THS Science GHSGT THS Science GHSGT ReviewReview
THS Science GHSGT THS Science GHSGT ReviewReviewPresented Presented
ByBy
Coach Rippy and Mrs. Coach Rippy and Mrs. SnellgroveSnellgrove
Cells and Heredity25%
Prokaryotes“Pro-No”
•No true nucleus•No membrane-bound organelles
•No well-organized membrane
Prokaryotes“Pro-No”
•All prokaryotes are bacteria and all bacteria are prokaryotes
•Prokaryotes = bacteria (Monera)
Eukaryotes“Eu-True”
•True nucleus•Well organized membrane
•Membrane – bound organelles
Eukaryotes“Eu-True”
•Most plants and animals and other specialized organisms
Photosynthesis and cellular respiration
• Reactants yields Products
6H2O + 6CO2 + Sun energy C6H12O6 + 6O2
C6H12O6 + 6O2 6H2O + 6CO2
Photosynthesis and Respiration
ANIMAL CELLS• centrioles
(responsible for cell reproduction)
• Respiration product is Carbon Dioxide used by plants
PLANT CELLS• cell wall (provides
structure)• chloroplast
(location of photosynthesis/ energy production)
=production of oxygen and energy
MacromoleculesORGANIC
COMPOUNDDEFINITION FUNCTION
carbohydrates
sugars and starches
provide energy
lipidsfats
(insoluble in water)
store energy
proteins amino acidsresponsible for most cell
functions
nucleic acidsDNA and
RNA
store hereditary information
Homeostasis•The maintenance of a constant, stable environment internally
•example: body temperature of bears in winter due to excess lipids/fat
Cell Membrane and Homeostasis
•utilizes active and passive transport
•diffusion and osmosis depends on environment (hydrophobic or hydrophilic)
DNA=Double Helix
• deoxyribonucleic acid• found in chromosomes in the
nucleus• determines the hereditary traits
of an organism• contains all the information needed
for the production of proteins• protein sequences determine traits
RNA-Single and Runs• ribose nucleic acid• aids in protein synthesis in the
ribosome• 3 types:
• messenger RNA: mRNA carries the DNA nucleotide sequence for a protein from the nucleus to the ribosome
• transfer RNA: tRNA transports amino acids (building blocks of proteins) to the ribosome
• ribosomal RNA: rRNA makes up the structure of the ribosome
DNA translation•process of translating the
genetic code to the amino acid sequence
•tRNA decodes the mRNA to read the DNA in order to make the correct protein
DNA transcription• to “transcribe” is to copy• mRNA is synthesized in the cell nucleus from
the DNA molecule• Just as in replication, the helix unwinds and
free nucleotides attach to make mRNA. . . • C-G (cytosine binds with guanine)• U-A (uracil binds with adenine)• Only DNA has thymine
• mRNA separates and moves out of the nucleus• DNA double helix reforms
Mendel and Meiosis
• Mendel is the Father of Genetics• Probability is the likelihood an
event will occur• Geneticists use Punnett squares to
predict the probability of genetic combinations
B b
B BB Bb
b Bb bb
Example: When two heterozygous brown eyed guinnea pigs mate . . .
Meiosis
• Chromosomes are the physical basis of inheritance (carry DNA).
• Variability results from dominant and recessive alleles.
• Gametes play a “game” and “meet”-sexual reproduction
• The chromosomes in the male gamete and female gamete join together during fertilization to form a zygote.
• gamete = sex cell• zygote = fertilized egg
DNA in Medicine and Technology
• A mutation is any change in the DNA sequence.
• A change in one nucleotide may cause a change in the structure of the protein.
• During pregnancy, observing a karyotype (a chromosome picture) can detect chromosomal defects.
• DNA changed in plants to make them bigger and stronger
• DNA used in forensics to catch criminals
Ecology 17%
Levels of Biological organization
• Organism-- Deer• Organ System–
Nervous system• Organ-- brain• Tissue– nervous
tissue• Cell– nerve cell• Molecule-- DNA
Biosphere
EcologyOrganisms Population Community Ecosystem Biome
An organism is just one individual of a species. Example: one dog or one elephant
A population is a group of the same type of organism living in a particular area.Ex. white tail deer
Community is a group of two or more different types of animals living in a particular area. Ex. forest animals
An ecosystem is all of the biotic and abiotic factors in a particular area.Ex. coral reef
A biome is a large area of land that is has the same type of plant life and climate. Ex. Deciduous forest
Food Chaina diagram that shows a diagram that shows the way energy is the way energy is transferred from one transferred from one organism to anotherorganism to anothereach step in a food each step in a food chain is called a chain is called a trophic leveltrophic levelbegins with producers begins with producers and ends with and ends with decomposersdecomposers
Food Web
Pyramids of Energy/Biomass
Looses energy by 10% as you move up the pyramid each level
Consumer Classifications
• Herbivore = primary consumer who only eats plants; example: cow
• Carnivore = secondary consumer who only eats other animals; examples: shark and tiger
• Omnivore = consumer that eats both plants and animals; example: most humans
• Scavengers = animals that find dead plants or animals and eat them; examples: flies, wasps, cockroaches, earthworms
• Decomposers = break down dead organisms to receive energy; examples: fungi and bacteria
Parasitism Mutualism Commensalism Competition Predation
Parasitism is a symbiotic relationship that benefits one organism but harms the other. The organisms that benefits is the parasite and the one that is harmed is the host.
Mutualism is a symbiotic relationship tat is beneficial to both organisms. Example: Shark and the remoras and the clown fish and sea anemones
Commensalism is a symbiotic relationship in which one member benefits, and the other is unaffected. Example: Hermit Crab and the shell abandoned by another organism.
Competition occurs when two organisms try to use the same resource that is in limited supply. Example of Resources: food, water, light, or space.
Predation occurs when one organism is the predator (an organism that feeds on another organism) and the other is the prey (The food the predator eats). Predation helps to maintain an ecological balance.
Structure and Properties of Matter
26%
Periodic Table block
18
ArArgon
39.948
2,8,8
# of Protons
Makes the element unique
40 atomic mass (or weight) = # P + # N Valence electron
Atomic Symbol
Energy levels
Periodic Table “Hints”Families run up and down and are similarEx. family 11, gold (Au) and silver (Ag) Most active metal, #1 Alkali, Most active non-metal #17, Halogens
Period goes at the end of the sentence, thus a period goes across the periodic table Left side-metals, right nonmetals
Isotopes are “I so fat” Deals with Atomic mass or Atomic Weightex. C-12 and C-14Different numbers of neutrons P (+) + N(neutral)
nucleus
Electron E- cloud
Atoms have subatomic particles
Solute vs. Solvent in Solutions
• SolUte –part that gets dissolved
• SolvENt-does the dissolving
• Ex. Salt water or sodium chloride dissolved in water
Ex. salt
solute
H2O is the universal solvent
Quick Reminder
“U” put the Solute into the
Solvent!
Like dissolves likePolar molecules dissolve polar moleculesNon-polar molecules dissolve non-polar molecules
Energy Transformations
16%
Sample Question
Answer “B” is correctBecause gamma radiationIs the most energetic radiationSo it penetrates deepest into body tissue
Half-LifeEvery radioactive element has a
distinctive rate of decay.The formula : t1/2
That is half the time it takes half of
the atoms to undergo decay
Sample problem:
How much of a 100.0g sample of 198Au is left after 8.10 days if it’s half-life is 2.70 days?
Time(hr) Amount 198Au
remaining (g)
0 100.0 g
2.7 50.0 g
5.4 25.0 g
8.1 12.5 g
Answer: 12.5 g Strategy: Make a chart
Phases of Matter
STATE OF MATTER
SHAPE VOLUMEPARTICLE
DESCRIPTION
SOLIDhas definite
shapehas definite
volume
particles move slowly and cannot be
compressed
LIQUID
has no definite shape (takes the
shape of container)
has definite volume
particles move faster but cannot be
compressed
GAShas no definite
shape
has no definite volume (fills volume of container)
particles move the fastest and
can be compressed
Phase Changes of Water
Phase Change Diagram of Water
Phase changehere
Phase changehere
Types of Energy• potential energy = stored energy
due to position or chemical composition
• kinetic energy = energy due to motion
Types of EnergyMechanical
HeatNuclear
ElectricalLight
SoundChemical
Electromagnetic
Energy Transformations
Heat Energy• Heat can be transferred through:
– Conduction = when objects have Direct Touch– Convection = when matter moves (like in an OVEN)– Radiation = in the form of waves (does not require
matter) like RAYS of the sun\
• Conductors = easily transmit energy – Example: metals
• Insulators = do not easily transmit energy– Example: gases such as air
Forces, Waves and Electricity
16%
Speed and Velocity• Speed = distance divided by time
s = d/t• Units of speed = m/s• Velocity = speed in a given direction• Example:
– 55 mph = speed– 55 mph north = velocity
Acceleration
• Acceleration = rate at which velocity changes
• Involves a change in speed OR directiona = (vf – vi )/ t
• Units of acceleration = m/s2
• Example: 0 to 60 mph in 5 seconds • For acceleration to occur a net (unbalanced)
force must be applied
Sample Question #1
• Use the equations for velocity and acceleration to solve the following examples: – A ball rolls in a straight line very slowly across
the floor traveling 1.0 meter in 2.0 seconds. Calculate the velocity of the ball. • Answer: v = 0.50 m/s
– If the ball from the above question rolls to a stop in 2.0 seconds, calculate the acceleration (deceleration) of the ball.• Answer: a = -0.25 m/s2
Newton’s 1st Law of Motion
– An object at rest will remain at rest and an object in constant motion will remain in constant motion unless acted on by an unbalanced force.
– Reason for seatbelts
Newton’s 2nd Law of Motion• Force = mass x acceleration
F = ma
Newton’s 3rd Law of Motion
• For every action, there is an equal but opposite reaction
• Examples: – Punch a wall, it
punches back– Rocket propulsion
Gravity• Gravity = attractive force between two objects that have
mass• Makes falling objects accelerate (g = 9.8 m/s2)• Depends on mass and distance• MASS Doesn’t change on different planets
Mass versus WeightMASS
• measure of the amount of matter in an object
• measured in kilograms
• does not depend on location– an object’s mass on
Earth is the same as its mass on the Moon
WEIGHT• measure of the force
of gravity on an object
• measured in Newtons• does depend on
location– an object’s weight on
Earth is more than its weight on the Moon
Energy and Work• Energy = The ability to do work • Work = transfer of energy by applying
a force to move an objectW = Fd
where force and distance are in same direction
• Both work and energy are measured in Joules
Examples of Work and No Work
• Hammer applies a force to move the nail in the same direction = WORK
• Waiter applies a force upward while the tray moves forward = NO WORK
Types of Mechanical Energy
• Kinetic = energy of motion
• Potential = stored energy due to position
Light• Light is a form of electromagnetic radiation (EM)• EM spectrum shows the forms of radiation in
order of increasing frequency (and energy) and decreasing wavelength
Electromagnetic Wave (EM) versus
Mechanical Wave
EM WAVE• does not require
matter to transfer energy
• CAN travel through a vacuum
• example: light
MECHANICAL WAVE
• does require matter to transfer energy
• CANNOT travel through a vacuum
• example: sound
Reflection of Light• When light strikes a
boundary, it reflects.• The angle at which the
wave approaches a flat reflecting surface is equal to the angle at which the wave leaves the surface (like a bounce pass of a basketball).
• Reflection results in image formation.
Refraction of Light• Light waves travel
faster in air than in water and slower in glass than water.
• More dense = slower light
• When light enters a different medium, speed changes and it bends.
• Bending of light due to change in speed = REFRACTION
Wave Interference• the phenomenon
which occurs when two waves meet while traveling along the same medium
• constructive = waves add to produce a larger wave
• destructive = waves cancel to produce a smaller wave
CONSTRUCTIVE
DESTRUCTIVE
The Doppler Effect• observed
whenever the source of waves is moving with respect to an observer
• an apparent change in frequency occurs
• toward = higher frequency
• away = lower frequency
Electricity• Electrons carry a negative charge.• Lost electrons = positive charge• Gained electrons = negative charge• REMEMBER:
– Like charges repel– Opposites attract
Electrical Circuits• Current flows in a
closed circuit• Ohm’s Law
– V = IR
• Two types of circuits:– Series (single path)– Parallel (poly
paths)
SERIES
PARALLEL
Electromagnet• One can make an electromagnet with a
nail, battery, and wire• When current flows through the coiled
wire, the nail becomes magnetized.
• Waves – – Hertz - frequency
• Electricity– Coulomb- charge C– Volts- Potential Difference Voltage V– Amps- Current A– Ohms- Resistance Ω
• What is the mechanical advantage of this simple machine?
• A. 0• B. 1• C. 2• D. 3
34. The mechanical advantage of a simple machine is 4. If the
output distance is 3m, What must be the input distance?
• A. 0.75 m• B. 1 m• C. 7 m• D. 12 m
Success takes place when preparation meets opportunity.
Top Related