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Page 1: Types of Concrete

School of Architecture, Building and Design

Bachelor of Quantity Surveying (Hons)

Building Material

Assignment 1A- Concrete

Date: 29 April 2014

Group Members:

Goh Jeng Jhieh (0315080)

Cassandra Wong XinYue (0313365)

Wong Yun Shi (0315225)

Mak Mun Choon(0314928)

Liu Wei Cheng

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Content

Content Page

Front Page 1

Content 2

Introduction 3

Types of Concrete : 3A Aerated Aerated Autoclaved Concrete 4-6

: 3B Asphalt Concrete 7-11

: 3C Seacrete Concrete 12-14

: 3D Decorative Concrete 15-17

: 3I Roller Compacted Concrete 18-19

References 20-21

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Introduction

3A Autoclaved Aerated Concrete

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Detail view of AAC in 1mm

Definition Of AAC

Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (AAC) is a comparatively new building material in

North America. Other than that, it has been widely used in Europe and also Asia

as a green construction material. The concrete is one-fifth the weight of normal

concrete and it has thermal efficiency that has the ability to reduce a building's

energy consumption by 30-40 percent. Autoclaved Aerated Concrete is easily to

cut any required shape.

Advantages

AAC has been produced more than seventy years. It also offers several

advantages over other cement construction materials. The advantages are;

AAC reduces additional material use

AAC has high thermal efficiency

Minimize waste and pollution

AAC reduce noise pollution and improve indoor air quality

AAC structure are superior to withstand fires, earthquake, and other

natural disasters

AAC structure are price competitive

Larger size lead to fast masonry work

Disadvantages

There are few disadvantages with Autoclaved Aerated Concrete, which are;

Projects far from manufacturing facilities will suffer with higher initial costs.

Contractor experience. They have to adjust to apply thin-set mortar to light

weight blocks, which is a skill that requires more precision.

Load-bearing limitation. ACC less suitable for high-rise buildings.

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Material properties

AAC ranges in density from 25-50 lb with compressive strengths ranges from 290

psi to 1090 psi. It also suitable for loadbearing and non-loadbearing walls.AAC

mansory blocks are available in a variety sizes. The nominal face dimensions are

8” high by 24” long with nominal thickness of 2”, to 16”

U block Modular block

AAC – consider as green &environmental building material

Main ingredient which are quartz sand, cement, lime and water all are

available.

AAC any production waste before the final setting will be reintroduced into

the production cycle.

There is any pollution either water or air

AAC left over the site building can be recycled. Eg.foundation fill back or

crash and use for.

It no contains toxic substances

Process of making AAC

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1. Raw materials which are sand, cement, lime and water.

2. Mixing the raw materials

3. Slurry was poured into mold

4. Procuring stage

5. Cake is separated from mold

6. Mold will be returned for next step

7. Cake is ready to be cut

8. Mold was cleaned

9. Mold is oiled

10.Mold closes

11.Mold returns to mixer

12.Cake is cut in to blocks or panels and waste is recycled

13.Uncured AAC placed into autoclave under steam & pressure

14.Cured AAC removed from autoclave

15.AAC is shrink wrapped and placed on pallets

16.AAC transported for shipping or to storage area

3B-ASPHALT CONCRETE

DEFINITION

Asphalt is well known as a road covering, more technically termed asphalt

concrete, but there are a few different forms in which the substance may appear.

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It is a naturally occurring material present in crude oil and in natural deposits,

notably around certain bodies of water and in oil sands. This substance is found

in either liquid or semi-solid form in nature and is characterized by its high

viscosity and its sticky, black appearance. It consists almost exclusively of

bitumen, a substance composed of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs).

GENERAL INFORMATIONS

ROLLED ASPHALT - It is made of aggregate or

solid materials such as sand, gravel, or recycled

concrete. This type is used to make roads and

other surfaces, such as parking lots, by being

applied in layers and compacted.

HOT MIXED ASPHALT CONCRETE (HMAC) - It is produced at 320°F (160°C).

This high temperature serves to decrease viscosity and moisture during the

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manufacturing process, resulting in a very durable material. HMAC is most

commonly used for high-traffic areas.

WARM MIXED ASPHALT CONCRETE (WAM OR WMA) - It reduces the

temperature required for manufacture by adding emulsions, waxes, or zeolites.

This process benefits both the environment and the workers, as it results in less

fossil fuel consumption and reduced emission of fumes.

COLD MIXED ASPHALT CONCRETE - This type of asphalt is emulsified in

soapy water before mixing it with the aggregate, eliminating the need for high

temperatures altogether. However, the resulting material is not nearly as durable

as HMAC or WAM, and it is typically used for low traffic areas or to patch

damaged HMAC.

USAGE OR APPLICATION OF ASPHALT CONCRETE

-Transportation (roads, railway beds, airport runways)

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-Recreation (playgrounds, bicycle paths, running tracks)

-Building construction (floorings)

PHYSICAL & CHEMICAL

PROPERTIES

DURABILITY - Durability is the

measure of how well asphalt concrete retains its original characteristics when

exposed to normal weathering and aging processes.

ADHESION AND COHESION - Adhesion is an ability to stick to the aggregate in

the paving mixture. Cohesion is the ability to hold the aggregates particles after

the pavement is finished.

PURITY - Asphalt is composed of almost entirely bitumen, which is soluble in

carbon disulfide. Refined asphalt is almost pure bitumen and usually more than

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99.5% soluble in carbon disulfide. They are inert if there is impurity present. It

can be said that it is free from water once it leaves the refinery. However, the

presence of water may cause the asphalt to foam when it is heated above 100°C.

TEMPERATURE SUSCEPTIBILITY - It becomes harder (vicious) as the

temperature decreases and vice versa. This characteristic is known as

temperature susceptibility.

AGING AND HARDENING - Asphalt hardens in the paving mixture during

construction and the pavement itself. The process of oxidation where asphalt

combines with oxygen together makes the mixture harder.

ADVANTAGES

WEATHER - Hardening process occurs as the temperature decreases, which

makes the asphalt harder.

COST - It is cheaper to install than driveways made of concrete.

RECYCABLE - Not only can the aggregates be reused but the asphalt cement

binder also retaining the cementing properties and reuse again in new mixture.

DISADVANTAGES

STRENGTH - Asphalt pavement is weaker than concrete pavement.

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HEAT – It becomes softer when it is exposed to hot temperature. The softness

will cause the driveway susceptible to the formation of ruts.

3C Seacrete

Seacrete can be known as Biorock or Seament. It is the end product of electro-

accretion / electro-accumulation alike the electroplating which build up an

electrified metal frame that is encouraged by calcium carbonate. This process

has created man-made distance. The biorock building process is called as

accretion and not to be confused with Biorock sewage treatment. The biorock

building process produces cement like engineering structures and marine

ecosystems. It works by passing small electrical current through electrodes in the

water. The structure grows more or less without limit as long as the current flows.

.

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Physical / Chemical properties

- Mg(OH)2 (Magnesium hydroxide) - (brucite)

Mg(OH)2 + CO2 = MgCO3 + H2O

- CaCO3 (Calcium carbonate) - (limestone)

Ca++ + 2HCO3- = CaCO3 + H2O + CO2

- Compressive strength from 3720 to 5350 lbf/in² (26 to 37MPa)

Appropriate Usage / Application:

- It can produce mix with construction aggregate.

- It can build components in the sea floor or on land.

- Produce (Construction material)

Limestone

Brucite

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- Hydrogen production

- Restoring and protecting coral reefs growth.

- Mariculture

- Sewage treatment

Advantage

- Grows cement-like engineering structures

- Self-growing construction materials

- self-repairing

- Strong construction material

- Constructing new coral reef

Disadvantage

- Consume lots of time

- Need a lot of electricity

Aesthetical value

- It can be decoration materials

- It can be construction materials

- As artistic structures

- Protecting and preserving the marine ecosystems

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Process

The process uses a low-voltage of electrical current through a conductive structure

placed on seabed. In addition to reverse the effects of rusting, the electricity creates

electrolytic processes which result in precipitation of a stony calcified layer on the metal

frame which provides an ideal substrate for the growth of corals. The result is a

composite of brucite and limestone with mechanical strength similar to concrete. Derived

from seawater, this material is similar to the composition of natural coral reefs and

tropical sand beaches.

3D- Decorative Concrete

i) Definition and usage of decorative

concrete

Decorative concrete is created through a

finishing process that is intended to provide an

aesthetic quality. It comes in various colors,

patterns and textures. They are applied to create

decorative effect that enhance and beautify

concrete. It is not just simple a utilitarian medium

for construction, it also acts as an aesthetic

enhancement. Decorative concrete is a versatile

material use in homes for floors, kitchen countertops, patios, driveways and etc.

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It is also a good option for house owners who want high end look for their homes.

Besides that, decorative concrete is also used in commercial and industrial such

as in bridges and highways. Decorative concrete is branch out into different types

of concrete such as, stamped concrete, overlay and acid stained concrete.

ii) Advantages of decorative concrete

There are lots of advantages when using decorative concrete. For examples,

heat resistance, excellent fire protection, good energy insulation, stronger and

more stable than brick and wood, holds up better under severe weather, can be

stacked without mortar or build with mortal for added strength, good durability,

last long and needs less repair, sheer versatility, extremely durable, does not rot

easily, withstand storms, easy to maintain, little maintenance needed, easy and

quick to install. These are all the advantages of it, and that is why more and more

people are considering decorative concrete now.

iii) Disadvantages of decorative concrete

Not only advantages, decorative concrete also has disadvantages behind it. For

examples, the weight of it, it is heavy and very hard to move and it might break if

one step goes wrong. The colors of it might also fade after some time and it

might all be prone to cracking after some time. After all, there are more

advantages of it comparing to the disadvantages of it.

iv) Types of different decorative concrete

Decorative concrete is separated into 3 types, stamped concrete, overlay

concrete and acid stained concrete.

a) Stamped Concrete- Patterns and textures are pressed into newly poured

concrete before it’s fully dry. Combined with stains that add realistic color,

stamped concrete can imitate the look of brick, cobblestones, flagstone,

wood, pebbles or even seashells.

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b) Overlay Concrete- Another option for turning a scuffed-up, plain-Jane

concrete patio floor into a fabulous faux-stone centerpiece for your

outdoor room is the overlay. An overlay involves laying a scratch coat of a

high-polymer modified concrete over your old slab, taping out a flagstone,

cobblestone or other pattern with grout tape, and then pouring another thin

layer over that for texture. When you remove the tape from the almost-dry

floor, it leaves impressions to look like grout lines, and when you add

lifelike color.

c) Acid Stained Concrete- One of the most popular ways to dress up a

concrete floor, acid staining permanently changes the color of concrete

because the pigment soaks deep into its pores. Can be acid stained when

you apply the stain by spraying one to three coats onto the floor, then

neutralizing the acid with ammonia and water, and finally, sealing the floor

to protect the new finish.

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v) How are decorative concrete made?

There are a few steps in giving decorative concrete its color and texture.

1) Choose a color and texture of concrete that complements the natural

surroundings

2) Place and then color the concrete

3) Broadcast color hardener using a wide sweeping arm movement with the

intention of covering as much concrete as possible with each throw.

4) Apply the color release agent

5) Choose a color of release agent to complement the color of the concrete.

6) Texture the concrete

7) Find a team to help you lay the mats

8) Use a high-powered pressure approximately 24 hours after the concrete

has achieved initial set.

9) Seal the concrete with an appropriate decorative concrete sealer

according to manufacturer directions.

3I- Roller Compacted Concrete

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Roller compacted concrete is a special blend of concrete that has essentially the

same ingredients as conventional concrete and it is a concrete compacted by

roller compaction. The concrete mixture in its not hardened state must support by

a roller when being compacted.

Characteristics of Roller compacted concrete

i. Tough, Fast, Economical – Roller compacted concrete has the strength

and performance of common concrete with the economy.

ii. No Rutting, No Pot Holes - The high strength of Roller compacted

concrete pavements clear up common and expensive problems

traditionally related with asphalt pavements. 

iii. Economy, Performance, Versatility - The need for a low-cost, high-

volume material for industrial pavements led to its development.

Application Area

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The use of roller compacted concrete for pavements at industrial facilities such

as port and intermodal container terminals is particularly appropriate because of

the ability to construct low cost concrete pavements at large areas.

Bulk material storage

General cargo storage

Container terminals

Road / rail transfer facilities

Ro-Ro terminals

Truck parks

Advantages

i. reduced cost

ii. reduce time for construction

iii. reduced cofferdam requirements

iv. Contain some types of mixtures, structural designs, production methods,

weather, and others.

Disadvantages

i. Roller compacted concrete mixture preparation require very special

equipment, and the amount of time which is consumed in its making is

high.

ii. In the mixture making, process should be done very quickly. Then lay

away on the road immediately otherwise a chance of quick drying is very

high.

iii. The road roller for roller compacted concrete should be selected for

suitable sizes to make it sure that right amount of pressure is being placed

on the roller compacted concrete.

iv.

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References

1. Mhe aac (2014). Autoclaved Aerated Concrete-Green Building Material.

Retrieved from

www.mhe-international.com/aac_autoclaved_aerated_concrete.php

2. Understanding cement(2014).Autoclaved Aerated Concrte(AAC,Aircrete).

Retrieved from www.understanding-cement.com/auntoclaved-aerated-

concrete.html

3. International Masonry Institute (2010).Autoclaved Aerated Concrete

Masonry Units.4,1&4. Retrieved from

www.imiweb.org/design_tools/tech_briefs

4. America’s Cement Manufacturers (2013).Autoclaved Aerated Concrete.

Retrieved from www.cement.org/think-harded-concrete-/

5. Schnitzler,S.(2006). Sustainability and the Built Environment.6, 3-6.

Retrieved from

extension.ucdavis.edu/unit/green_building_and_sustainability/pdf

6. European Asphalt Pavement Association (2014).What is Asphalt.

Retrieved from www.eapa.org/asphalt.php?c=78

7. Madehow (2014). Asphalt Cement. Retrieved from

www.madehow.com/Volume-2/Asphalt-Cement.html.

8. Wisegeek (2014). What are different types of Asphalt. Retrieved from

www.wisegeek.com/what-are-different-types-of-asphalt.html.

9. Virginiadot. Components of Asphalt Concrete. 18,1-18. Retrieved from

www.virginiadot.org/business/resources

10.Mr. David Wu(2013). Kaixian Construction Machinery Official Blog.

Retrieved from http://www.kaixianmachinery.com/blog/roller-compacted-

concrete-rapid-construction/

11.Portland Cement Association (2014). Retrieved from

http://www.cement.org/think-harder-concrete-/paving/roller-compacted-

concrete

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12.Concrete Network (2013). Decorative concrete cost. Retrieved from

www.concretenetwork.com/concrete/decorative/cost.html

13.Valdez.V (2014). Types of decorative concrete blocks. Retrieved from

www.ehow.com

14.Amanda.L.W and Dececco.D(2014). What is decorative concrete.

Retrieved from www.wisegeek.com/what-is-decorative-concrete.htm

15.Cooper.B (2011). The pros and cons of decorative concrete sidewalks.

Retrieved from www.doityourself.com

16.Redbeacon (2014). Pros and cons of concrete flooring. Retrieved from

www.redbeacon.com

17.Wolfhilbertz. Coral reef restoration and shore protection. Retrieved from

http://www.wolfhilbertz.com/accretion.html

18.Garner.A.M. (2010). Seacrete construction solution. Retrieved from

http://welcometogaltsgulch.blogspot.com/2010/09/seacretebiorock-

construction-solution.html

19.Goreau.T.J(2012). Marine electrolysis for building material and

environmental restoration. Retrieved from www.intechopen.com

20.Christopher.S. (2012). Agencies collaborate to protect fish sanctuary.

Retrieved from Jamaica-gleanser.com

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