Tumor Biomarkers are
high lightened Once Again
Cancer FactsCancer etiologyTumor Genetics
Tumor Markers Location
Classification Uses methods of detection
Examples Drawbacks
Agenda
Overall cancer burden according to GLOBOCAN
database 2013
Cancer was estimated to account
for around 14% of all deaths (due to
any cause) worldwide in 2012
It is estimated there will be almost 22.2 million new cases
diagnosed annually worldwide by 2030.
Etiology of Cancers
Cancer
Genes
Viral
Chemicals
Radiation
Molecular Etiological
Mechanism of Cancer
1-DNA AbnormalitiesPoint Mutations
Microsatellite Alterations
Promoter hypermethylation
Viral DNA incorporation
2-RNA Abnormalities
Point mutations in RNA
Over/under expression of RNA
Transcription miscoding
DNA mutations in mitochondria
3-Protein Abnormalities
Structural alterations in proteins
Changes in enzymatic activity
Mislocalization of protein
Altered protein expression
It may be surprising that about one-
third of all cancer cases could be prevented if
Detected at an early enough
stage.
Cancer Diagnosis
Pathological examination
Tumor marker
What are Tumor Markers?Biological substances synthesized
and released by cancer cells themselves or
Produced by the host in response to the presence of tumor
Tissue
Biological fluid
Location of tumor marker
Tumor markers on the cell surface Involved in adhesion, motility, metastasis Can induce immune response Expressed early in malignant
transformation Shed by cancer cells into serum
Tumor Markers classification
Nucleic
aci
d
Protei
n,
Carbohydrate
or
li
pi
d
Hor
mones ,
Enzy
mes,
Receptors
Small
molecules
TUMOR MARKER
S
Tumor Markers classification
16
Tumour Markers: -
• Criteria of an Ideal Tumour Marker: -– Specific – Sensitive– The method of assay must be cheap & easy
When are they useful ?
Screening Early Detection
Diagnosis Monitor
How to Detect Tumor Markers?
Quantitative
•a link between quantity of the marker and disease
Qualitative
•a link between existence of a marker and disease
Methods of Analysis
Bionanotechnology
Expression of proteins
Expression of gene either at DNA or RNA
Methods of Analysis
Bionanotechnology
Proteomic approach
Genomic approach
Common Tumor Markers
Tumor Markers Drawbacks
Lack of specificity Cancer heterogeneity False negatives Benign diseases positive CA 125 or CEA Smokers have raised CEA
The 12-Gene Oncotype DX® Colon Cancer Recurrence Score®
7 CANCER RELATED GENES
Ki-67C-MYCMYBL2
FAPBGN
INHBA
GADD45B
Cell Cycle Stromal
Thus, discovery of novel specific biomarkers are
needed that may provide informative clues for early diagnosis and treatment of
cancer.
New Advances
in Tumor
Biomarkers
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