The water crisisand socio-ecological development profile of Rafsanjan Township, IranS. Mehryar, R. Sliuzas, A. Sharifi, M.F.A.M. van
Maarseveen
Ravage of the Planet IV Conference
1 st – 3 rd July, Opatija, Croatia
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Content
• Introduction• Water demand and drivers• Water supply and the growing water imbalance• The current environmental condition• Government and institutional responses• Discussion and conclusion
July 1-3, 2015
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Water crisis in Middle EastThe Middle East has lost fresh water equivalent to almost the size of the Dead Sea between 2003 and 2010
July 1-3, 2015
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Iran: Average precipitation of 252mm/yrRafsanjan: Average of 100 mm/yr- Iran: 44% of world pistachio production - Rafsanjan:16.6% of the world pistachio production
July 1-3, 2015
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Population Growth and Urban Expansion
1966 1976 1986 1996 2006 20110
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Rafsanjan city population Rafsanjan township populationUrban areas population Rural areas population
Year
Popu
latio
n (T
hous
and)
July 1-3, 2015
- Islamic Republic revolution: 1978 - Iran-Iraq war: 1980-1988 - population doubled in almost 20 years
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Agro-Economic Development1. Satisfy food and water demand 2. Independent economy 3. Agriculture as economic development
July 1-3, 2015
70,000 ha
110,000 ha
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Agro-Economic Development- Agri water use: 663
mm3- Entire water use: 685
mm3- Annual infow: 470mm3
July 1-3, 2015
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Water supply and the growing water imbalance
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
215 190
334291
327
0
618 651 686751 747
638602623
Total wells discharge
Year
Disc
harg
e
- Subsidization of water and energy - supporting more usage of wells
July 1-3, 2015
20% overexploitati
on
37% overexploitation
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Water supply and the growing water imbalance
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
11
12
13
-20-18-16-14-12-10-8-6-4-20
Ground water depletion^h
(m)
July 1-3, 2015
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Current Environmental Condition
July 1-3, 2015
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Current Environmental Condition
July 1-3, 2015
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Current Environmental Condition
July 1-3, 2015
- Minimize water loss- Exploit water as much as natural
renewable GW- Collective ownership - Equitable water distribution
- Land Reform (1963)- Small and fragmented land holding- Access to more water through pumped
wells- Shift of GW system from public good to a
private good
Institutional and Technology Change
- Rapid economic development- Regarding the self-sufficiency and self-
reliance- ignoring the Environmental aspects- Short-sighted solution to treat the
symptoms- Non-reversal GW to normal situation- Non-effective engineering solutions- Long-term socio-ecological interlinked
perspective- Resilient spatial planning- An adaptive and resilient socio-ecological
system
Conclusion and Recommendation
Thank you Questions?
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