There is enough in the world for everyones need, but not enough
for everyones greed. ~ Frank Buchman As time goes on we get closer
to that American Dream of there being a pie cut up and shared.
Usually greed and selfishness prevent that and there is always one
bad apple in every barrel. ~ Rick Danko
Slide 3
The problem of social organization is how to set up an
arrangement under which greed will do the least harm, capitalism is
that kind of a system. ~ Milton Friedman It has always seemed
strange to me... the things we admire in men, kindness and
generosity, openness, honesty, understanding and feeling, are the
concomitants of failure in our system. And those traits we detest,
sharpness, greed, acquisitiveness, meanness, egotism and
self-interest, are the traits of success. And while men admire the
quality of the first they love the produce of the second. ~ John
Steinbeck
Slide 4
Altruism: 1. Unselfish concern for the welfare of others;
selflessness
Slide 5
Let us try to teach generosity and altruism, because we are
born selfish. ~ Richard Dawkins Altruism is innate, but its not
instinctual. Everybodys wired for it, but a switch has to be
flipped. ~ David Rakoff
Slide 6
Nice Guys Finish First: The Competitive Altruism Hypothesis
Charlie L. HardyCharlie L. Hardy & Mark Van VugtMark Van Vugt
University of Kent at Canterbury Abstract Three experimental
studies examined the relationship between altruistic behavior and
the emergence of status hierarchies within groups. In each study,
group members were confronted with a social dilemma in which they
could either benefit themselves or their group. Study 1 revealed
that in a reputation environment when contributions were public,
people were more altruistic. In both Studies 1 and 2, the most
altruistic members gained the highest status in their group and
were most frequently preferred as cooperative interaction partners.
Study 3 showed that as the costs of altruism increase, the status
rewards also increase. These results support the premise at the
heart of competitive altruism: Individuals may behave
altruistically for reputation reasons because selective benefits
(associated with status) accrue to the generous.
Slide 7
The Russian Revolutions
Slide 8
Russian Revolutions - Background Essential Questions: 1). In
what ways was Russia ripe for revolution in 1917?
Slide 9
Essential Questions: 1). In what ways was Russia ripe for
revolution in 1917? 2). How did the Russian Revolutions lead to the
establishment of Communism and the Soviet Union?
Slide 10
Essential Questions: 1). In what ways was Russia ripe for
revolution in 1917? 2). How did the Russian Revolutions lead to the
establishment of Communism and the Soviet Union? 3). How did this
impact the lives of the peoples of Russia from 1917 - 1991?
Slide 11
Essential Questions: 1). In what ways was Russia ripe for
revolution in 1917? 2). How did the Russian Revolutions lead to the
establishment of Communism and the Soviet Union? 3). How did this
impact the lives of the peoples of Russia from 1917 - 1991? 4). How
did Soviet Communism influence international affairs?
Slide 12
Essential Questions: 1). In what ways was Russia ripe for
revolution in 1917? 2). How did the Russian Revolutions lead to the
establishment of Communism and the Soviet Union? 3). How did this
impact the lives of the peoples of Russia from 1917 - 1991? 4). How
did Soviet Communism influence international affairs? 5). Although
Russia is no longer a communist state, what has been the legacy of
the Russian Revolutions both in Russia and the world?
Slide 13
Russias ethnic diversity makes it an unlikely candidate as a
country.
Slide 14
From 1328, Russia Ruled by a Tsar: The Romanov dynasty: Peter
the Great (1600s) Catherine the Great (1700s) Nicholas I Alexander
II (1800s) Alexander III Nicholas II
Slide 15
Feudal system in Russia Serfs continued to work the land of the
lords in Russia, well after feudalism had collapsed in the rest of
Europe. 712 peasant uprisings in Russia b/w 1826 and 1854. Serfs
were emancipated in 1861 by Alexander II. At the time, their
freedom came at a great price; they were able to buy the least
productive piece of land from their lord, in exchange for
significant costs. Most emancipated serfs were not able to make a
profit off their farm land alone. Russias peasantry continued in
destitution, and uprising continued. Background reading on the
Emancipation of the Serfs:
http://www.historytoday.com/michael-lynch/emancipation-russian-serfs-1861-charter-freedom-or-act-betrayal
Slide 16
Slide 17
Video clips communism vs. capitalism Smurfs:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qra0hlO6hZ k Captain Capitalism:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3nEgjwfX 6s8
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3nEgjwfX 6s8
Slide 18 the Communist Manifesto"> the Communist
Manifesto"> the Communist Manifesto" title="Communism - "From
each according to his ability to each according to his needs.
Marxism - Karl Marx/ Engels --> the Communist
Manifesto">
Communism - "From each according to his ability to each
according to his needs. Marxism - Karl Marx/ Engels --> the
Communist Manifesto
Slide 19
The Path to Revolutions in Russia Russia Pre-1917: Social -
class system -very hierarchical Czar Nobility Religious leaders
Peasants -rich/poor Political 1. Autocracy - 1 person rule - not
democratic - Czar Nicholas II 2. Duma (Russian Parliament) -created
1906 -very weak 3. Political Parties Economic 1. High unemployment
2. Starvation 3. Agrarian society trying to industrialize 4.
Inflation 5.Trade Unions/Strikes Religious - Russian Orthodox
Church (led by Czar) - support the Czar -"Religion is the Opium of
the Masses" Military 1. Large but ill- equipped - badly led by
nobility 2. Russo- Japanese War 1906 - Russia lost - this
discredited the Czar
Slide 20
Slide 21
Slide 22
Fuelling the Sparks - 1905 - 1917: 1. Bloody Sunday: Jan 22,
1905 Tsarist troops fire on a group of protesters begging the Tsar
for help.
Slide 23
Fuelling the Sparks cont. 2. General strike: Oct. 20-30 >
All of Russia on strike. Tsar must do something Result: October
Manifesto -promises: 1. To provide some civil liberties 2. Create a
Duma: a legislative assembly (turn Russia into a Constitutional
Monarchy). Reality: By 1906, Tsar goes back on many promises >
Held power to call/dismiss the Duma, and rarely called it.
Slide 24
Fuelling the Sparks cont. 3. World War I: More strikes in 1914
than 1905, but Nicholas II saw war as an opportunity to rally the
country. People were initially enthusiastic about the war, but this
feeling quickly faded: WHY? > people realized Tsarist govt could
not organize an efficient war effort. Troops totally ineffective:
pathetic equipment, poor medical situation.
Slide 25
-August 1915: Nicholas II leaves for the front to take charge
of troops. Result: > major mistake: 1. Russian troops continue
to lose battles blamed on Tsar. 2. Leaves Alexandra (Tsarina) in
charge. gov't power to Rasputin, a peasant monk Fuelling the Sparks
cont.
Slide 26
I believe in miracles, since you came along... You sexy
thing....
Slide 27
Rasputin Background... Name: Grigori Yefimovich Rasputin From:
Siberia, Russia Born: 22 January, 1869
Slide 28
Hemophilia is hereditary passed through royal families of
Europe from Queen Victoria
Slide 29
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YgRZMn- UGg4
Slide 30
Slide 31
Slide 32
Ra Ra Rasputin....
Slide 33
Rasputin by Boney M There lived a certain man in Russia long
ago He was big and strong, in his eyes a flaming glow Most people
looked at him with terror and with fear But to Moscow chicks he was
such a lovely dear He could preach the bible like a preacher Full
of ecstasy and fire But he also was the kind of teacher Women would
desire
Slide 34
RA RA RASPUTIN Lover of the Russian queen There was a cat that
really was gone RA RA RASPUTIN Russia's greatest love machine It
was a shame how he carried on
Slide 35
He ruled the Russian land and never mind the czar But the
kasachok he danced really wunderbar In all affairs of state he was
the man to please But he was real great when he had a girl to
squeeze For the queen he was no wheeler dealer Though she'd heard
the things he'd done She believed he was a holy healer Who would
heal her son
Slide 36
But when his drinking and lusting and his hunger for power
became known to more and more people, the demands to do something
about this outrageous man became louder and louder.
Slide 37
"This man's just got to go!" declared his enemies But the
ladies begged "Don't you try to do it, please" No doubt this
Rasputin had lots of hidden charms Though he was a brute they just
fell into his arms Then one night some men of higher standing Set a
trap, they're not to blame "Come to visit us" they kept demanding
And he really came
Slide 38
RA RA RASPUTIN Lover of the Russian queen They put some poison
into his wine RA RA RASPUTIN Russia's greatest love machine He
drank it all and he said "I feel fine"
Slide 39
RA RA RASPUTIN Lover of the Russian queen They didn't quit,
they wanted his head RA RA RASPUTIN Russia's greatest love machine
And so they shot him till he was dead (Spoken:) Oh, those
Russians...
Slide 40
"If I am killed by common men, you and your children will rule
Russia for centuries to come; if I am killed by one of your stock,
you and your family will be killed by the Russian people!"
Rasputin
Slide 41
Prince Felix Yusupov Grand Duke Dmitri Pavlovich Politician
Vladimir Purishkevich
Slide 42
Slide 43
Slide 44
Slide 45
-August 1915: Nicholas II leaves for the front to take personal
charge of troops. Result: > major mistake: 1. Russian troops
continue to lose battles blamed on Tsar. 2. Leaves Alexandra
(Tsarina) in charge. gov't power to Rasputin, a peasant monk R.
replaces cabinet ministers with his incompetent friends, continual
scandals > brings shame upon the royals Fuelling the Sparks
cont.
Slide 46
-As war progressed, more men needed for Russian army. Over 15
million peasants conscripted. Results: > agricultural production
drops (men leave farms) > shortages of food lead to rapid
inflation (prices up 700% b/w 1914-1917) Fuelling the Sparks -
World War I cont.
Slide 47
Causes: 1. Disasters of WWI - lost all battles, millions died
2. Role of Rasputin - destroyed Czar's prestige 3. Czar's mistake -
left Petrograd - led troops lost = decrease prestige 4. Political
Discontent: Rise of political parties 1. March Revolution
(1917)
Slide 48
March Revolution cont. 4. Political Discontent: Rise of
political parties - Zemstovs: based on Western parliamentary
traditions. Democratic liberals, included doctors, lawyers,
teachers - Kadets: youth, naive, liberal/democratic, want to
overthrow Czar - Social Revolutionaries: peasants, violent, killed
Czar Alexander (Nicholas's father) - Social Democrats / Marxists: 2
factions: > Bolsheviks & Mensheviks
Slide 49
Mensheviks - Marxist - Terror -Proletariat (factory workers)
Bolsheviks - Marxist - Terror - small # of committed, "professional
revolutionaries -led by Lenin & Trotsky
Slide 50
5. Economic Crisis Famine Strikes - 1917: Shortage of bread -
March. 1917 most of the workers in Petrograd (St. Petersburg) and
Moscow were striking and rioting for higher food rations.
-Disturbances in food lines of freezing, frustrated shoppers in St.
Petersburg (now Petrograd) erupted in violence - workers clash with
police Causes Review cont.
Slide 51
Female demonstrators, protesting cost of bread were joined on
the streets by striking factory workers
Slide 52
Alexandra Romanov to Nicholas: "This is a hooligan movement,
young people run and shout that there is no bread, simply to create
excitement...
Slide 53
... If the weather were very cold, they would all probably stay
home. But all this will pass... if the Duma will behave itself."...
If the weather were very cold, they would all probably stay home.
But all this will pass... if the Duma will behave itself."
Slide 54
6. Cossacks stopped supporting Czar - Ordered to fire on
protesters they refuse and instead join them Causes cont.
Slide 55
Action: - Czar & son abdicate Result: *Political Vacuum *
Who is to seize power?
Slide 56
ABDICATION DOCUMENT
Slide 57
Possible leaders: 1. The Duma 2. Soviets/ "Petrograd Soviets"
3. The Bolsheviks
Slide 58
-After Czar abdicated, the Duma took power and formed the
PROVISIONAL GOVERNMENT
Slide 59
KERENSKY PROVISIONAL GOVERNMENT - Duma - Provisional Government
(temporary); Parliament. -led by Alexandr Kerensky: -democratic,
believed in freedom, liberty. - dominated by "western" thought -
not a lot of power
Slide 60
KERENSKY PROVISIONAL GOVERNMENT Failure to: 1. End Russias
involvement in the war 2. Give land to the peasants 3. Fix food
shortages/inflation 4. Hold elections for a representative
legislative assembly - *He did not offer "Peace, Bread, and Land *
But someone else did....
Slide 61
- Kerensky's flaw was like others in the government; he wanted
to postpone reforms until Russia had had some success on the battle
front. It was never to occur.
Slide 62
- July 1917, another Russian offensive ended in failure.
Slide 63
Who were Lenin & Trotsky?
Slide 64
Slide 65
Slide 66
Lenin Background: Name: Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov - Lenin = Man
of the Lena River 1914-1917: Had been in exile in Switzerland for
his revolutionary ideas.
Slide 67
Lenin cont. March 1917: Germans smuggle him back into Russia on
a sealed train to Petrograd. Believed he would cause trouble for
their Russian enemy perhaps even assist in stopping the Russian war
effort.
Slide 68
Promise/ Slogan: Peace, Bread, and Land - spoke to the most
serious of Russias problems. Lenin cont.
Slide 69
-Peace: end war with Germany immediately (achieved after Lenin
takes power: Treaty of Brest-Litovsk)
Slide 70
- Bread: sort of did - peasants produce it, Lenin takes bread
for industrial workers
Slide 71
- Land: peasants take it after Bolshevik Revolution, until
Stalin's Kolkhoz
Slide 72
Trotsky Background: Name: Lev Davidovich Bronshtein 1914-1917:
Had been in exile in Switzerland for his revolutionary ideas.
Slide 73
Slide 74
Slide 75
2. July Days (1917) Massive, spontaneous protest against the
Provisional Govt by soldiers, joined by workers Bolsheviks
attempted to seize control > led the protests
Slide 76
2. July Days (1917) cont. Provisional Government brutally
dispersed demonstrators and strikers > arrested Bolsheviks,
workers and soldiers > Lenin flees to Finland (exile) to avoid
arrest
Slide 77
Lived in a haystack wore a wig...
Slide 78
PG keeps Russia in the war Czarist General Kornilov appointed
Commander-in-Chief of the Russian army (July 31 st 1917) 3.
September 1917 Kornilov Conspiracy
Slide 79
> right wing > pro- authoritarianism > wants to
overthrow PG and replace with military govt get rid of
revolutionaries > marches on Petrograd > attempts coup detat
against PG 3. September 1917 Kornilov Conspiracy cont.
Slide 80
Problem: - PG too weak to overthrow him Solution: - PG turns to
Bolsheviks to help fight Kornilov Results: - Lenin agrees -
Bolsheviks/ Red Guard under Trotsky receive weapons &
LEGITIMACY - attempted coup detat fails - Kerensky & PG appear
weak / Lenin decisive 3. September 1917 Kornilov Conspiracy
cont.
Slide 81
Events: 1.Trotsky and Military Revolutionary Committee plan
successful coup d'etat > gain control of telegraph office,
bridges, train stations 4. November Revolution, 1917
Slide 82
2. Kerensky & PG lose power Why ? - PG already weak a)
Economics: - inflation - refusal of Kerensky to transfer land b)
"Red Guards" c) Soviet Order #1 d) Bolshevik propaganda says war
only benefits rich 4. November Revolution, 1917 Events cont.
Slide 83
Result: - K. lived in Winter Palace (Czar's former home -
assoc. him with Czar) - PG members arrested - K. flees to Finland -
little resistance of PG
Slide 84
1.Coup detat 1.Kerensky & PG lose power 3. Lenin &
Bolsheviks in power 4. November Revolution, 1917 Events cont.
Slide 85
COMMUNISM IN RUSSIA: Bolsheviks consolidate power: 1918-1920:
1)SOVNARKOM : new Soviet government
Slide 86
Bolsheviks consolidate power cont. 2) Treaty of Brest- Litovsk
(1918) - Germany & Russia
Slide 87
- To achieve an end to the war, Lenin was willing to sign away
1/4 of Russia's farming areas, 1/2 of her industries and 1/3 of her
G.N.P.
Slide 88
BREST-LITOVSK
Slide 89
1)SOVNARKOM 2)Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 3) Constituent Assembly
"Democracy for 24 hours" (1917) Bolsheviks consolidate power
cont.
Slide 90
When the Constituent Assembly met, it was dissolved by Lenin.
The election had been "a cover for bourgeois
counter-revolution."
Slide 91
1) Establish SOVNARKOM 2) Sign Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 3) Call,
then dissolve Constituent Assembly 4) Implement Communism
Bolsheviks consolidate power cont.
Slide 92
4) Implement Communism a)allow peasants to seize land b) no
political opposition (1 party state) c) end private ownership
(Marxist) d) Nationalized banks and confiscated private accounts e)
abolished Russian Orthodox Church f) control of factories to
workers' committees Bolsheviks consolidate power cont.
Slide 93
THE RUSSIAN CIVIL WAR
Slide 94
After the Bolshevik revolution, anti-Bolshevik governments were
instituted in the south. Fighting broke out and the civil war was
on. Reds vs. Whites Whites
Slide 95
Trotsky organized the Bolshevik army called the Red Army - red
being synonymous for beautiful in Russian. Opposing the
Whites.
Slide 96
REDS Who: Bolsheviks Wanted: to consolidate power &
continue the communist revolution
Slide 97
WHITES Who: Everyone who opposed them - Czarists, Mensheviks,
S.R.'s, Students, Cossacks, army officers, bourgeoisie AND "Western
Interventionists" (Britain, France, USA, Japan, Canada) Wanted:
stop Bolshevism, and angry by Tof B-L
Slide 98
Russian Civil War video http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OzKuwxM
Pbdk http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OzKuwxM Pbdk
Slide 99
- The Bolsheviks slowly gained the upper hand. They instituted
the RED TERROR. Thousands were executed as they captured
territory.
Slide 100
* WON - Lenin is in power / Russia becomes U.S.S.R (1922)
Strengths / reasons for victory: 1) Controlled Central Russia
around Moscow - controlled industrial centre/ military supplies 2)
Secret Police - Cheka & "Red Terror" 3) Trotsky's generalship
(tactics) 4) United with a purpose 5)support from lower working
class & peasantry REDS
Slide 101
Weaknesses / reasons for loss: 1) often only controlled
countryside (not central areas) 2) huge reprisals against those who
supported Whites 3) fought as independent groups - lacked unity of
command - disorganized 4) Allied intervention less than
half-hearted - whites are disorganized with no real purpose
WHITES
Slide 102
Slide 103
He and his family were soon placed under house arrest at the
Alexander Palace. Later they were exiled, first to Tobolsk where
they were still treated with respect and consideration. Many
sympathized with the former tsar and still believed in his
supremacy. But it was when they were moved to Yekaterinburg that
conditions became harder. The house was fenced, large boards
covered the windows and the Romanovs were constantly guarded by
Bolshevik soldiers who humiliated and insulted them. Maria,
Nicholas daughter, writes in her diary during their captivity:
Everyone who comes into the house inspects our rooms... It's
difficult to write about anything cheerful, because there's all too
little cheerfulness here. On the other hand, God doesn't abandon
us. The sun shines, the birds sing, and this morning we heard the
bells sounding matins... About a month after moving there, the
entire imperial family was executed by firing squad in the basement
of the house they lived in.
Slide 104
Slide 105
GETTING SOME SUN IN EKATERINBURG
Slide 106
EKATERINBURG
Slide 107
CZAR AND ALEXIS
Slide 108
In 1918, Lenin stated, "We must not leave the Whites a live
banner to rally around." In 1918, Lenin stated, "We must not leave
the Whites a live banner to rally around."
Slide 109
Nicholas II, Alexandra, Alexis and his sisters were executed by
the Bolsheviks in Ekaterinburg Siberia shortly before the Whites
captured the town.
Slide 110
Yakov Yurovsky - Head Executioner
Slide 111
DEATH HOUSE
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
ANNA ANDERSON
Slide 116
THE MINE SHAFT
Slide 117
BONES FOUND - Two Bodies missing
Slide 118
Slide 119
CZAR NICOLAS
Slide 120
Slide 121
Party control of the State (1922-1924): A). Dictatorship of the
Proletariat - Soviets / Councils at all levels - 1 party state >
no political opposition B). Apparachiks Communist Party officials
controlled all aspects of society C). Religion outlawed D). Secret
Police - Cheka = TOTALITARIAN
Slide 122
Lenin's Cheka Lenin's Cheka (secret police) played a dominant
role in the state. Headed by DZERZHINSKY
Slide 123
Economy Under Lenin: War Communism: (1918-1921) * MARXIST
Purpose: a) Implement comm. principles in the economy b) to feed
the Red Army during Civil War
Slide 124
War Communism cont. Terms: Peasants forced to give up all
surplus crops to gov't to feed Red army Workers told where to work
and relocated if necessary Private companies & industry were
nationalized. Private trade suppressed (replaced with rationing
& gov't distribution of food, etc.) Economy Under Lenin
cont.
Slide 125
+ POSITIVE Result: Army survived Economy Under Lenin cont. War
Communism cont.
Slide 126
-NEGATIVE Results: Industrial & agricultural production
levels severely drop Economy Under Lenin - War Communism cont.
Slide 127
Famine: Many peasants burn crops/kill livestock in protest;
also, huge amounts of grain taken to feed Red Army Economy Under
Lenin cont. War Communism cont.
Slide 128
Kronstadt Mutiny: sailors revolt against War Communism extremes
& one party system. Economy Under Lenin cont. War Communism
cont.
Slide 129
Slide 130
Slide 131
Slide 132
Kronstadt Mutiny: sailors revolt against War Communism extremes
& one party system. > crushed by Trotsky & Red Guards
> Lenin recognized need for a change Economy Under Lenin cont.
War Communism cont.
Slide 133
Economy Under Lenin: NEW ECONOMIC POLICY: (1921) * CAPITALIST
Purpose: a) Individual economic initiatives b) End the famine
Slide 134
NEP cont. Terms: peasants pay a tax on a portion of food
production - get to sell the rest (incentive to produce as much as
possible to create profit -- capitalist) allow some private
businesses - small groups allowed to "purchase" their factory under
a cooperative agreement. Economy Under Lenin cont.
Slide 135
Results: a) some improvement in light- industrial production b)
agricultural output improved c) demonstrates that Lenin was
pragmatic: > willing to sacrifice some ideals of Marxism to
improve production > believed transition would be slower to keep
peasants on board. d) large increase in "NEPmen" (small
businessmen) & Kulaks (prosperous peasants) seen as dangerous
by Communists Economy Under Lenin cont. NEP cont.
Slide 136
LENIN - FOREIGN POLICIES: A.Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (1918)
B.Comintern (1919) The Communist International -Dedicated to
spreading world communism. C. Treaty of Rapallo (1922)
Slide 137
C. Treaty of Rapallo (1922) USSR & Germany Terms: 1)
U.S.S.R manufacture illegal war material for Germany forbidden in T
of Versailles 2) U.S.S.R would receive steel manufacturing tech
from Germany LENIN - FOREIGN POLICIES cont.
Slide 138
Significance: 1) beginning of German re-armament > goes
against T of V 2) beginning of Soviet industrialization 3)
RAPPROCHEMENT between G. & U.S.S.R LENIN - FOREIGN POLICIES
Treaty of Rapallo cont.
Slide 139
After a long illness, assassination attempts also having taken
their toll, Lenin died in 1924. After a long illness, assassination
attempts also having taken their toll, Lenin died in 1924.