillion different things Like…
Proteins are assembled ON Ribosomes Ribosomes are small particles of protein &
RNA (what’s RNA?) They follow instructions from the nucleus to
make proteins…follow the orders from the “head haunchos” in the main office
Scattered throughout the cell They are like little factories If a cell’s main function is making proteins, how
many ribosomes are you going to have?12
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
Internal membrane system The site where the lipid components of
the cell membrane are assembled, along with proteins and other materials exported from the cell
2 types Smooth ER Rough ER
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Rough ER Involved in protein making (synthesis) So what are we going to see on it?
ribosomes Once a protein is made, it leaves the
ribosome and goes into the Rough ER The rough ER then modifies the protein All proteins that are exported by the cell
are made on the RER Membrane proteins are made on the
RER too14
Smooth ER NO ribosomes on it Looks smooth Contains collections of ENZYMES that have
specialized tasks What do enzymes do?
Tasks include: Synthesis of membrane lipids Detoxification of drugs Liver cells
Big in detox therefore….what do u think liver cells have a lot of?
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Golgi Apparatus Discovered by Italian scientist Camillo Golgi Once proteins are done being “modified” in the
RER, they move onto the Golgi apparatus Looks like a stack of pancakes Function: modify, sort, and package proteins
and other materials from the ER for STORAGE or SECRETION outside the cell Proteins are “shipped” to final destination
They are the CUSTOMIZATION SHOP Finishing touches on proteins before they leave
factory17
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Lysosomes (The factory’s clean-up
crew It’s an Organelle filled with
enzymes Function: Digestion (break
down) of lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins into smaller molecules that can be used by the cell
Also digest organelles that have outlived their usefulness
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Vacuoles The factory’s storage place Only in certain cells Sac-like organelles Function: stores material such as water,
salts, proteins, and carbohydrates Plant cells have a single, large central
vacuole Pressure of central vacuole allows plants to
support heavy structures21
Single-celled organisms and some animals also have vacuoles…
Paramecium Contractile vacuole Contracts rhythmically to pump excess water
out…this maintains what? homeostasis
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What is the one thing all living things need to eat, breath, reproduce, move and much more?
ENERGY!!!!23
Two ways cells get energy…
From food molecules From the sun
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Mithochondria
Convert chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convienent for the cell to use
Has 2 membranes Inner membrane Outer membrane
Nearly all come from the ovum You get your mitochondria from your mom!
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Chloroplasts
Capture energy from sunlight and convert it into chemical energy…what is this process called? PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Like solar power for plants 2 membranes Inside: large stacks of other membranes
that contain chlorphyll
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Organelle DNA
Chloroplasts and mitochondria contain their own genetic info In form of small DNA
molecules
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Cytoskeleton
Supporting structure and transportation system Network of protein filaments that helps
the cell to maintain its shape and to help the cell move
2 main type of filaments Microtubules Microfilaments
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Cell membrane
A thin covering that surrounds the cell. The cell membrane
a) protects the cell
b) Helps give the cell its shape
c) Allows materials to enter and leave the cell
d) Helps keep the cell material together
Cytoplasm
The living material inside the cell membrane but outside of the nucleus. It helps give a cell its shape. Most of the functions take place within the cytoplasm
CELL PARTS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS
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HOW ARE PLANT CELLS DIFFERENT FROM ANIMAL CELLS?
Plant cells and animal cells are not exactly alike. Plant cells have certain parts that animal cells do not have. These parts are a cell wall and chloroplasts.
Cell wall: the cell wall surrounds the cell membrane of a plant cell. The cell wall is made of a nonliving material called cellulose. The cell wall is more rigid (stiff) than the cell membrane. It gives a plant cell its stiffness. It also gives it its shape
Chloroplasts: are found in the cytoplasm of a plant cell. Chloroplasts contain a green substance called chlorophyll. Chlorophyll is needed by green plants for food-making. The food-making process of green plants is called photosynthesis. Most chlorophyll is found in the leaf cells of green plants
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THE “INS AND OUTS” OF THE CELL MEMBRANE
Substances must be able to get into and out of a cell in
order for the cell to do its job. The passage of these
materials takes through the cell membrane by a
process called diffusion. In diffusion, some molecules
may pass through tiny holes in the membrane. Others
are carried across the membrane by special “carrier
molecules”.
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THE “INS AND OUTS” OF THE CELL MEMBRANE
The molecules that are diffusing move to whichever side that the has a lower concentration of that kind of molecule. For example, dissolved nutrients and oxygen tend to move into the cell. Dissolved wastes, such as carbon dioxide, tend to move out of the cell
The movement of water through a membrane is called osmosis
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