UNIT 3 - FORESTRY
TOPIC 9 –HISTORY OF
FOREST MANAGEMENT
TOPICS 19th CENTURY TO PRESENT PARADIGM SHIFTS SUSTAINABLE FOREST
MANAGEMENT CANADIAN MODEL FOREST
NETWORK
HISTORY – 1497 - 1850 Forest was used by early Europeans as a means to
support the FISHERY. Wood was also used to construct boats, barrels,
stages, flakes, docks. buildings.
HISTORY – MID 1850S Land given to NL RAILWAY, who opened up
the INTERIOR of NL. Granting of forest leases began (still in
existence today). Sawmilling of white pine was common. No management of forest resources.
HISTORY –1900 - 1975 Pulp and paper industry grew 1909 – opening of mill in GRAND FALLS (closed 2008) 1923 – opening of mill in CORNER BROOK The only forest management was protection from
FIRE AND INSECTS. Companies were given LAND LEASES and self-
managed their land.
CBPPL 1923 – GETTING BUILT
Queen Elizabeth at the Grand Opening of CBPPL
HISTORY–LANDMARK YEARS 1974 – TIMBER MANAGEMENT
Taken over by PROVINCIAL DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY
Pulp and paper companies submit management plans
1980s - SILVICULTUREDEFINITION:
The science and practice of growing trees Silviculture is an important tool in forest
management and includes activities such s:Pre-commercial thinningSite Preparation (ex: spraying, burning, tilling)Replanting
2008 27 trees planted per person in NL
HISTORY - LANDMARK YEARS . . . 1990 – FORESTRY ACT
Requires management for timber and other forest related issues, such as:ENVIRONMENTSUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENTHUNTINGRECREATION
PARADIGM SHIFTSEXPLOITATION This was the 1800s forestry approach, to “log
and move on” People aimed for maximum profit with no
concern for the future of the forest. Some parts of the world still practice this.
Ex: Slash and burn agriculture
PARADIGM SHIFTSUTILITARIAN This was the 1930s forestry approach, to
manage forests such that the resource would not “run out”
In other words, sites were reforested for future logging, but there was still little concern for the integrity of the environment.
PARADIGM SHIFTSECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT This is the present day forestry approach, to
manage forests for many uses, including:Industry, employment, recreation, heritage,
solitude, etc. In other words, the forest is managed as a whole
ecosystem.
SUSTAINABLE FOREST MANAGEMENT3 MAIN ELEMENTS 1. SUPPORT OF FOREST FOR MULTIPLE USE
2. PROTECTION AND MANAGEMENT of FOREST ECOSYSTEM.
3. CONTINUOUS SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT.
SUSTAINABLE FOREST MANAGEMENT
FOREST MANAGEMENT PLANS TWENTY YEAR PLANS
CREATED BY NL FOREST SERVICE.Describes goals for next 20 years such
as AAC (ANNUAL ALLOWABLE CUT).Updated every 5 years.
FIVE YEAR OPERATING PLANSOne of the 26 management districts in
the province plan for activities such as: Domestic cutting, building
roads/bridges, water supplies, silviculture, timber supply, protection
CANADIAN MODEL FOREST NETWORK Created in 1992 Canada has 11 model
forests that take care of the scientific portion of sustainable forest management.
www.modelforest.net/cmfn/en/forests/
UNIT 3 - FORESTRY
TOPIC 10 –HARVESTING
TECHNOLOGIES
HARVESTING Clearcutting Selection cutting Old Harvesting Technology New Harvesting Technology
CLEARCUTTING Definition:
Harvesting all the trees in a cutting block
100 % of trees in NL harvested are clear-cut
90 % of harvesting operations in Canada use clear-cutting
Best method for trees that are short-lived, have lots of seed, grow best in full sunlight, and form even stands naturally.
CLEARCUTTING POSTIVES:
EconomicalMimics natural
disturbances (ex: fire, insects)
Fewer roadsLess blowdownsNew habitat
Fire Defoliation by Insects Harvesting0
5000000
10000000
15000000
20000000
25000000
Forest Disturbances in Canada, 2006
Area (hectares) affected by Fire, Insects and Harvesting in Canada, 2006 A
rea in h
ecta
res
CLEARCUTTING NEGATIVES:
Soil erosionWater siltationDecreased water
qualitySmall tree wastageUnsightlyLoss of habitat
SELECTION CUTTING DEFINITION:
Cutting of trees individually or in small groups such that up to 30 % of forest is harvested
Recommended for areas that are environmentally sensitive, such as old growth forests , young stands, or uneven aged stands.
SELECTION CUTTING POSITIVES:
Maximizes growth of remaining trees
Maintains original forest habitat
Looks nicer NEGATIVES
Not as cost effectiveNeed more roads,
more workers
OLD HARVESTING TECHNOLOGY Axes and Cross-cut Saws Horse-Sleigh Water Transportation Chainsaws Feller-Bunchers Skidders
AXES AND CROSS-CUT SAWS
HORSE-SLEIGH
WATER TRANSPORTATION
CHAINSAWS (SINCE ’50S)
FELLER-BUNCHERS Logging machine that cuts trees in a
place with a tree-grabbing function and a cross-cut saw
LINK
SKIDDERS Heavy vehicle with large tires
that pulls logs with a cable system from a cutting site to a landing
NEW HARVESTING TECHNOLOGY Soft footprint technology GPS Remote sensing GIS Training simulators Environmental friendly alternate
fluids
SOFT FOOTPRINT TECHNOLOGY Any technology that reduces the
impact with the forest floor Some have flotation tires, anti-slip
systems, walking movement LINK
GPS – GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM A network of 24 satellites used to
locate precise coordinates on the Earth’s surface.
Helps navigate and survey forest lands.
REMOTE SENSING Any information gathering that does
not require contact. Can use aircraft, satellites, space
station, etc.
GIS – GEOSPATIAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS
A system that can capture, analyze, and manage data which is referenced to Earth’s positions.
Maps can be layered.
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