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Thin-Film and Printable Batteries: 2010
Chapter One
April 2010
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Chapter One: Introduction
1.1 Background to this Report
1.1.1 Thin-Film and Printable Batteries: What Are They Good For?
A new class of electronic devices, often associated with the “Internet-of-things” concept, is
emerging and includes RFID tags, electronic shelf labels (ESLs), active cosmetic/drug delivery
patches, low-cost medical diagnostic products, remote sensor arrays, powered smartcards
and smart packaging of various types. Although these devices may be powered to some
extent by an energy harvesting approach or by an inductive field generated by some kind of
reader system, battery power installed in the electronic device itself usually enables such
devices to provide a much higher level of functionality. For example, battery-powered smart
cards can have their own displays for one-time password and other applications—something
that would be hard to achieve any other way.
A variety of small, low-cost batteries have powered electronics for generations and with
considerable success. Today, the power sources used for the devices listed above are mostly
button/hearing aid/coin batteries, or sometimes even larger batteries. In many cases, these
batteries are quite suitable for the task in terms of power output and longevity. They are also
very inexpensive, long-lived, have decent energy densities, and are based on very mature
technology. Given all this, there is—on the face of it—no good reason why anyone should
spend time developing new kinds of batteries for these devices. At least, there is no good
reason why a firm should spend time in this way and expect to make money!
Nonetheless, a growing number of firms are supplying thin-film and printable batteries, which
they claim are better suited to the applications discussed above. Such companies typically
cite the following advantages of their products:
Size: Thin-film (TF)/printable batteries are often better suited by virtue of their form
factor than any other kind of battery for powering the kind of electronic devices listed
above. This is perhaps best illustrated again by the powered smart card, which could
not easily be powered by conventional coin/button batteries. The use of these
conventional batteries would make the card much too thick to easily carry in a wallet.
By contrast, the thin-film batteries now being commercialized are typically just a few
millimeters thick. The bottom line is that while very small by the standards of (say) a
car battery, these traditional batteries (notably button/coin batteries) are still quite
large and bulky compared to what is needed for the large-area/flexible/disposable
electronics sector.
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Shape: These batteries can be formed to fit in almost any shape, depending on the
application.
Flexibility: Potentially, and to some extent actually, TF/printable batteries can be
fabricated on a flexible substrate. This makes them highly suitable for use in medical
patches, smart bandages, smart packaging and smart clothing. In the future, these
new kinds of batteries may be also be used in flexible displays (a product category that
does not really exist as yet).
Environmental and safety superiority: Compared to conventional button batteries,
thin-film batteries (but not printable batteries) are typically entirely solid-state
devices; as a result, these batteries are intrinsically safe and do not pose the risks of
spilling, boiling or gassing associated with traditional batteries. While safety is really
not a major threat with conventional batteries, the exploding laptop battery scare of a
few years back has sensitized the consuming public that batteries can be a threat.
There is also a potential health and safety issue from conventional batteries in that
they often use hazardous chemicals, including lead, mercury, and cadmium. These are
not materials that anyone wants in smart packaging for food or even pharmaceuticals.
Solid-state thin-film batteries are also more likely to be considered environmentally
friendly.
Temperature stability: Most existing rechargeable batteries lose performance at high
temperatures. Several producers of thin-film batteries claim that their technologies
demonstrate superior temperature stability and can operate up to about 150° Celsius.
This makes them suitable for applications/products where high thermal processes—
such as lamination—are used.
Manufacturability: Depending on the specific battery, various kinds of manufacturing
processes are put forward by suppliers of TF/printable batteries as providing
advantages of which the most important is cost savings. Printing batteries is the most
strategically important of these manufacturing strategies and is a key theme
throughout this report.
1.1.2 Cost Problems and Cost Strategies
The product/market strategies of the firms that are discussed in this report all amount to
building a business case for TF/printable batteries around the advantages of these batteries
that are listed above. However, despite all of these advantages, such strategies are subverted
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to some extent by the fact that the current generation of thin-film and printable batteries are
more expensive than existing button/coin batteries. This is because:
There is a need to recapture development costs over a relatively short period of time,
while development costs for conventional batteries have long since been recovered.
The production volumes for button/coin batteries are huge, while for TF/printable
batteries they are very small. Thus for TF/printable batteries, economies of scale
seldom if ever apply; at least not today.
Not that any TF/printable battery firm would want to compete on price alone and many of
them clearly do not have the resources to do so. Most manufacturers of these new kinds of
batteries are relatively small firms and it is a long standing finding of research into business
strategies that smaller firms never do well when they have to compete on price.
There are really three ways to address this price problem, and they are not mutually exclusive:
To essentially route around the pricing problem with the battery company creating its
own high-value-added products in which the batteries are used. Cosmetic patches are
the main example here. The problem with this approach is that firms must develop
new skill sets and acquire new resources if they are to sell the whole of the product,
not just the battery.
To predict and rely on future, major economies of scale that will make the price points
for TF/printable batteries much more comparable with conventional batteries. Every
firm in the TF/printable battery space believes this to some extent, but it is important
to realize that this hope is predicated on some kind of “take-off” application.
To adopt a strategy that consists in searching for lower cost methods for
manufacturing batteries. Often, but by no means always, as we have already noted
these new production modes involve printing.
1.1.3 The Business Case for Printable Batteries
For the purposes of this report, we define printed batteries as any battery that uses printing
technology in its manufacture. Most, if not all, printed batteries today use printing only for
the electrodes and then utilize a liquid electrolyte between the electrodes. (Liquid
electrolytes have a viscosity similar to water and therefore need a solid in which to contain
them; they are typically absorbed into a “separator” material.)
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There are several chemistries currently being used by companies that have developed
printable battery technology, but they are usually zinc manganese dioxide or zinc carbon.
These are relatively low-cost materials when compared with the various lithium chemistries
used in many of the thin-film and conventional batteries. They are formulated into inks, which
are then printed via screen printing onto a variety of substrates.
The argument for printing batteries is mostly the one that is always used for printable
electronics, namely that printing machinery is relatively inexpensive and printing processes
are well understood and not costly in themselves. In addition, it is hoped that the printed
battery manufacturing can be integrated on the same manufacturing line with the device
being powered and on the same substrate, allowing fixed production costs that can be
allocated to both battery and device. The thinking here is best exemplified in the concept of
printed packaging, where batteries could become just another printed layer.
In fact at the current stage of product evolution, none of the advantages of printing have
completely been validated, although there are some encouraging signs from the industry that
printing will have an important role to play in the future of battery manufacture. However,
we also note that printable batteries face special challenges:
In their current form, printable batteries are not solid-state batteries. This means that
they do not offer the benefits that solid state confers, such as the ability to withstand
high temperatures.
In addition, many in the battery industry believe that only a fully printed battery will
be able to compete with conventional batteries. Where they are not entirely printed,
the manufacture of these batteries will obviously not get all the cost benefits
associated with printing.
1.1.4 Thin-Film Battery Chemistries, Materials and Technological Alternatives
There are many technology directions that are being taken to build solid-state thin-film
batteries of the kind discussed above. How these are likely to shape up, which applications
these technologies will ultimately serve and which technologies may ultimately fade away is a
major theme of this report. As applications mature, some of the chemistries and materials
used in thin-film batteries will likely prove to have a certain level of general applicability, some
will find niche applications where special conditions apply (such as in medical implants) and
others will disappear entirely.
Today, the majority of thin-film batteries are lithium based and are fairly similar to the
batteries used in mobile phones and laptop/notebook computers, at least from a chemical
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point of view. The next stage in thin-film battery evolution from lithium-ion is to lithium-ion-
polymer (LiPo), which relies on a solid electrolyte (sometimes gel) instead of a porous
substrate that has been soaked with a liquid electrolyte. These batteries offer improvements
in terms of lower cost manufacturing and robustness, and can be as thin as one millimeter.
Yet other variations of the lithium battery theme that are being commercialized are lithium
metal, lithium manganese dioxide, lithium thionyl chloride and lithium oxygen.
Lithium phosphorus oxynitride (LiPON), which was originally developed by Oak Ridge National
Laboratory, is frequently used as the electrolyte in thin-film batteries today, but other types of
electrolyte are being developed. As well, some companies are developing thin-film batteries
using chemistries other than ones based on lithium. And some of the leading edge
chemistries are much more exotic:
A few researchers have been working on using biomaterials; this is mostly work being
done in universities and research institutes, of course, but Sony is also involved.
Yet another research direction is radioisotope batteries.
Most of the more exotic materials really have no chance of becoming a mainstream battery
technology within the eight-year time frame being considered in this report. They may be at
the very beginning of a development cycle that will not result in mass-market products for
another twenty years. But they could have specialist applications in medical and military
markets well before that time
All of the major chemistries that are currently being commercialized for volume applications
of thin-film batteries have been well researched for many years, so there are unlikely to be
insurmountable barriers to progress in this area. Nonetheless, products at this early stage of
development often encounter teething problems; thin-film batteries are unlikely to be the
exception to the rule. And while the batteries that we focus on in this report are “newbie”
technologies trying to take a share of the battery market from older technologies, there may
also sometimes be other, even newer, battery technologies that represent a challenge to thin-
film batteries. These might include certain kinds of energy harvesting technologies, batteries
that use novel nanomaterials, or even thin-film fuel cells.
1.1.5 TF/Printable Battery Strategies and Changing Applications
So, are the benefits mentioned above really sufficient to make people pay more for their
batteries? And do the current limitations of printable batteries, still allow for their use? In
certain limited cases the answers to these questions already appear to be yes. We expect
these new kinds of batteries to target applications where the current battery technology is
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deficient in some way that is indicated by the list of TF/printable batteries advantages given
above. The main products in which such applications are important were already mentioned
above, although there are others that don’t quite fit into the Internet-of-things concept, such
as certain kinds of computer memory.
Still, the immediately addressable markets for TF/printable batteries are quite small, limiting
the revenues available to the makers of these batteries in the immediate future. Some of
these TF/printable battery manufacturers are, however, capturing value by moving up the
chain and selling complete products—such as cosmetic patches—in which their batteries are
used. This strategy serves both as a way to make some more money in the short term and to
demonstrate the use of the firm’s thin-film technology, which in turn—it is hoped—will lead
to more orders.
Eventually, the prices for TF/printable batteries can be expected to come down and the
market for these batteries will grow. Of considerable importance with regard to this evolution
is the likelihood of:
Improved marketing, leading to larger orders, which in turn will lead to economies of
scale
The development and use of better manufacturing technologies. Printable batteries
are, in a sense, an example of this strategy. So is integrating the manufacture of the
battery with that of the product that it will power, which carries with it obvious cost
savings.
Neither the printable or thin-film battery will ever be a panacea, however. We do not expect
thin-film batteries to represent the next generation of batteries for mobile electronics, for
example. In the distant future, thin-film batteries may have much wider applicability; there
are experiments suggesting they could be used to power cars, for example. But, in this report,
we are not primarily concerned with the more futuristic applications that have been proposed
and at this point they seem more curiosity than money-spinners.
Changes in addressable markets: In the meantime, TF/printable batteries face many
challenges apart from cost. One of these is that many of the applications at which their new
technologies are aimed are themselves new technologies that have generally not done well in
the current recession. Most notable among these is RFID. Not so long ago this was seen as a
“killer app” for TF/printable batteries, but the recession is not likely to be a good time for
retail and wholesale firms and others to implement what is, in effect, major new IT systems.
In addition, RFID is not coming down in price fast enough to really make significant
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penetrations at the item level; at least not as fast as hoped and, of course, most RFID tags
derive their power inductively and don’t need batteries anyway.
With all this in mind, makers of TF/printable batteries have turned elsewhere for first
revenues. Powered smartcards are seen as one good prospect, because they can potentially
provide very high security at a time when ID theft and other forms of abuse cost credit card
companies billions of dollars. NanoMarkets sees this as a better bet than RFID at this point in
time, but it remains an opportunity that is only just beginning to open up. (Smartcards have
been around for many years, but they have been of a type with relatively low functionality
and therefore do not need batteries.)
1.1.6 The Future
The discussion above describes the current state of the TF/printable battery market. It seems
likely that printable battery firms in the future will focus on:
Further developing their battery technology to meet specifications of important
applications and increase energy density
Improving manufacturing processes used to make the batteries, possibly employing
printing for all parts of the battery
Establishing relationships with device manufacturers (customers), especially those that
are developing devices made via printing and especially those that could lead to early
volume production.
More capacity will also need to be put in place to manufacture cells with emerging
chemistries. As we have already mentioned, thin-film batteries are not likely to grow into a
substantial and profitable industry until high-volume production can be justified. But this will
mean a call on equity investors and/or bankers for significant amounts of capital. This will be
especially challenging in the current economic environment, although we note that there has
been some VC money going into the TF/printable battery sector in the past year. Still, so far
investments in this sector have mainly been small and the new generation of batteries
discussed here does not seem to have attracted the attention of the best-known VC firms,
although there are a few important strategic investors in this space.
1.2 Objectives and Scope of this Report
The main goal of this report is to determine in which applications a substantial business case
can be made for thin-film and printable batteries. In order to reach this goal we have:
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Analyzed and quantified the opportunities for TF/printable batteries in a broad range
of applications for which they are claimed to be suited. For each of these applications,
we examine the requirements for power sources and compare current and future
performance of TF/printable batteries with the other power sources that may be used
for each application.
Examined critically, the business case “stories” being told by the leading
manufacturers of TF/printable batteries to ascertain the degree to which they jibe with
market realities
Analyzed the likely evolution of materials and battery chemistries used in the novel
batteries discussed in this report. This analysis covers both the electrodes and
electrolyte. We have also reviewed the progress being made with manufacturing
processes.
This report brings together NanoMarkets’ deep experience in the thin-film, organic and
printable electronics sector with its analysis of the latest developments in the battery field
including new products, technology breakthroughs, new licensing, financial and marketing
arrangements and recent M&A activity. And while the main objective of this report is to focus
on the evolving opportunities in TF/printable batteries, it will also seek to explain where there
have been apparent failures and analyze why these have occurred.
Applications and technologies covered: In terms of applications, in this report we have
looked primarily at RFID, smart packaging and labels, smartcards, biometric ID, point-of-
presence displays, sensors, medical diagnostic devices, medical implants and drug delivery
systems, games and novelties, cosmetic devices, battery backed-up computer memory and
embedded chips. We have given special attention to RFID and powered smartcards because
these seem to be getting widespread attention in the TF/printable batter sector. However, a
few firms have settled on a somewhat different focus, such as specialized computer memory,
and there is substantial discussion of the more niche-like areas as well.
In addition to the technologies that clearly belong in the thin-film or printable categories—
that is the main battery chemistries—we have also discussed some of the other novel small-
scale storage technologies that are emerging at this time and which either compete or
synergize with thin-film batteries.
Companies profiled: In this report, we have presented an account of the roles and strategies
of important firms in the market and their apparent successes and failures. It is far too early
in the evolution of the thin-film battery market to begin to talk about “market shares.”
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However, where a firm has some kind of current dominance in a market covered, we have
identified it as such. We believe that this report profiles all of the major firms currently
producing or close to producing thin-film or printable batteries.
It is important to note that the focus of this report is on batteries designed to power mostly
thin-film and disposable electronics, not mobile electronics. A somewhat different group of
companies and technologies are focusing on the mobile power space, although the issues in
both sectors overlap and there is some discussion of powering mobile electronics contained in
this report. Mobile electronics can cope with much larger footprints for batteries, however,
and have very different power requirements.
Geographies covered: The report is based on a worldwide view of the market, and we have
not favored companies from any particular geographic region. We strive to cast as broad a net
as possible in our efforts to research the information for this report both in terms of
applications and in terms of the national origins of the technologies being reviewed.
1.3 Methodology of this Report
As with all NanoMarkets’ reports, our assessment of the business prospects for TF/printable
batteries is based on analysis of the underlying needs for the features and capabilities that
thin-film batteries can potentially offer. We therefore believe it is vital to understand where
the actual demand will come from and what type of capabilities the market is looking for.
We have used both primary and secondary research in this report to determine where
TF/printable battery technology is headed:
The primary research came from NanoMarkets’ ongoing interview program in which
we conduct regular interviews with key executives throughout the entire thin-film,
organic and printable electronics value chain—including manufacturers of equipment
and materials and of devices and subsystems themselves. As part of that process we
have interviewed many of the main firms offering printable and thin-film batteries.
The secondary research drew on the World Wide Web, commercial databases, trade
press articles, government reports, SEC filings and other corporate literature to fill out
what is going on in this sector. NanoMarkets’ researchers have also been frequent
attendees and speakers at important trade shows and conferences of relevance to this
study.
The forecasting methodology is discussed more fully in the main body of this report.
However, it is based largely on our expectation of penetration of the important application
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sectors by TF/printable batteries. In making that assessment, we have taken into
consideration current expectations for both TF/printable battery technology and the
applications into which they will fit. This includes the likely impact of the current recessionary
environment. In the forecasting section, we have also discussed how our projections may
vary under various scenarios and how likely those scenarios are to occur.
1.4 Plan of this Report
Chapter Two of this report analyzes the main technology trends in the TF/printable battery
space, while Chapter Three provides an account of the many markets in which thin-film
batteries compete and where the novel battery types that we discuss in this report are likely
to generate money. Chapter Three also includes NanoMarkets eight-year forecasts for
TF/printable batteries. In Chapter Four, we provide profiles of the leading technology
developers and suppliers of TF/printable batteries.
Table of Contents Executive Summary E.1 Introduction: Power sources for the "Internet of Things" E.2 Making the business case for thin-film and printable batteries E.2.1 RFID E.2.2 Other retail/wholesale automation applications E.2.3 Powered smart cards E.2.4 Sensors E.2.5 Medical devices E.2.6 Semiconductor and computer applications E.3 Thin-film/printable battery chemistries of the future: opportunities for materials firms? E.4 Innovations and opportunities in thin-film manufacturing E.5 Thin-film/printable battery companies and strategies to watch E.6 Where will the funding for thin-film/printable battery companies come from? E.7 Summary of eight-year forecasts of thin-film and printable battery markets Chapter One: Introduction 1.1 Background to this report 1.1.1 Thin-film and printable batteries: What are they good for? 1.1.2 Cost problems and cost strategies 1.1.3 The business case for printable batteries 1.1.4 Thin-film battery chemistries, materials and technological alternatives 1.1.5 Thin-film/printable battery strategies and changing applications 1.1.6 The future
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1.2 Objectives and scope of this report 1.2.1 Applications and technologies covered 1.2.2 Companies profiled 1.2.3 Geographies covered 1.3 Methodology of this report 1.4 Plan of this report Chapter Two: Evolution of Thin-Film and Printable Battery Technology 2.1 What are thin-film batteries? 2.2 Thin-film battery chemistries 2.2.1 Lithium chemistries for thin-film batteries 2.2.2 LiPON electrolyte for thin-film batteries 2.3 Evolution of manufacturing technology for thin-film and printable batteries 2.3.1 Deposition and sputtering 2.3.2 The Joys and challenges of printing batteries 2.3.3 Printable battery chemistries 2.4 Comparative performance assessment of existing thin-film /printable batteries 2.4.1 Form factor and weight 2.4.2 Charge retention and charge times 2.4.3 Power density and generation capabilities 2.4.4 Substrate flexibility 2.4.5 Operating temperature 2.4.6 Lifetime 2.4.7 Safety and environmental friendliness 2.5 Technological alternatives to thin-film/printable batteries 2.5.1 Button and coin batteries: Today's alternative 2.5.2 Induction: competition at the margin 2.5.3 Organic and thin-film photovoltaics 2.7.4 Thin-film and printable fuel cells 2.7.5 Energy harvesting as an alternative to thin-film batteries 2.8 Biomaterials, nanomaterials and future batteries 2.8.1 Biothermal energy 2.8.2 Radioisotope batteries 2.9 Key Points from the chapter Chapter Three: Applications and Forecasts for Thin-Film Batteries 3.1 Introduction: No killer apps for "thin" batteries 3.2 "Thin" power for RFID, smart packaging and other retail industry applications 3.2.1 Active RFID 3.2.2 Semi-active/BAP RFID 3.2.3 Printable batteries and printable RFID 3.2.4 Powering smart packaging with "thin" batteries 3.2.5 Eight-year forecasts of thin-film and printable batteries for RFID and smart packaging 3.2.6 Electronic shelf labels/smart shelves and "thin" batteries
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3.2.7 Eight-year forecasts of thin-film and printable batteries for electronic shelf labels 3.3 "Thin" batteries for smartcards and security applications 3.3.1 Smartcards and battery power 3.3.2 Biometric ID and other access devices 3.3.3 Batteries for powered cards 3.3.4 Eight-year forecast of thin-film and printable batteries for smartcard sector 3.4 Thin-Film and printable batteries in sensing and related applications 3.4.1 Wireless sensor networks 3.4.2 Large-area sensors 3.4.3 Military sensors 3.4.4 Labs-on-a-chip and diagnostic devices 3.4.5 Eight-year forecast of thin-film and printable batteries for sensor networks 3.5 "Thin" batteries for medical and cosmetic devices 3.5.1 Implantable devices 3.5.2 Patches, bandages and batteries 3.5.3 Eight-year forecast of thin-film/printable batteries for medical applications: implants and patches 3.6 "Thin" batteries in semiconductor and computer industry applications 3.6.1 Battery-back-up computer memory and clocks 3.6.2 Eight-year forecast of thin-film and printable batteries for semiconductor/computer applications 3.7 "Thin" batteries in greetings cards, games, toys and other novelties 3.8 A note on thin-film batteries and electric cars 3.9 Eight-year forecast of thin-film/printable battery market by application 3.10 Eight-year forecast of thin-film and printable battery-powered products 3.11 Eight-year forecast of thin-film and printable batteries by chemistry 3.11 Key points made in this chapter Chapter Four: Profiles of Leading Thin Battery Firms 4.1 Thin-film battery producers 4.2 Biophan 4.2.1 NanoMarkets' perspective on Biophan 4.3 Blue Spark Technologies 4.3.1 Company background: Early printable battery technologies 4.3.2 Blue Spark, RFID and beyond: Applications for Blue Spark's batteries 4.3.3 NanoMarkets' perspective on Blue Spark 4.4 Cymbet 4.4.1 Company background: More than $50 Million in investment so far 4.4.2 EnerChip: Thin-film with integrated energy management 4.4.3 Applications: ICs and sensors mostly 4.4.4 Alliances and funding: Some big names in the mix 4.4.5 NanoMarkets' perspective on Cymbet 4.5 Enable IPC 4.5.1 Company background: IP licensing 4.5.2 Enable IPC's microbatteries: Focus on nano-cathodes 4.5.3 Applications and the need for partners
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4.5.4 NanoMarkets' perspective on Enable IPC 4.6 Enfucell 4.6.1 Company background: Paper batteries and low levels of funding 4.6.2 SofBatteries: Batteries on paper 4.6.3 Applications Targeted: The usual stuff 4.6.4 NanoMarkets' Perspective on Enfucell 4.7 Excellatron 4.7.1 Company background: It's all about manufacturing 4.7.2 Types of batteries produced: PECVD and lithium air diversification 4.7.3 NanoMarkets' assessment of Excellatron 4.8 Front Edge Technology 4.8.1 Company background: Government orientation 4.8.2 Types of batteries produced: Fast charging and LiPON 4.8.3 Customers and partners 4.8.4 Applications targeted 4.8.5 NanoMarkets' assessment of Front Edge 4.9 Geomatec 4.9.1 NanoMarkets' assessment of Geomatec 4.10 Infinite Power Solutions 4.10.1 Company background: Flexible batteries 4.10.2 Types of batteries produced: Thinergy 4.10.3 Customers and partners: Lockheed, In-Q-Tel and others 4.10.4 NanoMarkets' assessment of IPS 4.11 ITN Energy Systems 4.11.1 Types of batteries produced: PowerFiber 4.11.2 NanoMarkets' assessment of ITN 4.12 NanoEner 4.12.1 NanoMarkets' assessment of NanoEner 4.13 NEC 4.13.1 Company background: Organic electrodes 4.13.2 Types of batteries produced 4.13.3 NanoMarkets' assessment of NEC 4.14 Oak Ridge Micro-Energy 4.14.1 Company background: improvements on ORNL 4.14.2 Types of batteries produced 4.14.3 Applications targeted 4.14.4 NanoMarkets' assessment of Oak Ridge Micro-Energy 4.15 Planar Energy Devices 4.15.1 Company background 4.15.2 Types of batteries produced: PowerBlade 4.15.3 Customers, partners and applications 4.15.4 NanoMarkets' assessment of Planar Energy Devices 4.16 Power Paper and Power ID 4.16.1 Company background: Batteries and patches 4.16.2 Type of batteries produced and applications targetted 4.16.3 Customers and partners
NanoMarkets
NanoMarkets, LC | PO Box 3840 | Glen Allen, VA 23058 | TEL: 804-360-2967 | FAX: 804-270-7017
thin film | organic | printable | electronics
www.nanomarkets.net
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4.16.4 Power ID: BAP RFID 4.17 prelonic technologies 4.17.1 Company background: Display focus 4.17.2 Types of batteries produced and printing technology used 4.17.4 NanoMarkets' assessment of prelonic technologies 4.18. Rocket Electric 4.18.1 Company background 4.18.2 Type of batteries produced and printing technology used 4.18.3 NanoMarkets' assessment of Rocket Electric 4.19 Solicore 4.19.1 Company background 4.19.2 Types of batteries produced 4.19.3 Customers and partners 4.19.4 Applications targeted 4.19.53 NanoMarkets' assessment of Solicore 4.20 Ultralife 4.20.1 Company background 4.20.2 Types of batteries produced 4.20.3 Applications targeted and assessment of business strategy 4.21 Varta and the GREENBAT project 4.22 VoltaFlex 4.23 Printable battery and fuel cell development at VTT 4.23.1 Printable batteries 4.23.2 Fuel cells
Thin-Film and Printable Battery Markets: 2010
Released: April 20, 2010
Pricing: $2,795 Advanced Version (up to 5 users)
$3,295 Group Version (up to 10 users)
$3,795 Enterprise Version
To order: Please visit the NanoMarkets Store online at www.nanomarkets.net/store.cfm
Order by phone (804) 360-2967 or by email at [email protected].
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