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T r a n s f o r m a t i v e

E n c o u n t e r s

The Intervention of God in Christian

Counseling and Pastoral Care

E d i t e d b y

D a v i d W. A p p l e b y a n d

G e o r g e O h l s c h l a g e r



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T r a n s f o r m a T i v e

e n c o u n T e r s

The Intervention of God in ChristianCounseling and Pastoral Care

edtd by

Dd w. applby d

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Contents

P 11

Akm 15

F 17

Counseling and Psychotherapy on a New Foundation

E L. J

1 I 29

The Call to Transformational Living

Dv W. Ab & G O

Part One

Transormative Encounters Done in Church

2 T Ej H M I H 49

Mk S

3 T Py My 63

E Sm

4 D P T P 77

Dv W. Ab

5 Tm I B C 94

Ew . W



Part Two

Transormative Paradigms or Church or Clinic

6 Sy O C

B Ty 111

A Christian Approach to Transforming People by the Way of Christ

S-Y

7 C Hm 126

Offering the Holy Spirit the Tools of Our Trade

C L. Z, D S, Hm R,Rb C & J W

8 Cm F Py

C C 140

J. Mk S

9 G I P 155

The Concept of Christian Counseling at IGNIS,the German Association for Christian Psychology

W M

10 Tm T C

Em-F Ty 168

L C. W. Km-v D & E L. J

11 F B O G E

Fm C 183

W

12 T H Cy 198

A Transformational Model for Group Work

J P Hk & J N. Hk

13 H G Cm N Tm U

T F 211

Ev L. W J., Ab L. G, Dv J. J II,

C L. G & Y L



14 Py S W

C/B/Sym Ty 227

G O

Part Three

Transormative Interventions or Clinical Practice

15 C-C Vz

EMDR H Tm 245

A N MD & P J

16 T TRUTH P 260

Christian Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for

Depression and Anxiety

L Vk

17 G’ I Sx A 276

Mk R. L

18 Hm N C A Ry

W G Ty 288

Mk Wm D

19 T P C Tm U

Hmx B A 302

J H Hm & P J. H

20 F L C 323

Integrating Faith and the Science of Human Flourishing

C H Wb

Part Four

Toward Universal Transormational Practice

21 Tm E 337When God Steps In

Dv W. Ab



22 T U Ex H M 349

G O

Ax 365

Keeping Christ in Christian Counseling:

Recent and Developing Threats Eroding Precious Rights to Religious

Freedom and Client Self-Determination

G O

C 382



Preface

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References and Recommended Resources

Jh, B. (0, Mh). Y’ g h pw. Cm. Rd <hp://

www.hg./-h/496--gz-l//49

-y-g-h-pw>.

Ug, M. (95). Bb m . Wh, IL: V Kp P.



Foreword

Counseling and Psychotherapy

on a New Foundation

Eric L Johnson

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The Rebuilding of Counseling and Psychotherapy

Gy Cll w h Ch l p h d, h l x T Rb P (977). Tgh h d h

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p (h Gd x d h ll h) d lly (h

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ppd “pyhlgy w d.”

Exp p. T p bd by d py-

1It made sense or Collins (1977) to include “modied reductionism” as one o the six working

assumptions o the new oundation or psychology, given the remaining infuence o atomism

and behaviorism when he wrote. However, there is much greater appreciation or the contextual

nature o both human lie and knowledge, so it seems to me less unnecessary to include it today.



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2Collins (1977) made “determinism and ree will” and “biblical anthropology” distinct working

assumptions. Here the ormer will be subsumed under the latter.



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b (W l., 007).

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lg d pyhhpy, hw, l d h p

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wh p g d h whh dbl h p.

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bl’ “wd dpg” (Kkgd, 990, p. 4).

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h (Eph 4:-6). A l h ll hh dly -

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pp py, Bbl dy, Bbl d, whp, l -

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phy), whh hlg wld d h mm

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wkg wh Ch, l l wk wh h dp -

h wh Ch.

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wh h l h” (Cll, 977, p. 5). Fg

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h p wh p d p g, wh h dg

lg bd l lly g d gl.

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dd dd, bl “ w d.” (F lb,

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ly Gd kw lly wh Ch-dd lg pyhhpy

lk lk, h db ll h dl wll y d-

bly d ly ll h Gd’ ddg. Sh wll

b h bk. Nhl, bg gh h

ph dl Ch-d d Ch-

dd hpy . Eh hp qly Ch pph lg wh Ch, d h lz Sp, Gd’

p d l h q hp h fw

Ch d wh h.



Fw 5

Lay and Pastoral Models of People-Helping

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dlpd by Ch ly ppl d -

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l, h d h d b h

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g, d h pbl h d by d xpd

ly ppl wkg pbl byd h p.

h llg d d g. A h

, h l b p d h h

kd dl.

1. T h hy h h hh, d b Ch-

d Hly Sp–dpd bh, d ly Sp

h py pyhlgy, k lkly h hy ly

Ch-dd d f dly Ch hd l

hlg. T l hld w h yph Ch-

h ld. Idd, y b h h Ch-dd

dl b dlpd by h wh w d d -

lzd by py l pyhlgy.

2. S h dl h b pd lly ( l -

dlly) h Ch y dd— xpl,

hlg py (Sd, 947) d bbll lg (Ad, 970).

F h , p h dl h b pd - h.

3. T ly g h dl hl, d bw

h d h dl ld by Ch d -

py pyhlgy, d h ly x d

d ll kd hh. Php h , d-

lyg Ch hp ppl wk h.

. T b ly lg wll dd. T hld ld

l hyph gdg Ch ly pl dl

ppl-hlpg, whh h gh b d.




. yl (985) h gd h pyhlgy h b bd

ld h xp (ly pyhlgy) b ld. Ohw,

h pyhlgy k ly dg h l ( hp-pd h hydy bh). T lg ppl -

dl ppl-hlpg d hld h g

h ly d pl dl.

I lgh h d, Ch d py py-

hlgy hld glly d h lly l-dlpd Ch

ppl-hlpg dl h h gd h g h hh

bj why g. A hy bjd pl ,h pbl wll b dd d ld, bd dl wll b -

jd, d gly phd d , dly Ch

hq d dl lg d pyhhpy wll b dlpd.

Investigating Christian-accommodated and

Christian-derived Counseling and Psychotherapy

T ld php h pg d Ch lg d

pyhhpy h dy. pph G. K. Ch, Ch-

dd lg d pyhhpy h b gd d d

wg; h b gd. I dd, h dd

Ch-d lg d pyhhphy ( Whg,

Jh, Hk & A, p). Nw h d h l

wh h hgh pl dd d hw hy p l

dl. Fh dw h d, wll b y whh dl wk

b wh whh kd ppl (dl hp) d whh kd dd (p hp). I wld b wdl q h

bk p h g h d

y ll h dl d wh h pg.


Ad, J. (970). Cm . Gd Rpd: Zd.

Ag. (958). C G (G. G. Wlh, S. J., D. B. Z, S. J., G. Mh,

O. S. U., & D. J. H, .). Nw Yk: Ig.Cl, J. (960). I C (F. L. Bl, .). Phl-

dlph: W. (Ogl wk pblhd 559.)

C, J. H., & Hll, . W. (00). P S: C m-



Fw 7

. Dw G, IL: IVy P.

Cll, G. R. (977). T b : A

C . Wh, IL: ydl.E, C. S. (989). Wm m : A C

. Gd Rpd: Bk.

Jh, E. L. (007). F : A C .

Dw G, IL: IVy P.

Jh, E. L. ( p). R : T

C . Dw G, IL: IVy P.

Kkgd, S. (990). F -xm. J v! (H. V. Hg &

E. H. Hg, .). P, NJ: P Uy P.Kyp, A. (898). E : I . Nw Yk: Chl

Sb’ S.

Rb, R. C., & W, P. J. (00). A Ch pyhlgy w. I E. L. Jh

(Ed.), P C: Fv vw (pp. 49-78). Dw G, IL:

IVy P.

Sd, A. (947). T . S. Pl, MN: Ml Pk.

Spp, F. (Ed.). (977). T . Ub, IL: Uy

Ill P.yl, C. (985). Hm : P 1. Nw Yk:

Cbdg Uy P.

W, P. J., M, R. J., Ly, ., Hk, M. B., & Gzzl, S. (007). Bl

b : Adp pl lhp wh lg , l-

, d h , dpd d x l. E:

J S C P, 1(), 57-65.

Whg, E. L., J., Jh, E. L., Hk, J. N., & A, J. D. (Ed.). ( p).

Ev-b C . DwG, IL: IVy P.

Whg, E. L., J., Jh, E. L., Hk, J. N., & A, J. D. (hg).

Ed-bd p lgh h Ch d(): Rf d

d. I E. L. Whg, E. L. Jh, J. N. Hk & J. D. A

(Ed.). Ev-b C .

Dw G, IL: IVy P.



1

Introduction

The Call to Transformational Living

David W Appleb & George Ohlschlager

G m w H m w H v.

A w H v C m, .

Hv C m w —

v m q.

Joni Eareckson Tada, he Popular Encyclopediao Christian Counseling

Bg (0) ll h y h A p wh kd

A Eppl p dg glbl y , “Why d y ppl h dd y hh?” A h phl

d fbbgd p h A l, h A p

d b , “J dd. T pl dd. W d. Why d’ y?

D’ y bl l? T why w dg y A-

A h dy— bl y lg

pl Gd.”

Tgh h h wd bg d h dd,

w bh kw ppl wh h wd h l. Nw,

y y, hy ll h wh w d wd. W bh bl

h l-wkg Gd, bl h dh wh pl wd h

w l pl—bl, , yhg hg.




Gd . Y wll g h h h Gd d

h Gd h, , d p wy h h w’ l h

. F h g .

Toward Spiritual Transformation

mv E db ph g -

l pl d h h b hw k

d h l Ch bl. T bk h d d-

dly Ch pph h dlpg h p-

ly d lg h h w g lg d pyh-

hpy. T hl fg l hlh

Pyhdy, Bh, H, Mlll, d Rlg

Fh d Sply. W wll x pl d -

h, hgh h pl wk Gd J Ch, h p-

dd hg.

T bk ll d pl p d ll h -

d h wy h Gd l by h y dl Ch

lg, d pl ld h bk. I hw hw Gd d hl, d, d d p hl h l

h wh ly k h. I h, w wll l hw Gd hw p d

p h l kg bl lg d pl ,

wll hg, dplg d l .

I h bk w d h h d bl’ pl l—

d dg l-hgg Ch lg, pl d

pl — h p Ch, wh d by h Fh d

d l h d d by h Hly Sp. M, w h

h l bbll p , h ll, dp d gl-

h h h ly l d pyhlgy (w

h E Jh, h wd h bk, gl

“”). S h, wh w d wk

d d h l bg b lg hg, Gd

dwll d . H bld bg b l, pyh-

pl hg h h y p l. T hg l Gd-pd gly, b xpd ly h h

d w d l g ll pl y, ll

hlg d y.



I

W h d h y b ll p, pl

l, h, h d l xp Ch

lg, pl d d pl y h wh hg, bl y Ch hy p . W d b-

l x pl/ll d pl/ly dl hg d

gwh—wy dg Ch lg dl by h wh

dg hgh-p d Sp-pd wk wh h d.

W h ddd h wy-w hp : ()

py, hlg d pw d ply h hh; ()

hlpg pdg p h hh l; () h b p-

pld dl pl-ll Ch lg

pl; d (4) h dlp plly-d, gh-

bd dl (pg p h y dl)

wy--y Ch gg. Flly, h ppdx pp

h d d gwg h Ch y p d

wh w d dd d p gh lg d

d l l-d.

Against the Flow

W gz h h bk h h d d -

lzg d A l dy. W ly

wg p g -qkg fw d d

pd wld h p wh q ly -

l h d h ly Gd d d y -

d pl . Lk llg Ch

lg d y, w l d wk h dl bdy h

bh h hd (whl jg d p-

) d h Gd wh bk h l wld, ly zg

h wld d h lw by whh p pl hg

by l .

T gg, l/pl lhp, d h bb d fw

h l, l p ky g pp h bk. W

bl h Ch lg hld b bh d p-l , pg h b dg h ll

d bg wllg b ll l pl g. Y w l

hld h ld h b Gd h Bbl. W w h




h bg wh dg p, whh

h ly h hg h b plly p ly x. W j

h ppp h h l wld ll h h , d h Gd h l h hld h d h

(Cl & Ohlhlg, 00).

W h l b hghly ld by Gy Cll’ l

x Rb P (977). Cllg bbll d h-

wldw whby “Gd x d h ll h,”

Cll g “ w d” p whh bld Ch

lg d pyhlgy. Cll l pp h h Bbl b h

b ll dl d wldw dlp, hg h h

l ld wld p b whh hld b h

p y Ch pg ly Gd-d

dl lg pl —plly h dg

“Ch-dd” lg (Jh, Whg, Hk & A,

p; l wd).

Al p bldg “ld lhp” wh h Gd ll -

h ddg gll by l wk dRb Hdg (004) hllgg h l hlh y -

p lg dy dp ll h lly pd by

h p. T ddg hld b bl b h-

zg, b d h xpl bw Gd d bl.

H ll p “ wldw h llw xpl

ddg h d” (p. 5), gzg h gll Ch-

w h wld hllly, g h pl d h l

wld bg w d h . D y h w dy

ph h bdy h? W .

Y y h ldy ldd h w l h bl h

A p pg y h h A l. Idd, w

d ly wh h b l, w w pp h—

Gd lg h wy. W w kw h Gd xp-

lly h h pdlly hd by wh

d g. W w h h bkg d g ld d x h h d w. A J gh h Ld’

Py, w w h kgd d h wll b d h

h (M 6:0).



I 5

M h wld h h “p,” lk S Cl

d h E By, wll d w g d g dd. Wll, h w

wll gd d y wll dd. Nhl, w ll bl h Gd l, Gd wh ly p lhp—

p--p y w wh h O wh l

byd wd.

W g wh DM ( d Bh, 007), wh y h h

p bw bbll hgh d ll h -

bl, wh w y d hw w kw d wh w kw. T

bl p . Bbll hgh h hg

d wh l pd hgh. Whl w g y

hg b gl l d dy (

g), wh pl l Ch, bl d

bl g h h h

whh ld.

Apg Gd’ g h d d g g h

h lwy b h gl wkg wh bd d hpl l

(bh Ch d bl) wh gd dw by dd, by lg z, by hg g, by lh d ddg p,

by zy-kg, wk lg wh pbl dd. I -

l w h pw hg h l d d -

l phl, h h h p. Gd l bl

plh h hg, d h hl d h hw

p d b h pl l. W hpl h h

dl d l wll y hlpg h hpl d xhd

d bld wl h Fh’ lg .

M . O w d ly l hh

g bd w w h hldy l Vg: “My y h

g wh J Ch h Nw Y.” W wld

j d xd h hp bl d bl lk, h

ly d h l-hgg w h h p

Gd. E wh h lg Gd, plly hy q

d xpd, ll xpdly w l, y yg gwh d y hy

Gd’ kgd.

Nhl, h bk w d h l pp gg -




l, p, hh , ll p, d d d-

-g h b wk h wh dg h kd Ch-

d y—g Gd p h hlpg y d wy h wk l hg. W d p-

wh hlly xp Gd hw p h d h -

lg pl , hlp wh ly Gd h l

h l, gdl bh h ll hy hlpg dl, d

whh Gd ld xplly plly. T h hllg

ll bl h Gd wll hl d h

hld wh h d hl d wll yhg d h.

M h b h bk y wll kw, ldg

h b ld wy--y y h hh

d p h ll . Oh dg hl d

h wk y h . S hp y hd-,

whl h hl, hlgl h d. F-

h, h ld h pl d h dl,

h hllg g d d h ldg h, d ll h

p h wll-d d b-d dl ll d p-l p. All b hllg p, dlp d

h h by yg, “Wh w p h d Gd h Fh,

Ch d h Hly Sp h , wh h kd l,

g h kd pbl h dlpl g, h zg

hg hpp.”

Ey b w hllgd ld d

wh Gd w d hw p d bg hg. W

d hg Gd-fd hg bl, bh

h d l gg k whlg

dl h dld g g y h pd —

h w . T hg h l, hg

h wld h k y h y ld h b

gd ll, b w plhd wh Gd’ hlp h h

. Ey b l wh hpp wh Gd d

bk l wld d bg hly l d whppd d wy ppl. W hp h y y wll d yl, d

xp yl, wh ld h, d wll dp h

hp y w l wk.



I 7

F b. A w bg wk hgh h

dl h pd h bk, h h h -

p b. Kwg d pg h -f hw lly h dl y b d.

Y v G m kw m. Chg

whp hdlg h h Gd wld b w . S

y Ch w bl d gg d d

Gd, y dlz hdlg h h

pbly. R, “” hlgy, py d lg wk

l h w p lg Gd. T hg

dk d h w pl Gd h h wll lwy

l d d wh w w h d. S l b dbly l:

Rdg h p l h w hp wll lwy pd

dd p w’ wk d h whl p h bk. A

Ch w d p l h jp b

ly d hllgd. A g h h dl h

wh Gd hgh ply pg pd l.

T dl h w b Gd d wk-d lgh h hgh k bg bd by kg Ch b h

d bw lg d h dly ly

d. T pl d h, h, Gd p d w l

p b gh by h. Tlg Mhl H (0),

l C , p h Gd k h

d dw . W d g p h. “O h dl -

, bdg d p. W lk gd w g h

h h Gd wh lly h” (p. 6).

G b m . I d h

ll h w l w l d h l h, w

k gd w l d g. Wh gd w d, h

Gd h Bbl. Wh Gd hw p p g l, w

y d Gd w h g bg dy h ky, dlg

pl d bk d ll 4/7 b. S

g h w bl h h p h l hdwk d py, h w hw d h p. W,

wh h d’ hl w d, w bl h—-

g h bg g d lg.




Sm v w G. N d h

h l d h hllg. T wh h

ld b bly l-l, wh dply d -h yl, h ld h g h ld ly p d

w. g Gd k j b h bj h

h hgd (lhgh h hg d gh d dy). I

Gd hl wh d wh h g p g p h

h l h. Ig h lg Gd d hw hl d h

lg ld k h l-hgg k. Wh dlgh

wk wh wh yld d pd d pld wh h

l d jy h Gd bg.

G’ m mk . O h -

blg h h wy Ch h y g—hw g

pd h y kw Gd dply pbl.

Sd gly, h xp g p l k

Gd dply h yhg l. Wh hg gg wll, w y

hk h, b w lx d d k Gd yhg

dply h h. Y wh hg gg wll—plly whl k—w h k Gd p l h

whh h . T py Pl 5 p:

Yl , d h y ,

F I dl d d.

T bl y h h lgd;

Bg y d!

Lk y d y p,

Ad g ll y .

Cd y , hy y;

Ad hy h wh l hd.

Kp y l, d dl ;

L b hd, I p y Y.

L gy d pgh p ,

F I w Y. (P 5:6- nv)

Smm G k w b b . Yldg Gd y dg h g d d “p h

p” w lh p. Ad wh w h x-

hd d py, w l h Gd hl bl l h



I 9

wh ll h, d, l d gh; d l h w

l l (M :7-40). Rgdg h hg p

gwh, Jh h Bp xld wh dbl - g: “H [J] , b I d” (J :0 nv).

P l h h y P 5:5-7: “All y, lh yl wh

hly wd h, b, ‘Gd pp h pd b

hw h hbl.’ Hbl yl, h, d Gd’

ghy hd, h h y l y p d . C ll y xy

h b h y.”

Maturing Spiritually in the Five Domains of Living

T py d by whh w l d dd h

dlp. T ld dy, g, , lhp d b-

h d. Ah, h wy g db w I m,

w I k, w I , w I v d w I . Hw w w h d-

fd by lhp wh Gd; whh w h

ly whh w . O gl ll wlk kgd l, l

h ld h y gdly . T l ld by “pg h ld ” wh dd d h, d “pg h

w ” Ch ( Cl :9-0). T h bd l h Gd

p ll wh k.

Iy. Chgd dy fw h hgd whp.

T Ch lg h h w; h wh h yldd h ll

w blg Gd. “D y kw h y bd pl h

Hly Sp, wh y, wh y h d Gd? Y

y w; y w bgh p. T h Gd wh y bd”

( C 6:9-0). W lld l h “w ” “w w” wh

dd by, d Ch, d phd wh h hly bld.

O w dy Ch l f w zhp. “O -

zhp h. Ad w gly w S h, h Ld

J Ch, wh, by h pw h bl h bg yhg d

h l, wll lwly bd h hy wll b lk h

gl bdy” (Phl :0-). T hly zhp wh llw bldly h h g (Hb 4:6) p Kg h

hly yhg— h whh pbl

d w.



I 4

A l, Gd p yhg—h lgh p dply

h dk—d w g w y by whh d k

w l h Sp. Af. T w hd h wh l

h lll, g hg. I l l. Ezkl 6:6-7

y “I wll g y w h d p w p y; I wll

y y h d g y h fh. Ad I wll p y

Sp y d y llw y d d b l kp y

lw.” Wh h w w bl l h hg h Gd l.

S d wll d.

Hw, hg h hgd lly w l. T whh

bk h h w bk . T hg h h j l

ll wh jg. T hg h h p l -

f p p . O wll l p wh h

b h pl h pl llw h b lgd wh

Gd’ h. Ad h w bl phz dply wh h

h bh d h wld .

Cy lgdg d h hh g , wg l l pdbl d llbl, w gly

h l. I , w bl h h p

bk hh hy w Jh Edwd’ l C

R Af (746). H bld h dp lhp wh h

lg Gd hd b d lg p by ’ l l—p

g l bd, h Gd w lgh wk.

Wh g l h, Gd ly

bk wh d p d ly pld by h dl h dw

d lly l l.

Rp. W hdwd lhp, d ll w , d d

b bddd lhp. Gd , -

lg h h l lhp wh hl Fh, S d

Sp. T, by dg , Gd h l d lly

wh hl, d wh h ppl wh p h glbl/l ly.

Rl :7 y, “Wh h , l h h wh h Sp y h hh. h wh , I wll g h hdd

. I wll l g h p wh wh w w

, kw ly h wh .”




N h Sp ly pk dy, b l pk

ly lhp, h dl ll ll gp lhp,

d dp y bw h d h d. I l ly g hd w ly h glbl p. I

Mhw :46-50 dd h

Whl J w ll lkg h wd, h h d bh d

d, wg pk h. S ld h, “Y h d

bh dg d, wg pk y.” H pld h,

“Wh y h, d wh y bh?” Pg h dpl, h

d, “H y h d y bh. F wh d h wll y

Fh h y bh d d h.”

Hbw : gg h hg. “Bh h wh k ppl

hly d h wh d hly h ly. S J

hd ll h bh d .” Ey h

pl wh Gd’ l gd h lg ly

Eh—Gd’ kgd ly, glbl pl y h ld by

h S, J Ch. Ad h Ch ppg h ppl

h — g wddg d h h h pl

Jl. h —h dy h pl—

g yy. Nhl, h Sp l p

h l lhp bw Ch d h bd, h

wldwd hh.

I jg Gd’ ly by h, w bg d lly h

dl wy. O py lhp bg hd

h dd p fh d bld, l d, h dd p h f h Hly Sp. T

hg ply h d h h pl b -

d, bh h xp l d y gdly h

. I “w l,” w g

w dy, w bg “ Ch” d w ly whh l h

wd l.

B. I bh, ldg hw w d hpy y,

l d? Y h y d wd, y h pld

d y ly g hgd wh ly hgg hw y

bh. W bly f h pbl h w (Mk 4:-4),

h w y d (d l) g h



I 4

wh w pld wh h d Gd. W bly kwldg,

plly h “l dy,” h y “d” Ch h wld

wll h h yg dy h Gd wld ll h hy hd byd d pd h ll.

Y hgd h hld l f hgd bh; h gwg

Ch lk d lk Ch hl. W llw

Gd lwy kg gg, lh p

hd. F h wh b l d dlgh Gd, h

pl h p hg hw w

l l, ply d ply, h

hh, d h . S d gwh

y d hg wh w d d y, w d “p ”

w Ch. M, h pp d, l

f hw w l d h ppl h Gd bg

hlg d gwh.

Where Is Christian Counseling Going?

W kw h h Hly Sp p g Ch -lg. H p—ywh, ll h , hl h -

d O. H l h d h ll g—h -

O—wkg d hgh bh h hp d h l.

Wh d, h hd b h y lwy wkg ghly

h hlpg lhp. H d b h l p h wk

h hp h/h p bg hlg d d h

l. H h y h l b h l h l

d d h h l b wh h h h

bdg (Zd, 004).

C L p . A Ch hp (

ppd l l, d Ch wh d hpy

wh Gd) w k bg h whl hp p

d h Ldhp J Ch (Jh, 997). T, w bl,

l dlpg d wkg g l py-

hlgy. w j q llw h dd wldw.F, w dlg pph Gd d dy h Sp

bh h d p Gd’ hlg dg. A l

ppp ppl, l d d h Sp d




h hgh Gd dply, kg h l h pl wy h

q p h h h hlp. Sd, h l h

w d wh “plg pyhlgl h d h dpl h Hly Sp” (Zd, 004, p. 5). Zd g

b h l q:

Rh h k, “Hw d I lllly g y g pyhlgy

d l wh Ch d” h p Ch

Hl k, “Hw d h Hly Sp w y g hlp h

l wh h h l?” I Ch Hl, plg

l h dpl h lg Gd h p h

p pbl hl g. (p. 5)

Oy L p . I Ch lg, w

kg Gd h “p,” h bh Gd h h b

bhd , b bhd g—d g d g.

W gw plly w, dldg l d pg

l p wh w y. Slly, w b whl d

wh Gd’ g ; d w q, ydy

. W l ly k Gd p h h

zg wk h Hly Sp, fw ll g d

h l h wh h hlp. I h hppg w

l, h hpp h l l d ph.

Id, y , p Gd g d wk

lk ly dl h y l hp, p p-

y py h bgg d . y

h ld ply g “bbll wldw” d h k p h g h Hly Sp. I’ b w d’ w h

h h; b w d g p

l Gd d k d ly h Hly Sp. (Ag d

y, llbl!) M, y h

b d by y ly lg d dg h -

wk, w h h by d w h lg.

B y y . W d y h

d h dbl wd d y w’ b. O

h p wd g d d p d pph

lg. All , hw, h Gd wh h d

h, bbll Chy. W h b



I 45

y gll, hdx bl, h h hh

d h Agl-Chl; ll h hw p h bj d

h gly bd h bk.O hp h Ch hp, p, d d h

ll p, h wh g xp d h j bgg h -

, wll h h ppy d b h dply l

h d hdlg b d p h fw h

h Gd d h p ll h h h lly d. W

hp h y wll Gd g l h pg, h h ll ll

pkg wd hg y h d b d whp h

O wh bl l wh dh hw g. Ad w hp

h y wll b ld d d dp l w wy,

y wy, Gd w h hllg bgg h p

l h y .


Bg, P. (0, Jy ). Cg Ch . T Am I:

R O C. Rd <hp://blg.h--./bg/0/0//g-h-/>.

Cl, ., & Ohlhlg, G. (00). Cm C : F

m . Cld Spg: WBk.

Cll, G. R. (977). T b : A

C. Wh, IL: ydl.

DM, G. (Ed.). (007). P : T m G

L. B. Pwd Spg, GA: A V.

Edwd, J. (746). A f. B: S. Kldd . G.

Hdg, D. R. (004). Sply d ppl wh l ll: Dlpg p-

l py d . Fm S, 85, 6-44.

H, M. (0, Db). T gd Gd wh dw: T Gd ld

Ch d wh d ly d. C , 55(),

4-9.

Jh, E. (997). Ch: T Ld pyhlgy. J P T-

, 25(), -7.Jh, E. (Ed.). (00). P C: Fv vw. Dw G,

IL: IVy P.




Jh, E. L., Whg, E. L., J., Hk, J. N., & A, J. D. (hg).

Ed-bd p lgh h Ch d: Rf d

d. I E. L. Whg, E. L. Jh, J. N. Hk & J. D. A(Ed.). Ev-b C .

Dw G, IL: IVy P.

Sd, . (0, Spb). A w g l. C , 56 (8), 48-5.

d, J. E. (0). Fh. I T C (pp. 5-

54). Eg, OR: H H.

Zd, C. (004). T C: -

mv C m. Bdb, PA: Jl’ H.