Dry processing millWoven fabric finishing mills.
mainly solid waste is generated due to the rejects
of cotton
Through desizing, scouring, bleaching,
mercerising, dyeing, printing, and packing
* C.O.D REDUCTION OF REACTIVE DYEING EFFLUENT
FROM COTTON TEXTILE INDUSTRY
B.V. Babu1*, H.T. Rana2, V. Rama Krishna3, and Mahesh Sharma4
Dyeing is a combined process of bleaching and coloring, which generates voluminous quantities of wastewaters and in turn causes environmental degradation
These effluents consist of high TDS , BOD, COD, pH, Colour, chloride, sulphate, hardness and carcinogenic dye ingredients
High BOD in untreated wastewater can cause rapid depletion of dissolved oxygen if it is directly discharged into the surface water sources.
The high alkalinity and traces of chromium (employed in dyes) adversely affect the aquatic life.
TEXTILE WASTE *
An estimate shows that textiles account for 14% of India’s industrial production and around 27% of its export earnings.
India is the second largest export of cotton yarn
10,000 garment manufacturers and 2200 bleaching and dyeing industries in India.
Majority are concentrated at Erode and Tirupur district of Tamil Nadu, Surat in Gujarat and Ludiyana in Punjab.
*Recycling of Woven Fabric Dyeing Wastewater Practiced in
Perundurai Common Effluent Treatment Plant M. Ramesh Kumar, K. Saravanan, R. Shanmugam
TEXTILE INDUSTRIES IN INDIA *
absorb very strongly at wavelengths in the visible spectrum
are composed of polyaromatic compounds.
are resistant to biological degradation.
DYES
(1) acid dyes, (2) direct (substantive) dyes, (3) azoic dyes, (4) disperse dyes,
(5)sulfur dyes, (6) fiber reactive dyes, (7) basic dyes,(8)oxidation dyes,
(9) mordant (chrome) dyes, (10) developed dyes, (11) vat dyes, (12) pigments,
(13) optical/fluorescent brighteners, and (14) solvent dyes.
* Textile Dyes and Dyeing Equipment : Classification,Properties, and Environmental Aspects S. V. Kulkarni, C. D. Blackwell, A. L. Blackard, C. W. Stackhouse, and M. W. Alexander
DYES USED IN TEXTILE INDUDTRIES *
TOXICOLOGY OF TEXTILE DYES *
* Environmental Aspects Of Textile Dyeing
Editor (s): R Christie, Herriot-Watt University, UK
What is Acute Toxicity?Single or multiple exposures in a short space of time (usually less than 24 hours).
Acute Toxicity of Textile Dyes
Skin Irritation Skin Sensitisation
Reactive dyes can, however, cause problems in plant workers who manufacture the dyes and textile workers.
Fig: Mono Chloro Triazinyl (MCT)
Contin……
ACUTE TOXICITY OF TEXTILE DYES
Effect of Reactive Dyes
Reactive Dyes + Human Serum Albumin [HSA]
Dye – HSA conjugate
Dye-HSA conjugate, which acts as an antigen. The antigen produces specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) and, through the release of chemicals such as histamine, causes allergic reactions (Hunger, 2003; Luczynska, 1986).
Fig: A list of reactive dyes that have caused respiratory or skin sensitisation inWorkers on occupational exposure has been compiled by Ecological
and Toxicological Association of Dyes and Organic Pigment Manufacturers [ ETAD ]
What is Chronic Toxicity?
A condition caused by repeated or long-term exposure to low doses of a toxic substance
Chronic Toxicity of Textile Dyes
Non GenotoxicityGenotoxicity
Toxicants must reach the DNA (which resides in the nucleus of the cell) in order for the chemical to interact with the DNA.
It must possess the ability to interact with the DNA, usually by a chemical reaction.
So the toxicants must be able to transport across the protective cell membranes.
1] Water solubility
1) The hydrophobic (fatty) nature of the cell membrane is impervious to the hydrophilic water-soluble molecules.
2) water-soluble molecules are generally excreted rapidly by a living organism.
2] Water Insolubility
Due to the insolubility , toxicants gets large size particles [0.1 to 3 mm] in the body which are not transported across cell membranes.
[e.g.] Pigments
Mutagens
Carcinogens
Teratogens
Chronic Toxicity of Textile Dyes
Carcinogenic Dyes
Active species of most carcinogens, known as the ultimate carcinogen, is an electrophile, E.
Nitrenium ion [R2N+]carbonium ion [R3C+]
Carcinogens attack a nucleophilic site in DNA, which may be a carbon, nitrogenor oxygen atom, to form a covalent chemical bond
E + [DNA] E–[DNA]Examples
Azo dyes , Anthraquinone dyes , Cationic dyes , Pigments ,Aromatic amino- and nitro-compounds , Nitrosamines, hydrazines and hydroxylamines
Water-soluble azo dyes most widely used by textile fabric Industries
Water soluble azo dyes are produced the various metabolites .These metabolites only Develop the Carcinogenic Effects.
Benzidine
Metabolites of Benzidine
Bladder Cancer
Benzidine
AZO DYES
Anthraquinone dyes of the solvent or disperse class containing one or more primaryamino- or methyl amino-groups tend to be mutagenic or carcinogenic.
Disperse Orange 11
Disperse Blue 1
Disperse Violet 1
Anthraquinone Dyes
DYE TOXICITY RISK ASSESSMENT
Steps in Dye Toxicity Risk Assessment
Hazard Identification
Exposure Assessment
Dose-Response Assessment
Risk Characterization
DYE TOXICITY RISK ASSESSMENT
Toxicity of the Azo Dye Methyl Red to Guppy fish (Poecilia reticulata Peters)
LC50 of Methyl Red ,Healthy mature fish (length=2.3±0.08 cm,width=4.0±0.17 mm)
Different dilution (5-50ppm) of methyl red using tap water were prepared.
RESULTThe fish toxicity at 5ppm of methyl red was also higher in short term experimental study
By the long term experimental studies we can understood the response of the biotic community in an aquatic eco system receiving pollutants which will guide its restoration.
Impact of Textile Dye Industry Effluent on the Neurosecretory Cells in Fresh Water Female Crab Spiralothelphusa hydrodroma (Herbst) *
The effluent was collected in sterile polythene containers and stored at room temperature analyzed once in five days for about 6 times in a month.
In the experimental female crab S. hydrodroma that were exposed to textile dye
industry effluent (TDIE) at a sub lethal concentration [ A concentration of chemical that does not kill an organism. ] (69.66) in two different exposure periods showed morphological and histological changes in the brain, thoracic ganglia and eyestalks.
The acute 96 h LC value for TDIE for S.hydrodroma was found to be 209.89ppm.
Inhibition of the enzyme succinate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase, acid and alkaline phosphatases at sub lethal concentration (69.66ppm) of TDIE.
The inhibition of Succinate dehydrogenase suggests that the metabolic pathway might have been turned into anaerobic to meet the increased energy demand during pollution stress.
Contin…..* Impact of Textile Dye Industry Effluent on the Neurosecretory Cells in Fresh Water
Female Crab Spiralothelphusa hydrodroma (Herbst) 1 Sekar, 2S. Hariprasad, 3M. Deccaraman
Contin…….
INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENT AND HEALTH STATUS
A CASE STUDY OF NOYYAL RIVER BASIN *
The Health Status of the villages around the NOYYAL river assessed through three medical camps.
Doctors participated in the medical camps were able to identify the symptoms of waterborne diseases.
Health problems such as skin allergy, Respiratory infections, general allergy, Gastritis
and Ulcer were scanning among the villagers who attended the medical camp.
It was medically accepted that the polluted water had significant influence on these diseases.
It was assessed that one-fourth of the villagers has any one of the listed of diseases. Most of the identified patients accepted that they were using either the river water or well water or both for washing purpose, cleaning the cattle or fishing in the tank etc.
After realizing the ill effects of the water they started avoiding the use of it.
* INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENT AND HEALTH STATUS A CASE STUDY OF NOYYAL RIVER BASIN
Dr. K. Govindarajalu *C.B.M. College, Kovaipudur, Coimbatore, India.
Impact of Textile Effluents on Fresh Water Fish Mastacembelus ArmatusS. KARTHIKEYAN*, M.JAMBULINGAM2, P.SIVAKUMAR1,A.P. SHEKHAR3
Group of 10 healthy fishes have average length 15 ± 3 cm and weight 80±10 gm were used for experiment.
Exposed to sub lethal concentration of textile dye -Acid Blue 92 ( CI.No. 13390) for a period of 35 days.
RESULTThe conc. of K+, Ca2+ and Mg2 + ions are increased after the treatment with textile dyes. The increase in K+ ion concentration of the sample is attributed to the reduction in the extra cellular space.
The decrease in Na+ concentration suggests a change in permeability properties of different biological membrane system.
Appropriate decrease of Cl – ion concentration in fish might be due to reduced activity of carbonic anhydrase by the uptake of high Textile Effluents
Biochemical Parameters Of Liver Function In Artisans
Occupationally Exposed To 'Vat Dyes' *Using convenience sampling technique, a cohort of dye workers (n=117) with a minimum of one year and a maximum of 60 years duration of exposure (mean =17.03 ± 1.19 years) were recruited in this study.
Plasma separated from blood samples stored at -20ºC.
Estimation of Plasma albumin , Total Bilirubin were done.
Activity of Alkaline Phosphatase , Alanine Transaminase , Aspartate Transaminase were estimated.
* Biochemical Parameters Of Liver Function In Artisans
Occupationally Exposed To 'Vat DyesOluwatosin O. Soyinka ,Francis A .Adeniyi Dept. of Chemical pathology and immunology ,Obafemi Awolowo University ,Nigeria
Physico – Chemical Treatment for Textile Dye Effluents In SIPCOT Industries
Effluent Treatment Plant [ETP]
Filtration Methods [DMF,UF]
Reverse Osmosis Plant [RO]
Multiple - Effect Evaporator Plant [MEEP]
Solar Bed Evaporation
Effluent Treatment Plant [ETP]
Dye water Treatment Wash water Treatment
Effluents contain very rich in Dye and Salt solution.
Less water contents.
Treated directly to the Evaporator system for recover the salts as well as remaining less water.
Effluents contain more [70 %] water contents
The treatment system is followed by ETP , Filtration ,RO and Evaporator system.
Flow diagram of ETP
Collection Tank
Lime & Ferrous Dosing
Secondary Clarifier
Ultra Filter
Aeration Tank
Flash Mixing Tank
Primary Clarifier
Dual Media Filter
HCL Acid Dosing
Reverse OsmosisContin……..
Aeration Tank
Primary Clarifier
Secondary Clarifier
Dual Media Filter [DMF]
Ultra Filtration [ UF ]
UF system is made by hollow fiber type model membranesThis system is automatically working with the following pumps such as:
1) Feed water Pump.2) Back wash Pump.3) Chemical Dosing Pump.4) Cleaning Pump
The UF system is reducing micron size suspended particles as well as bacteria and viruses. The outlet of the UF water have the pH of 7.5-8.0
TDS level is varied from 3000 ppm-3500 ppm
Finally the outlet treated water is passed to the RO feed tank.
REVERSE OSMOSIS PLANT
What is Reverse Osmosis ?Reverse osmosis is the process of forcing a solvent from a region of high solute concentration through a membrane to a region of low solute concentration by applying a High pressure.
Ro Plant used to remove the high amount of TDS .
Flow diagram of zero discharge in textile dyeing unit using advanced treatment
Note: KLD = Kilo Liters per Day
1 KLD = 1000 Liter
DISCUSSION
Can we Create the Green Earth Again?
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