Tissues, Glands and Tissues, Glands and MembranesMembranes
A A tissuetissue is a group of cells that have is a group of cells that have a similar structure and functiona similar structure and function
The microscopic study of tissues is The microscopic study of tissues is called called histologyhistology
Epithelial Epithelial ConnectiveConnective MuscleMuscle Nervous Nervous
Four Types of TissueFour Types of Tissue
Epithelial TissueEpithelial Tissue
Epitihelial – “ Covering Lining”Epitihelial – “ Covering Lining”
Covers internal and external surfaces Covers internal and external surfaces throughout the body throughout the body
Three parts: free surfaceThree parts: free surface
basement membranebasement membrane
very little extracellular very little extracellular spacespace
Functions of the epithelial cellFunctions of the epithelial cell
Protects the underlying structures- for Protects the underlying structures- for
example the skinexample the skin Acts as a barrier to certain substance- for Acts as a barrier to certain substance- for
example water, toxic molecules, and example water, toxic molecules, and microorganismsmicroorganisms
Also allows the passage of certain Also allows the passage of certain substances – for example oxygen and substances – for example oxygen and carbon dioxidecarbon dioxide
Secretes substance – for example Secretes substance – for example secretions from sweat glandssecretions from sweat glands
Absorbs substances – for example Absorbs substances – for example vitamins, mineralsvitamins, minerals
Classified according to the number of layers Classified according to the number of layers and the cell shapeand the cell shape
#of layers Cell shape#of layers Cell shape Simple (one layer) SquamousSimple (one layer) Squamous CuboidalCuboidal ColumnarColumnar
Pseudo stratified ColumnarPseudo stratified Columnar Stratified SquamousStratified Squamous Keratinized Keratinized Non KeratinizedNon Keratinized
Transitional Roughly cuboidal to Transitional Roughly cuboidal to columnar columnar
when not when not stretched,squamousstretched,squamous
when stretchedwhen stretched
The structure relates to the functionThe structure relates to the function
Simple epithelium- found in movement Simple epithelium- found in movement epitheliumepithelium
- gasses across wall of alveoli- gasses across wall of alveoli - filtration of fluid across kidneys - filtration of fluid across kidneys - secretion of glands - secretion of glands - nutrient absorption- nutrient absorption
Sratified epitheliumSratified epithelium well adapted for its protective well adapted for its protective
functionfunction as outer layers are damaged , they as outer layers are damaged , they
are replaced by deeper cell layersare replaced by deeper cell layers Found where abrasions may occur, Found where abrasions may occur,
such as skin, anal canal and vaginal such as skin, anal canal and vaginal canalcanal
Differences also reflected in the cell shapeDifferences also reflected in the cell shape Flat and thin cells – for diffusion in lungs and Flat and thin cells – for diffusion in lungs and
filtration in kidneysfiltration in kidneys Cuboidal or columnar cells are cells with Cuboidal or columnar cells are cells with
major functions of secretion or absorption. major functions of secretion or absorption. They are larger because they contain more They are larger because they contain more organelles for all the functions they must organelles for all the functions they must perform e.g. columnar cells of the stomach perform e.g. columnar cells of the stomach lining have secretory vesicles that secrete lining have secretory vesicles that secrete mucus. mucus.
Free Surface of the cellFree Surface of the cell
Cell ConnectionsCell Connections
Cell Connections Tight Junctions
Desmosoes Hemidesmosomes
Gap junctions
GlandsGlands
Glands- A gland is a multicellular Glands- A gland is a multicellular structure that secretes substances structure that secretes substances on to a surface, into a cavity or into on to a surface, into a cavity or into the blood the blood
Most are made of epithelial cells Most are made of epithelial cells
Types of GlandsTypes of Glands
Exocrine- glands that have ducts Exocrine- glands that have ducts - simple- no branches- simple- no branches -compound- branches-compound- branches ends- 1-tubular ends- 1-tubular straight tubularstraight tubular coiled tubularcoiled tubular 2- acinar/ alvoelar or saclike2- acinar/ alvoelar or saclike 3- both tubuloacinar3- both tubuloacinar
Types of Exocrine GlandsTypes of Exocrine Glands
Endocrine-have no ducts and empty Endocrine-have no ducts and empty their secretions directly into the their secretions directly into the bloodblood
Secretions are called hormones and Secretions are called hormones and these hormones are carried to other these hormones are carried to other parts of the body by the blood parts of the body by the blood
Endocrine Glands Endocrine Glands
Connective TissueConnective Tissue
Connective TissueConnective Tissue Connective Tissue structure – large Connective Tissue structure – large
amounts of extracellular materials that amounts of extracellular materials that separate cells from one another separate cells from one another
This extracellular matrix is divided into This extracellular matrix is divided into three parts:three parts:
-protein fibers-protein fibers
- ground substance consisting of non - ground substance consisting of non fibrous protein and other molecules fibrous protein and other molecules
- fluid- fluid
Connective Tissue MatrixConnective Tissue Matrix
Protein FibersProtein Fibers
- Collagen Fibers- resemble microscopic ropes, - Collagen Fibers- resemble microscopic ropes, flexible but resist bendingflexible but resist bending
- Reticular Fibers- very fine short collagen - Reticular Fibers- very fine short collagen fibers that branch to form the supporting networkfibers that branch to form the supporting network
- Elastic Fibers- structure similar to coiled - Elastic Fibers- structure similar to coiled
metal bed springsmetal bed springs but after being stretched , elastic fibers recoil to but after being stretched , elastic fibers recoil to
their original shapetheir original shape
Connective Tissue MatrixConnective Tissue Matrix
Ground Substance Ground Substance
Ground Substance is the shapeless Ground Substance is the shapeless background against which cells and background against which cells and collagen fibers are seen in the light collagen fibers are seen in the light microscopemicroscope
Made up of highly structured Made up of highly structured moleculesmolecules
Consists of Proteoglycans (proteins Consists of Proteoglycans (proteins and carbohydrates that trap water)and carbohydrates that trap water)
Connective Tissue MatrixConnective Tissue Matrix
Cells of the matrixCells of the matrix
How Do We Name Connective Tissue ?How Do We Name Connective Tissue ?
According to Their FunctionsAccording to Their Functions examples:examples:
Blast- produces the matrixBlast- produces the matrix Cyte – maintains the matrixCyte – maintains the matrix Clast-break down the matrix forClast-break down the matrix for remodelingremodeling
Macrophage Macrophage Mast CellMast Cell
Functions of the Connective Functions of the Connective TissueTissue
Encloses and SeparatesEncloses and Separates Connecting tissue to one anotherConnecting tissue to one another Supporting and MovingSupporting and Moving StoringStoring Cushioning and insulatingCushioning and insulating TransportingTransporting ProtectingProtecting
Classification of Connective Classification of Connective TissueTissue Loose (areolar)Loose (areolar)
AdiposeAdipose Dense Connective TissueDense Connective Tissue - Dense collagenous connective- Dense collagenous connective A) Collagen arranged in same directionA) Collagen arranged in same direction B) Collagen arranged in many directionsB) Collagen arranged in many directions Dense elastic connective tissueDense elastic connective tissue A)Elastic arranged in many directionsA)Elastic arranged in many directions b) Elastic fibers arranged in same directionb) Elastic fibers arranged in same directionCartilageCartilage HyalineHyaline FIbrocartilageFIbrocartilage Elastic CartilageElastic Cartilage BoneBone BloodBlood
Loose Areolar Tissue Loose Areolar Tissue -mostly collagen, few elastic -mostly collagen, few elastic and widely separated from and widely separated from
each othereach otherProduced by the fibroblastProduced by the fibroblast
This is the tissue that fills in This is the tissue that fills in the spacesthe spaces
Loose Connective TISSUELoose Connective TISSUE
Adipose TissueAdipose Tissue
Has very little collagen and elastic Has very little collagen and elastic fibersfibers
Large cells filled with lipidsLarge cells filled with lipids Pads of protection and thermal Pads of protection and thermal
insulationinsulation
Dense Connective TissueDense Connective Tissue
Densely packed fibers that produced by the Densely packed fibers that produced by the fibroblast fibroblast
Dense Collagenous- mostly collagenDense Collagenous- mostly collagen tendons, ligaments, capsules tendons, ligaments, capsules
around organsaround organs same direction in tendons, same direction in tendons,
different in organsdifferent in organs Dense Elastic Tissue- abundant elastic Dense Elastic Tissue- abundant elastic
fibers among collagen fibers fibers among collagen fibers vocal cords, walls of large arteries vocal cords, walls of large arteries
Dense Elastic Dense Elastic
Cartilage Cartilage
Composed of cartilage cells or Composed of cartilage cells or ChondrocytesChondrocytes
Located in the matrix along with collagenLocated in the matrix along with collagen Amongst the extracellular matrixAmongst the extracellular matrix It gives the matrix resilienceIt gives the matrix resilience HyalineHyaline FibroFibro ElasticElastic
Hyaline CartilageHyaline Cartilage
The most abundant type of cartilage The most abundant type of cartilage Ends of bones where they come Ends of bones where they come
together to form joints. It is the together to form joints. It is the smooth and resilientsmooth and resilient
Surfaces that withstand repeated Surfaces that withstand repeated compressioncompression
Costal , respiratory, and nasal Costal , respiratory, and nasal cartilgescartilges
FibrocartilageFibrocartilage
Has more fibrous tissue than does Has more fibrous tissue than does hyaline cartilagehyaline cartilage
, bundles of collagen, bundles of collagen Resists pulling or tearing Resists pulling or tearing Found in the disks between Found in the disks between
vertebrae and in some joints vertebrae and in some joints
Elastic CartilageElastic Cartilage
Has elastic fibers, collagen Has elastic fibers, collagen proteoglycansproteoglycans
Coiled fibers amongst bundles of Coiled fibers amongst bundles of collagen fiberscollagen fibers
Can recoil to its original shape when Can recoil to its original shape when bentbent
External ear, epiglottis, auditory tube External ear, epiglottis, auditory tube
Bone Bone
Is hard connective tissue that consists Is hard connective tissue that consists of cells and a mineralized matrixof cells and a mineralized matrix
Osteoblasts secrete the matrix called Osteoblasts secrete the matrix called lamellaelamellae
osteocytes are located in lacuneosteocytes are located in lacune The Osteon ( Haversion system) The Osteon ( Haversion system)
consist of central canal with blood consist of central canal with blood vessels, osteocytes and lamellaevessels, osteocytes and lamellae
Haversion System/OsteonHaversion System/Osteon
Blood Blood
Here the matrix is a liquid which Here the matrix is a liquid which enables the blood to move through enables the blood to move through the vessels to carry nutrients and the vessels to carry nutrients and other materials other materials
Muscle TissueMuscle Tissue
Main Characteristic is its ability to Main Characteristic is its ability to contract , making movement contract , making movement possible possible
Contractile proteins in the muscle Contractile proteins in the muscle cells themselves, called actin and cells themselves, called actin and myosinmyosin
Muscle cells are called muscle fibers Muscle cells are called muscle fibers because they resemble tiny threadsbecause they resemble tiny threads
Three Types of Muscle Three Types of Muscle Tissue Tissue
Skeletal MuscleSkeletal Muscle
Cardiac MuscleCardiac Muscle
Smooth MuscleSmooth Muscle
Skeletal MuscleSkeletal Muscle
Normally thought of as “muscle”Normally thought of as “muscle” Meat of animals, 40% of persons body weightMeat of animals, 40% of persons body weight Attaches to the skeletal system and enables body Attaches to the skeletal system and enables body
movementmovement
Long and cylindrical cells with several nuclei per cell Long and cylindrical cells with several nuclei per cell Some cells are the entire length of the muscleSome cells are the entire length of the muscle
Striated, Striated, VountaryVountary
Smooth MuscleSmooth Muscle
Forms the hollow walls of the organs Forms the hollow walls of the organs and is also in the skin and eyesand is also in the skin and eyes
Movement of food and emptying of Movement of food and emptying of the Urinary Bladderthe Urinary Bladder
InvoluntaryInvoluntary Tapered at each end , have a single Tapered at each end , have a single
nucleus and are not striatednucleus and are not striated
Cardiac MuscleCardiac Muscle
Muscle of the heart and is Muscle of the heart and is responsible for responsible for
Involuntary controlInvoluntary control Cylinder in shape and shorter than Cylinder in shape and shorter than
skeletalskeletal Striated and one nucleusStriated and one nucleus Connected by intercalated disksConnected by intercalated disks
Classification of MusclesClassification of Muscles
Skeletal Smooth CardiacSkeletal Smooth Cardiac Voluntary involuntary Voluntary involuntary
involuntaryinvoluntary Striated not striated striatedStriated not striated striated >1nuclei 1 nuclei 1 nuclei>1nuclei 1 nuclei 1 nuclei
Nervous TissuesNervous Tissues
Forms the brain, spinal cord and nerves Forms the brain, spinal cord and nerves Coordinates and controls many body Coordinates and controls many body
activitiesactivities Conscious and unconsciousConscious and unconscious Awareness, emotion, reasoningAwareness, emotion, reasoning Communicate through action potentialsCommunicate through action potentials Cell= neuron or nerve cell responsible for Cell= neuron or nerve cell responsible for
conduction of action potentialsconduction of action potentials Neuron – cell body , dendrites and axons Neuron – cell body , dendrites and axons Neuroglia surrounding support cellsNeuroglia surrounding support cells
Neurons and Glial cellsNeurons and Glial cells
MembranesMembranes
Serous Membranes Serous Membranes simple squamous epithelium simple squamous epithelium
resting on delicate layers of loose resting on delicate layers of loose connective tissueconnective tissue
cavities and cover the organs cavities and cover the organs inside these cavitiesinside these cavities
secretes serous fluid which lines secretes serous fluid which lines the cavititesthe cavitites
prevents trauma and damageprevents trauma and damage
MembranesMembranes
Pleural- lungs - PleuritisPleural- lungs - Pleuritis Pericardium- heart - PericarditisPericardium- heart - Pericarditis Peritoneal other - PeritonitisPeritoneal other - Peritonitis
Other MembranesOther Membranes
CutaneousCutaneous SynovialSynovial PeriostealPeriosteal
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