KWAME NKRUMAH UNIVERSITY OF
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, KUMASI
BY: EDWARD YOOFI ANSAH COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGICAL ENGINEERING
INDEX No.: 4093915
MAY 2016
THE USE OF METHANE GAS HARVESTED
FROM WASTE AS A BENEFICIAL
RESOURCE TO THE SAKUMONO
COMMUNITY
ii
First and foremost I would like to warmly thank Mr. Isaac Kwame Ansah, my father and the
principal public relations offer of Parliament, for all his contribution to this report- including
his insightful ideas, his skillful editing, and his help with the research, and his patience
throughout the long writing process of this report. His work and assistance made this report
possible, and I am eternally grateful.
I would like to thank my supervisors, Mr. Gordon Foli and Mr. Chiri Amedjoe for deftly
navigating this project past the occasional obstacles that came up, and for all their editorial
and geological advice. They are truly master geological engineers. Also at KNUST, my
thanks go to the Professors who impacted so much knowledge during the CENG workshop,
first up is Dr. Gabriel Takyi on the alternative sources of energy generation, followed by Dr.
E.A. Frimpong on the challenges of power generation and its effects on the economy, Charles
Anum Adams on challenges of transportation, Richard Buamah (PHD) on the challenges of
water and sanitation in Ghana, Ing. E. Kwaku Baah-Ennumh on the brief history of KNUST
and finally T.A. Tuffour on the indicators of economic performance, all in no chronological
order, involved in the CENG 291 project for their energetic demeanor and drive, but above
all, the passion with which they gave their presentation during the CENG workshop which
drove every part of me to approach this report with a water tight level of passion to solve a
pressing engineering problem in my society. Along the way, several people also contributed
with advice and ideas. On the list is Christabel, the GESA general secretary. Our discussion
back at the end of the semester planted the idea for this report. In this vein, I would also like
to thank Nii Gidiglo, Kwame Ntiri, and Nana Adwoa, my good and highly intelligent course
mates and class representative, respectively, for their contributions as well.
Finally, I would like to thank the divine God for blessing me with this opportunity and
privilege to make my society a better place.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
iii
The citizens of the Sakumono community, which is a sub urban community of Tema in the
Greater Accra Region, discard about half a ton of trash every day, from empty pizza boxes,
broken egg shells, leftover food, broken dishes, and old appliances, just to mention a few. In
addition to that, they top it off with human excretory waste, and somehow all of it ends up
being disposed of. This same community lacks a steady supply of gas, fuel and electricity.
The answer to a steady supply of these very vital resources lays in the waste the community
produces on a daily bases.
In this report, I seek to find out how people in the Sakumono community deal with their daily
waste in order to make it resourceful and beneficial. The problems they face with the waste
disposal system and how it affects their standard of living. I delve further to find out the
average waste produced on the average by each household. I look at the basic resources that
are most needed by the community and how available those resources are to the Sakumono
community. I explore the world of waste and discover a very significant gas, known as
Methane gas. I find out and get a deep understanding of what methane gas is how this gas can
be harvested and transformed into the vital resources needed by the community and the long
term benefits of this very gas to the Sakumono community.
Basically, this report teaches us to convert what we don’t want into what we need as a
society. The report also suggests how we as a society can build funds to support this worthy
course to make it a reality. We also discover how to make it a really sustainable long term
project for the society.
This report is so important that, when it becomes a reality, it will make a great impact in the
resource development sector of the community by creating employment for the unemployed
youth in the community, since diverse skills are needed for the smooth and sustainable
running of the project, such as design, facility management and hospitality just to mention a
few.
So in the final analysis this report seeks to go beyond thinking of waste as an end product
than actually thinking of it truly as a resource to the Sakumono community.
SYNOPSIS
iv
Table of Contents
Acknowledgments……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..ii
Synopsis…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….iii
Table of Contents...................................................................................................................... iv
List of Figures .............................................................................................................................. v
1.1 Background on “Engineering in Society” ................................................................................ 1
2.1 Problem Identification ............................................................................................................ 5
2.1.1 WHAT HAPPENS TO THE RUBBISH COLLECTED IN MY COMMUNITY ............................. 7
2.1.2 WHAT HAPPENS TO RUBBISH COLLECTED IN THE ADVANCED COUNTRIES ................... 9
2.1.3 WHAT IS METHANE? .................................................................................................. 12
2.2 Map Preparation ................................................................................................................... 18
...................................................................................................................... 20
........................................................................................................................ 21
3.1 The Study Area ...................................................................................................................... 22
................................................................................... 28
............................................................................ 29
.................................................................................................................... 30
3.2.2 Application of Knowledge ............................................................................................. 32
4.1 ............................................................................................................................ 33
................................................................................................................ 34
GLOSSARY.............................................................................................................................................. 37
v
List of Figures
Figure 1THE 17 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS. 4
Figure 2. WELLS INSERTED IN THE LANDFILL TO HARVEST THE METHANE GAS 10
Figure 3. FROM REFUSE TO ELECTRICITY 11
Figure 4. PICTORIAL VIEW OF THE ENTIRE PROCESS 11
Figure 5 AUGUST VON HOFFMAN 13
Figure 6 ALEXANDRO VOLTA 14
Figure 7 BENJAMIN FRANKLIN 14
Figure 8a copy of the endorsed letter of introduction 36
1
1.1 Background on “Engineering in Society”
“Engineering in Society” is a second year university approved course
introduced to first year engineering students of the KNUST college of engineering sciences
at the end of their second semester to bridge the gap between Engineering skills and societal
problems, where the bulk of the work is done during their long summer break. When the
second year commences students will be made to give a comprehensive defense of their
report in the form of a power point presentation where they will be awarded marks according
to their work.
Year in and year out, African universities produce hundreds of engineering graduates but
what we don’t seem to see is how these graduates impact our African societies as opposed to
their counterparts in the western world making huge impacts on their continents, because
Africa still faces major key problems like lack of constant electricity, clean water and gas,
just to mention a few, which are all very significant resources for day to day human activities.
I believe that engineering has the ability to generate cutting edge alternatives to all our
perishable and somewhat decreasing traditional natural resources and also make living
conditions more comfortable and better for our societies and the African continent as a
whole.
The main objectives of this course are outlined below to give a much vivid description on
why this course is very important. The objectives are as follows:
INTRODUCTION
2
To inculcate in students an appreciation of the fact that the purpose of engineering is
to solve societal problems.
To draw a link between students and their field of study, and the application to issues
that confront the day today lives of people
To deepen students’ interest in and appreciation of their field of study and its
disciplines.
To improve students’ sense of innovation and application of engineering to
development.
3
According to the sustainable development goals of 2015, this was gathered; IN 2000, 189 COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD CAME TOGETHER TO FACE THE FUTURE.
And what they saw was daunting. Famines, Drought, Wars, Plagues and Poverty: The
perennial problems of the world. Not just in some faraway place, but also in their own
cities, towns and villages as well.
They knew things didn’t have to be this way. They knew we had enough food to feed the
world, but that it wasn’t getting shared. They knew there were medicines for HIV and other
diseases, but that they cost a lot. They knew that earthquakes and floods were inevitable,
but that the high death tolls were not.
They also knew that billions of people worldwide shared their hope for a better future.
So leaders from these countries created a plan called the Millennium Development Goals
(MDGs). This set of 8 goals imagined a future just 15 years off that would be rid of poverty
and hunger. It was an ambitious plan.
The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) has been one of the leading
organizations working to achieve the MDGs. Present in more than 170 countries and
territories; we funded projects that helped fulfill the Goals. We championed the Goals so
that people everywhere would know how to do their part. And we acted as “scorekeeper,”
helping countries track their progress.
And the progress in those 15 years has been tremendous. Hunger has been cut in half.
Extreme poverty is down nearly by half. More kids are going to school and fewer are dying.
Now these countries want to build on the many successes of the past 15 years, and go
further. The new set of goals, the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), aims to end
poverty and hunger by 2030. World leaders, recognizing the connection between people
and planet, have set goals for the land, the oceans and the waterways. The world is also
better connected now than it was in 2000, and is building a consensus about the future we
want.
That future is one where everybody has enough food, and can work, and where living on
less than $1.25 a day is a thing of the past.
UNDP is proud to continue as a leader in this global movement.
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS (SDGs)
4
Figure 1THE 17 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS.
Listed in the figure above are the 17 sustainable development goals, the set year to achieve
this, is the year 2030 as opposed to the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) which had a
very ambiguous target year, thus the year 2015. We are in the 2016 at the moment and still
facing Millennium Development Challenges. But thanks to the initiative most of the world
challenges are halfway better than it was before.
This report indirectly addresses 8 of the sustainable goals. They are as follows: Affordable
and clean energy, decent work and economic growth, industry, innovation and infrastructure,
sustainable cities and communities, responsible consumption and production, climate action,
life below water and life on land. So kindly take your time to read and understand this report.
5
2.1 Problem Identification
About a week to my summer vacation, I had a bus conversation with the lady
sitting next to me, who happened to be the GESA general secretary elect for the
college of engineering. It started off as an innocent conversation, which ended
up with her telling me about problems she usually goes through at home, which
happened to be how exhausting it is to carry gas cylinders for refill and how
usually there is always a shortage and hence waste of money on transportation
as well. But as innocent as it sounded, I just laughed about it but in my head, a
seed of an idea for my project had just been planted. Amazingly enough I
happened to encounter the same problem she had back at home, which propelled
me to take up this project seriously. So I started to research on how I can get a
cutting edge alternative resource to the usual traditional system we as a society
are used to. My research landed me into a whole new world of waste
management.
To most residents in the Sakumono community, remembering to put out their
trash is quote on quote, the end of the story. But in fact that’s the beginning of
an epic journey. Now I made a comparison between what happens in my
community as opposed to what happens in the advanced countries. And my
discovery was astonishingly incredible. And below describes what processes
each go through after garbage is collected by the garbage trucks.
METHODOLOGY
6
Before we proceed, below is a pie chart of the various sources of energy. From this chart you
can clearly see how the world largely is gravitating towards natural gas, which has its main
component to be methane gas. Only 6% of the world uses hydroelectric power as a
main source of electricity. Clearly the world is advancing while we as a community are still
stuck on the traditional energy sources. It’s high time we adopted an alternative method to
our energy crisis.
BRIEF STATISTICAL KNOWLEDGE
7
2.1.1 WHAT HAPPENS TO THE RUBBISH COLLECTED IN MY COMMUNITY
In the sub Saharan African region, the waste generated exceeds its collection
capacity. This is partly due to rapid urban population growth, even with that, the
urban populace is less than 40% of the sub Saharan African population, with
that being said the urban population is rapidly on the rise. This means that more
real estate projects are under way with no concern shown at all to this fast
growing rate of urbanization. The same numbers of landfill sites cater for these
growing urban areas. Hence, causing pressure on the existing landfill sites,
therefore I believe new and improved strategies need to be adopted to curb and
control the unbearable pollution and increasing pressure effectively for its
advantage and benefit.
The Sakumono community which is found in the Greater Accra Region of
Ghana within the sub Saharan African region is affected by this problem as
well. Waste collection in this community is both on a franchise and contract
basis. The volume of waste generated and estimated percentage collected is not
accurately known, mainly due to poor documentation. On the franchise basis,
which is the house-to-house collection service, is provided to only those living
in the residential estate, which is the high income region of the community.
These areas are well planned with first and second access roads. Each of these
estate houses has plastic container to cater for the waste as opposed to the low
income areas which are not catered for by the TMA waste management
companies, so they then resolve to other ways of waste disposal. These other
ways are unacceptable because they tend to pollute the environment. They
include the gathering of the garbage and burning it up. As we all know, fire
when not controlled properly can cause devastating effects. While those next to
the Sakumono lagoon, tend to deposit their refuse in the lagoon and on its
banks. Some of the low income residents have no water closet facilities so tend
to defecate on the rubbish dumpsites they have created, and other, straight into
the lagoon. All these are potential energy resources for the community. One can
only imagine vast amount of methane that can be harvested from these
locations. But as we have it, nothing significant is being done to address this
issue.
8
On the other hand, waste being collected by garbage trucks in the residential
areas is transported directly into a landfill site without any form of sorting what
so ever. Most of the landfills are almost full. In a recent report from
Citifmonline.com, the director of waste management at the TMA, Mr.
Duneebon disclosed that the landfill site demarcated into 4 cells which was
originally designed to get full within a period of 10 years will be full within a
period of 3 years looking at the current rate of waste being produced. He said,
―But now we are about 14 to 15 months into the start of the landfill and we are
already in the third cell.‖ This clearly shows that there is neither a major recycle
project nor harvesting of the vast amount of methane gas emanating from the
landfill site. And this is what I seek to address in this report.
PICTURE 1Fire service personnel’s putting out a refuse dumpsite fire which was not
controlled properly. Kudos to the fire service personnel’s, if they hadn't appeared, so
many lives would have been lost on that day.
9
2.1.2 WHAT HAPPENS TO RUBBISH COLLECTED IN THE ADVANCED
COUNTRIES
Trucks carry waste, deposit their loads at a sorting center. To you and me it just
looks like rubbish but to the discerning eye, there’s gold within those hills. Each
truck load is worth a lot of money but no one is going to pay for it in its present
state. First, these vast amounts of trash need to be separated into various
components of paper, metals, plastics and glass. Doing this by hand will require
a small army, so it’s good to first pass it through a garbage sorting machine. In
this machine the first thing that happens is , high powered air blasts a jet of air
through the trash suspending lighter paper, metal and plastic leaving the heavier
glass bottles to fall into a separate pile. Next a steep conveyor bounces the
garbage across a series of rubber wheels; this causes the light paper products to
continue upwards while heavier metals and plastics drop down unto yet another
conveyor belt. Powerful electromagnets then whisk away anything made of
metal leaving behind the other plastic materials. Unfortunately that’s where the
machine runs out of tricks. A conveyor transports the remaining waste to a team
of operatives to grade the plastics into various bins. Once this is done the waste
is prepared for sale and transportation, so it’s fed into high powered bailing
machines which turns everything into identically sized cubes. Each bale of
paper is worth a lot of money somewhere in the region of $200, while a bale of
aluminum is worth ten (10) times as much. Thanks to the uniform shape, they
can be easily lifted and loaded onto trucks which carry them away to start a new
life as exercise books, pizza box, cardboard box or coffee cup just to mention a
few.
But of course some garbage is just garbage; this stuff is no good to man or
beast, so it’s sent to a trashy hell from which nothing returns and it’s called the
Pit. The Pit, it’s huge, it’s noisy and it stinks. It’s as deep as a four story house
and the size of a football field. Every week this monstrous cabin swallows up
the waste from over 1 million people. The garbage is heaped in at an
extraordinary rate, but where does it go. Underneath the pit is a never ending
line of massive 18 wheeler trucks which park beneath an opening allowing a
combination of bulldozers and grabbers to fill them up, No sooner has one trash
been filled to the brim and another appears ready for loading. Each truck carries
five times as much garbage as the average garbage trucks and once they have
accepted the load, they head for the burial ground, 31 miles of journey the
trucks finally arrives at the landfill site, right now it’s like a barren landscape of
10
some unfriendly planet but todays landfill is tomorrows golf course. Stuck
underground sits, 1.2 billion tons of waste, a massive basin lined with clay and
huge impermeable membrane made from high density polyethylene and
geotextile is filled up with garbage, this lining means each basin acts a bit like a
giant plastic container preventing the waste from contaminating the surrounding
soil and water table, almost half of this waste is organic material, rotten
tomatoes and the likes and as it decomposes it generates potentially explosive
gases, what’s more, any trapped air could cause potentially dangerous
subsidence, so to remove the air and make the trash good to build on, it needs to
be squashed. And that job is for the Lords of the land fill, a team of enormous
bulldozers and compactors. With over 7,000 tons of waste coming everyday
they must work quickly. First up is the compactor with a pressure of nearly 40
pounds per square inch, its 50 ton wheels act as giant rolling pins crushing the
waste into solid mass, next is the bulldozers turn, they cover the waste with a
layer of soil and recycled components known as AUTOFLULFF. This is what
helps to seal in the smell and deter scavenging animal.
Finally everything is covered with a permanent layer of soil, but that’s not quite
the end of the story because this buried waste is put to good use. And this is the
part I want to focus on the most. As the rubbish rots it gives off valuable
methane gas which is harvested by wells scattered across the site, the methane
extracted feeds a gas turbine which produces enough electricity to power over 6
½ thousand homes, what’s more there’s also a pilot project to turn some of the
methane into liquid natural gas which could be used to eventually fuel the cities
fleet of refuse trucks.
Figure 2. WELLS INSERTED IN THE LANDFILL TO HARVEST THE METHANE
GAS
11
Figure 3. FROM REFUSE TO ELECTRICITY
Figure 4. PICTORIAL VIEW OF THE ENTIRE PROCESS
12
2.1.3 WHAT IS METHANE?
Methane is a chemical compound with the chemical formula CH4 (one
atom of carbon and four atoms of hydrogen). It is a group 14 hydride
and the simplest alkane, and is the main component of natural gas.
The relative abundance of methane on earth makes it an attractive
fuel, though capturing storing it poses challenges due to its gaseous
state under normal conditions for temperature and pressure.
In its natural state, methane is found both below ground and under the
sea floor, when it finds its way to the surface and the atmosphere. It is
known as atmospheric methane. The earth’s atmospheric methane
concentration has increased by about 150% since 1750 and it accounts
for 20% of the total radiates forcing from all the long lived and
globally mixed greenhouse gases.( these gases don’t include water
vapour which is by far the largest component of the greenhouse
effect). Methane breaks down the atmosphere and creates CH3 with
water vapour.
UNDERSTANDING METHANE GAS
13
As the old saying goes, “the deeper you go into history,
the further you can see into the future”.
In November 1776, methane was first scientifically identified by an
Italian physicist called Alessandro Volta in the marshes of Lake
Maggiore straddling Italy and Switzerland. Volta was inspired to
search for the substance after reading a paper written by Benjamin
Franklin about ―flammable air‖. Volta captured the gas rising from
the marsh and by 1778 had isolated the pure gas. He also
demonstrated means to ignite the gas with an electric spark.
The name ―methane‖ was coined in 1866 by the German August
Wilhelm Von Hoffman.
Figure 5 AUGUST VON HOFFMAN
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF METHANE
AS A RESOURCEFUL GAS
August Hoffman was a German chemist. After
studying under Justin Von Liebig at the University of
Giessen, Hoffman became the first director of the
Royal College of Chemistry in London, in 1845. In
both London and Berlin , Hoffman recreated the
style of laboratory institution established by Liebig
at Giessen, fostering a school of chemistry focused
on experimental organic chemistry and its industrial
applications.
14
Figure 6 ALEXANDRO VOLTA
Figure 7 BENJAMIN FRANKLIN
Above are the pioneers of the discovery of methane gas. Please do well to read more on these fine
gentlemen from old. There’s so much untapped wisdom you can learn from them.
Alexandro Volta was an Italian physicist,
chemist and a pioneer of electricity and
power, who is credited as the inventor of the
ELECTRICAL BATTERY and the
discoverer of methane. He lived from 18
February 1745- 5 March 1827.
Benjamin Franklin was one of the founding
fathers of the United States of America.
Franklin was a leading author, printer, political
theorist, politician, freemason, postmaster,
scientist, inventor, civic activist, statesman and
a diplomat. He was an avid chess player as
well.
15
THE DOWNSIDES OF METHANE GAS
1. FLAMMABLE AND TOXIC: Methane gas can be tremendously
dangerous in a case of a leakage. Such a leakage may lead to fires and
explosions. The gas us highly toxic when inhaled into the human faculty.
Due to the gas being odorless, unless some form of odorant has been
added to the gas, it will pose great danger. So for this reason methane gas
must be suffused with odorants, so that in the event of any leakage,
detection of the gas is easy, so immediate and appropriate actions can be
taken. Underground leakages pose the most threat, since odorants become
weaker, so the gas may go undetected, thereby making residents very
helpless.
2. ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE: Carbon dioxide is known to man
to cause global warming and climatic change, methane gas on the hand is
cleaner as far as its byproducts are concerned but leakage of methane gas
can cause serious consequences as methane is more toxic than carbon
dioxide. Hence its climatic and global warming effects may be very
devastating to the environment.
3. EXPENSIVE INSTALLATION: The infrastructure involved in
the production of the methane an alternative energy resource is fairly
expensive. This includes separate plumbing systems, specialized tanks,
specialized garbage trucks and a very strong pipeline to transport the
methane. And even including man power which fairly expensive
expenditure.
4. COMPLEX PROCESSING: In terms of using methane as a fuel,
the major issue is that from the landfill, the methane gas harvested
contains other gases which are a form of impurities which include other
hydrocarbons (i.e. ethane, propane, butane, pentane, etc.), helium, carbon
dioxide, hydrogen and nitrogen which involve complex processes to
extract these gases in order to obtain the pure methane gas.
DOWNSIDES OF USING METHANE GAS
16
1. :
Methane gas when harvested and treated properly
under the right conditions can be fed into gas turbines
in order to produce electricity. Electricity generated
from these gas turbines can be used to power
thousands of homes, companies, hotels, churches and
any other structure that requires electricity in order to
run. The amount of electricity produced will be
directly proportional to the amount of methane gas that
is harvested. Therefore with all this being said and
looking at the rate at which waste is produced on a
daily basis I think that methane gas will be a perfect
alternative source of generating electricity, which will
in the long term curb our electricity problems as a
community and a country at large.
2. : If you have
ever stood in a long cue waiting to fill your gas at the
gas filling station, and at the end of the day, those in
charge announce that the gas is finished, you’ll know
how important gas is .Methane gas can be used as an
alternative gas source in the community. The gas
harvested from the landfill sites goes through a process
known as pyrolysis in order to produce the appropriate
form of methane gas for human use. The flame
UPSIDES OF USING METHANE GAS
17
produced from methane gas is clean and ecofriendly
since it’s by product and carbon emission is less than
the conventional gas we use. It can be used in the
kitchen for cooking, boiling and grilling. It burns
faster than the conventional gas, so hence you save
time and energy in the kitchen.
3. Methane gas can be
liquefied and used to fuel vehicles. An advanced
country such the United States, use a liquefied form of
methane gas to fuel the fleet of garbage trucks they
have in their cities. So in turn the garbage is actually a
fuel resource. I honestly don’t see why we as a
community and a country at large can’t follow such a
great initiative.
4. In spite of all the downsides which can clearly be
controlled and prevented, the entire process of
producing, transporting and making use of methane
gas provides an energy efficiency which is best among
all fossil fuels. It also proves to be less harmful to the
environment when it comes to pollution.
18
2.2 Map Preparation
My warmest appreciation goes to the Google mapping platform. Through this platform I
managed to prepare three (3) maps. These maps depict the entire Sakumono province with a
demarcation in red being the Sakumono estate, which happens to be the high income area,
with what surrounds it being the low income region. The final map shows the location of
Tema Metropolitan Assembly waste management department and the various landfill sites
that serve as dumping sites for most parts of the Greater Accra Region, with the Kpong
landfill site being the main landfill site for the Sakumono province.
MAP 1 SHOWS THE SAKUMONO ESTATE DEMACATED IN PURPLE AND ITS
SURROUNDING ENVIRONS
MAP PREPARATION
19
MAP 2 SHOWS WITH A BIT MORE DETAIL THE DEMACATION OF THE
SAKUMONO PROVINCE WITH A LIGHT SHADE OF MAROON
MAP 3 THE RED AND WHITE CIRCLES SHOW THE VARIOUS LANDFILL
SITES IN TH GREATER ACCRA REGION
20
The data collected was achieved by mainly obtaining primary data from the
Waste management department of the TMA and Zoomlion Ghana Limited,
Tema branch. Individuals in the Sakumono community also gave their
contributions. Secondary data as well was put together from books, published
articles, and governmental publications and mainly from the internet. Several
questionnaires were administered to most parts of the community to mainly find
out whether the garbage should be used to produce methane gas as an
alternative source of energy to the community. And also, one interesting
assessment that was made was whether churches should be made to contribute
to waste management as their quota to the community instead of paying taxes to
the government.
Through field study, face-to-face interviews and questionnaire survey, the
primary data for my report was collected. Firstly, I developed a questionnaire to
take into account all the vital variables to find out what the people thought about
the current waste management system and inquired their thoughts on how best
they think the waste in the Sakumono community can be managed to their
benefit. In doing all this I managed to educate the people on the importance and
benefits of separating their garbage into organics and inorganics and the likes.
Also, I made aware of the benefits methane gas and what they will be deriving
from it. The second part was targeted at collecting demographic data (number of
people living in a single house and how much garbage they produce on a daily
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
21
bases, same for restaurants, hotels, schools and the likes). All this in a nut shell
provided me with an estimation of the amount of waste produced in the
Sakumono community.
The second data collection focused on the level of collection, sources of the
operational funds, status of logistics and the problems confronting their
operations. All this was collected from the Waste Management Authorities
(Zoomlion Waste Management Authorities and TMA to be precise). This was
done through personal interviews and a few of their records data. This
information included type of waste and composition, waste collection, the
supposed volume generated versus the volume that is collected. This also
included the existing methods of waste disposal, the activities of that occur on
their landfill site and what they thought about the harvesting of methane gas and
what might hinder them from taking up a project of that sort.
SPSS, fully known as Statistical Package Social Science is a comprehensive and
flexible statistical analysis and data management solution employed in
analyzing the questionnaire for the report. By using this, data obtained from the
questionnaire were examined to check completeness, accuracy and consistency
of response. Statistical pie charts were constructed for easy discussion and
interpretation of data. This software is available on windows, Macintosh and
computer science, UNIX as well.
22
3.1 The Study Area
The study was conducted in the Sakumono community of the Tema Metropolis in the Greater Accra
Region of Ghana. Map 4 The map of the study area with the Sakumono estate being the high
income area of Sakumono demarcated with the purple line.
Sakumono was originally a small fishing village on a lagoon with what we have as the
Sakumono estate being a cemetery and a large farming site for the indigenous folks of the
place. The government during that time surveyed the land and realized how vast this
cemetery and farming lands were and decided to develop the land for a different course, thus,
settlement. Among those settlement included the MPs flats and the SSNIT flats. Major
industries in Tema such as GHACEM, NTHC and TDC also decided to build estate housing
for their workers who lived in faraway places to have an effective and faster transport in
order to save the time spent on transportation to work. Most of the indigenes live close to the
lagoon and the sea, and these areas are where you find most of the low income residents of
the community. As far as waste management is concerned these indigenes are not in any way
serviced by the garbage trucks of the TMA. So what happens is they end up creating their
dumpsites around and burning them, some even go as far as dumping their refuse in the
Sakumono lagoon and in the sea as well. Reggiemanuel Grey, a Real Estate Development
DISCUSSION OF
RESULTS
23
Company among a few, has estate houses in the community and are still working on building
more estate homes for the community as well.
When it comes to healthcare in the community, there are 3 major private hospitals with a
community hospital, 1 dental clinic and 1 more clinic for optical issues. The basic educational
services are second to none, with the likes of Queensland International School and Fountain
Head International, with 2 major basic schools, thus Holy Child Basic School run by the
Corpus Christi Catholic Church in the Community and the Sakumono Complex School run
by the government of the country just to mention a few. All the known orthodox churches
have branches in the community, in addition to up and coming private churches. There is also
a major mosque and little mosques for those of the Islamic faith.
As far as recreational facilities go, there are 2 football fields, which some private churches
use as worship and praying grounds. Mostly on Sunday, quite a number of the vibrant male
youth of the community who have taking likings to basketball have a basketball competition
at FRIDAYs, an entertainment center with a huge gymnasium for workout, weight loss and
keeping fit. There are 2 hotels, numerous guest houses, and lodges. Also there exist 2
supermarkets and numerous mini shops in the community.
From the Ghana Statistical Service, the population of the Sakumono community is . Out
of 25 communities in the TEMA metropolitan, it is the 13th
community. Over 90% of the
settlements in the Sakumono community enjoy electricity supply and a similar proportion has
access to purified and portable drinking water by means of a pipe borne water system.
24
The survey was aimed to discover how feasible the entire project was going to be. The
questionnaires that were administered were designed to mainly obtain the following
information; the estimated amount of waste generated by the Sakumono community and if
this amount of waste produced will produce enough methane gas which in turn will be fed
into gas turbines to not only supply gas but to produce enough electric power to power the
entire community. I also gathered data on whether the residents of the community were
satisfied with the gas and electricity services they were being provided with currently. I also
discovered whether the residents had knowledge on methane gas and how it can be generated
with the waste they produce. How most of the residence disposed of their refuse in order to
know how much resources we were losing to improper ways of disposing refuse.
The face to face interviews I had with some TMA officials were aimed at the following; to
find out why they haven’t taken up such a project to use our waste as a resource rather than
an end product. Problems the TMA faces when it comes to waste management. How much
the government invests into the waste management sector as a whole? Then I delve further to
look at the long term prospects of the project when it’s taken up. And in the final analysis, the
estimated amount of the entire project and alternative through waste management of the
Sakumono community and the entire country at large can be financed.
Per the findings gathered, 60% of the community disposes waste using garbage trucks while
the remaining 40% burn, dump it anywhere or pour them into gutters and drains. The
problem with the burning is the environmental hazards it causes and also pouring of the waste
into gutters and drains cause huge flood problems during the rainy season. My main concern
is the amount of wasteful resource we will be losing to the 40% that do not use the garbage
trucks for disposal. Most of the residents also produce food waste which decay faster than the
other forms of waste, hence will be very good for the generation of methane gas. The amount
of waste being produced continues to grow at an alarming rate, to me this is a really good
thing provided we can find a feasible way to manage it we can produce enough methane gas
to power the community. The community generally produces enough waste to harvest
methane as a form of gas and electricity; hence this project is very feasible and possible.
Below are various pie charts to simplify the data that was gathered and give a really good
understanding of the project and how possible it is.
DISCUSSION ON THE FINDINGS
25
67%
23% 10%
WILL THE METHANE GAS HARVESTED BE ENOUGH TO POWER THE ENTIRE
COMMUNITY
YES
NO
MAYBE
60%
30%
10%
IS HARVESTING METHANE FROM LANDFILL SITES FEASIBLE?
YES
NO
NO IDEA
26
11%
89%
DO YOU KNOW WHAT METHANE GAS IS AND HOW IT IS GENERATED
YES NO
25%
5%
60%
5% 5%
HOW DO YOU DISPOSE YOUR GARBAGE
BURNING
REUSE AND RECYCLE
GARBAGE TRUCKS
DUMP IT ANYWHERE
POUR THEM IN GUTTERS ANDDRAINS
27
60%
40%
DECAYABLE AND NON DECAYABLES PRODUCED IN THE COMMUNITY
DECAYABLES
NON-DECAYABLES
28
Geological engineering is the application of geological knowledge to the siting, design,
constructions, operation and maintenance of civil engineering structures and facilities. It is
one of the growing fields of engineering reflecting society’s developing interest in the
stewardship of the environment, managing risk and creating a safer world
Engineering geologists are concerned with the detailed technical analysis of earth material
and the risk assessment of geological hazards. Their role is to ensure that geological factors
affecting engineering works are identified and dealt with.
They assess the integrity of soil, rock, groundwater and other natural conditions prior to
major construction projects. They advise on procedures required for such developments and
the suitability of appropriate construction materials.
Engineering geologists are also involved with analysing sites and designs for environmentally
sensitive developments, such as landfill sites. By monitoring development areas and
analysing ground conditions, they ensure that structures can be secure in the short and long
term.
The term engineering geologist encompasses a range of roles and can be applied to many
different sectors within the industry. It is only after working for a few years, and seeing how
each department works, that engineering geologists are clear about which area they want to
work in.
The field of geological engineering encompasses a wide range of activities including
geological characterization of complex foundations of major buildings and structures,
development of natural resources( mining, water hydroelectricity forestry, oil and gas),
investigation and assessment of groundwater and quality, the engineering safety of major
infrastructures(dams, reservoirs, offshore drilling platforms, pipelines road and railways) and
assessment of geo hazard risks(landslides, earthquakes, volcanoes, and the stability of natural
dams).
WHAT ENGINEERING GEOLOGY IS ALL ABOUT
29
:
It is the science concerned with the practical application of principles of geology in solving
environmental problems. It seeks to prevent contamination of soil and ground water by
determining geologically safe locations for new landfills, coal ash disposal sites and nuclear
power plant. It helps the planning of underground waste disposal. For example companies in
certain industries dispose of chemical-laden waste water by pumping it deep underground. In
addition, environmental geologist helps clean up contamination of chemicals spill. It is under
this discipline that structure of soil and rock, along with the flow of groundwater are
examined in order to determine the extent and distribution of contaminants underground. The
profession helps plan new mines to make them as safe for the environment as possible (―How
to become an environmental geologist‖, n.d.)
It is a branch of geology concerned with water occurring underground or on the surface of the
earth. It is the science that deals with the study of distribution, flow of quality water
underground (as opposed to hydrology which primarily concerned with surface water). It
involves:
Interpreting technical data and information from maps and historical documents to
build a conceptual model of groundwater flow and quality;
Designing and completing an investigation which may include environmental
measurement and sampling or an ongoing monitoring regime, in order to confirm or
develop the model;
Using modeling techniques to enable predictions to be made about future trends and
impact on groundwater flow and quality.
30
:
It is the science of geology that integrates the principles of chemistry, physics and biology to
study the earth processes and dynamics. In other words, it refers to the study of the chemical
composition of the earth and it rocks and minerals. It examines the distribution of chemical
elements in rocks and minerals, as well as the movement of these elements into soil and water
systems. Thus it covers a broad range of topic such as plate tectonics, groundwater flow,
igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks, mineralogy, structural geology and geophysics.
Understanding the chemical composition of rocks helps environmental management
companies decide how to dispose of hazardous or toxic substances; steers mining companies
towards use of natural resources with a minimum environmental impacts; also enables
scientist put together broad-based theories about the way the earth.(Stack & Taillefert, n.d)
Engineering geology encompasses engineering, geotechnical work and site investigation and
daily tasks can include:
Consulting geological maps and aerial photographs to advice on site selection;
Assisting with the design of built structures, using specialised computer software or
calculations;
Collating data and producing reports;
Overseeing the progress of specific contracts;
Planning detailed field investigations by drilling and analysing samples of deposits/bedrock;
Supervising site and ground investigations;
Making visits to new project sites;
Advising on and testing a range of construction materials, for example sand, gravel, bricks
and clay;
Making recommendations on the proposed use of a site and providing information;
Advising on problems such as subsidence;
31
Managing staff, including other engineering geologists, geotechnical engineers,
consultants and contractors;
Geology is divided into several fields, which can be grouped under the major headings of
physical and historical geology.
Physical geology includes mineralogy, the study of the chemical composition and structure of
minerals; petrology, the study of the composition and origin of rocks; geomorphology, the
study of the origin of landforms and their modification by dynamic processes; geochemistry,
the study of the chemical composition of earth materials and the chemical changes that occur
within the earth and on its surface; geophysics, the study of the behaviour of rock materials in
response to stresses and according to the principles of physics; sedimentology, the science of
the erosion and deposition of rock particles by wind, water, or ice; structural geology, the
study of the forces that deform the earth's rocks and the description and mapping of deformed
rock bodies; economic geology, the study of the exploration and recovery of natural
resources, such as ores and petroleum; and engineering geology, the study of the interactions
of the earth's crust with human-made structures such as tunnels, mines, dams, bridges, and
building foundations.
Historical geology deals with the historical development of the earth from the study of its
rocks. They are analysed to determine their structure, composition, and interrelationships and
are examined for remains of past life. Historical geology includes palaeontology, the
systematic study of past life forms; stratigraphy, of layered rocks and their interrelationships;
paleogeography, of the locations of ancient land masses and their boundaries; and geologic
mapping, the superimposing of geologic information upon existing topographic maps.
Historical geologists divide all time since the formation of the earliest known rocks (c.4
billion years ago) into four major divisions—Precambrian time and the Palaeozoic,
Mesozoic, and Cainozoic eras. Each, except the Cainozoic, ended with profound changes in
the disposition of the earth's continents and mountains and was characterized by the
emergence of new forms of life (see geologic timescale). Broad cyclical patterns, which run
through all historical geology, include a period of mountain and continent building followed
by one of erosion and, in turn, by a new period of elevation
32
3.2.2 Application of Knowledge
For a project of this magnitude, geological engineering plays a very vital role. The focal point
of the engineering geologist in this project is to select a site for the construction of landfills
where methane gas can be harvested and used to produce gas and generate electricity without
any adverse effect whatsoever to the environment and its inhabitants. If the wrong site is
selected for a landfill where methane gas can be harvested it will pose great harm to the
environment, hence increasing pollution and may even cause explosions to occur. With that
being said, the waste management company or whoever is investing in the project will make
a great loss if engineering geologists are not consulted because no other profession
understands the earth and how it relates to human activities more than the geologist.
The application of geological engineering to waste management problems is very significant
with respect to site selection, design, and management of waste. The initial site selection
should take into account soils, and geomorphological and hydrological considerations, and
site investigations should be based on detailed geological mapping. Geological engineers
work with sophisticated equipment’s and techniques such as the seismic refraction technique
which is a powerful tool for the assessment of excavation conditions for feasibility study and
design, and the electrical resistivity techniques which are potentially useful for monitoring
changes in groundwater composition as a result of pollution. Increased awareness of the need
for pollution control means that hydro• geological investigations and the establishment of
groundwater monitoring systems are mandatory for the most suitable landfill sites to be
selected.
Geological assessment is based initially on geological mapping and knowledge of the inter-
relations of landscape, soils, and geology. Detailed evaluation of excavation characteristics
can most readily be made by geological mapping, seismic surveys, and drilling. For any
particular site, excavation depths might be variable, and the site has to be designed
accordingly. The possibility of groundwater pollution can be assessed by a study of the
groundwater regime, which involves drilling and testing of aquifers. Groundwater is regularly
monitored to determine the effects of the landfill operation, and to assess future requirements
for leachate disposal or treatment.
When it comes to the harvesting methane gas, many things could go wrong if the right site is
not selected. Let’s just say we select a site for the landfill and the composition of the earth of
the site consist of earth minerals that can suck up most of the methane gas into the earth, this
will drastically reduce the amount of methane gas produced and the amount of electricity
generated as well. Methane gas becomes very difficult to detect when it’s in the earth than
when it’s on land, hence any leakage in the earth can go undetected and this can cause a
massive explosion, so the skills and knowledge of geological engineering on the earth,
cutting edge techniques can be adopted to detect or even avoid the leakage of methane gas in
the earth on which the landfill site is selected.
APPLICATION OF KNOWLEDGE
33
4.1
Without any iota of doubt, methane gas is a very resourceful gas that can be obtained from
our daily waste. This gas when harvested properly will serve as an important alternative
solution to the energy crisis us as a community and a country at large face. All this can be
achieved by adopting a more effective waste management strategy and technique, and also
investing in waste management we will be sure to generate enough electricity and sufficient
gas for human consumption.
Clearly there is tremendous value in taking unwanted resource and converting them into
valuable energy commodities while reducing our dependency on traditional energy sources.
Finally we can clean up the earth and nurse Mother Nature back to health.
So next time you leave your bin outside of your house for collection take a moment to ponder
the incredible journey it is about to take. And remember everything you don’t want can be
turned into something you need.
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
34
Looking at the current waste management situation, the system has not created
enough room to adapt to future pressure, which is the indefinite increase in the
volume of waste generated due to the increase in the population of the
community and the country at large. I believe that the waste that ends up in our
landfill sites by designing and constructing an ultramodern garbage recycling
and sorting center, will be drastically reduced. This center will sort out the
various forms of waste we produce on a daily basis into metals, plastics, paper
and glass for major recycling projects. The metals can be supplied to the
Kantanka group which is the only company that produces vehicles in the
country currently; unfortunately most Ghanaians will prefer to drive a Bentley
continental Gt or a Nissan 370z than a car produced by the Kantanka group. So
what I suggest is that the metals supplied can be used as part of the production
of ultra-modernly designed garbage trucks that will not only be supplied in
Ghana but exported to other African countries with waste issues as well, these
garbage trucks will be environmentally friendly as opposed to the current
garbage trucks which are in a very deteriorating state. The paper waste could be
recycled and used to manufacture more books, cardboards, paper bags,
newspapers and examination papers for students as well. With this alone you
will be reducing deforestation in the country at large, and save our timber and
mahogany for future posterity. Awareness needs to be created in order for
people to understand the essence of separating their waste. This can be done to
make people aware of how waste can be a very vital resource for the production
of gas and electricity, which tend to be very huge problems when they are not
available to the people. The media, I believe has more power to create
awareness to the people than any other platform, but what do we see, the media
just focuses mainly on political issues which doesn’t do much for the country. I
think it’s high time the media took a different turn, in mainly educating
individuals on how best we can grow a better and richer mentality for people of
this country.
We need to start adopting the lifestyle and mentality of the advanced countries.
I always tend to ask myself, ―What do the advanced countries practice that
makes them richer and clearly better than us?‖ There are 196 countries in the
world, 25 of them are very rich, defined as having a GDP of $100,000 annually,
35
but far more countries are quite poor and some are extremely poor. Ghana as a
country is not too far from the extremely poor countries. Every country is on the
path to growth, but the poor ones are growing very slowly at a snail pace.
Statistics have shown that, if a country like Zimbabwe continues at its current
rate it will become a rich country with a GDP of $100,000 in the year 2722. So
you can only imagine where a country like Ghana will find itself, it will
definitely be better than Zimbabwe but still not good enough. So why do other
countries prosper while others like Ghana seem to be stagnant. I believe that
when we understand what the rich countries are doing right, we as a country can
adopt their methods so we can jump most of our challenging heddles and face
our pressing issues.
We need water tight institutions with a zero tolerance for corruption,
embezzlement and nepotism. Institutions that manage the countries affairs are
beyond important. Broadly speaking rich countries have good and well-
structured institutions where as an African country such as ours is on the other
hand filled with institutions that are not so effective because they produce less
impact to the community. The correlation between a poor system and corruption
is direct. The richest countries are invariably the least corrupt in the world, so if
not all most of the projects they undertake are fully completed by qualified
personals, who make sure that the budget for the project is strictly used for the
project and nothing else. I am most concerned about the issue of corruption
because I want this project to become a reality to impact the community I live in
and the county as a whole. So I recommend that qualified project managers,
geological engineers and other equally important professionals with a high
sense of integrity, discipline and passion will handle a project of this magnitude.
THANK YOU
36
Figure 8a copy of the endorsed letter of introduction
37
-
GLOSSARY
38
Waste Management Vol. 20, p p 633-638
(http://www.elsevier.nl/locate/wasman Accessed)
Down more M., Shepherd M., Andrew M., Barbara N. and Daniel J. (2016). Municipality Solid
waste (MSW) Management Challenges of Chinhoyi Town in Zimbabwe: Opportunities of Waste
Reduction and Recycling.
EGSSAA, (2009). Environmental Guidelines for Small-Scale Activities in Africa
http://www.encapafrica.org/EGSSAA/solid waste.pdf Accessed; March, 2011.
http://www.srv32.youtubeinmp4.com/download.php?r=E5eTotXP47vsRUwyeI4TBP3m7qMw0n4I
PYY%2Bwo3mbT08Vbljsq4dptin%2FKCOl247RQ%2Bk3LhMee8HSxK%2FCGmnvmNrQldSZ
D%2FJXxQV9q9OBfikUmJn9q7sEpS71awTQpT0BmQ1LUmLzhDrHLuU0%2FX7HHXxeF%2
Br48bu8WH36bBXbVU%3D
Ghana landfill guidelines: Best Practice Environmental Guidelines
Johannessen, L. M., and Boyer, G.. Observations of Solid Waste Landfills in Developing
Countries: Africa, Asia, and Latin America. Urban Development Division, Waste Management
Anchor Team, The World Bank.
Storage and Transportation of Solid Waste in Ghana. Integrated Waste Management.
In Tech 1, (978- 953-307-469-6)
A Balance between climate and waste composition – Barriers, Waste mechanics and landfill
Design; Volume III; Proceedings Sardinia 1999, Seventh International Waste Management and
Landfill Symposium
Geology for the economy www.geolsoc.org.uk/economy
Energy www.geolsoc.org.uk/energy
Shale Gas www.geolsoc.org.uk/shalegas
Carbon Capture and Storage www.geolsoc.org.uk/ccs
REFERENCES
39
Radioactive Waste www.geolsoc.org.uk/radioactivewaste
Water www.geolsoc.org.uk/water
www.geolsoc.org.uk/groundwater
Mineral Resources www.geolsoc.org.uk/minerals
www.geolsoc.org.uk/ree
Engineering the Future www.geolsoc.org.uk/engineering-the-future
Environmental Health www.geolsoc.org.uk/environmentalhealth
Valuing and protecting our environment www.geolsoc.org.uk/ecosystems
Geohazards www.geolsoc.org.uk/geohazards
Climate Change www.geolsoc.org.uk/climatechange
The Anthropocene www.geolsoc.org.uk/anthropocene
Communicating geology: time, uncertainty and risk www.geolsoc.org.uk/risk
Geology for the future www.geolsoc.org.uk/future
40
Aa
AS PART OF A COURSE REPORT REQUIREMENT OF THE COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING OF THE KWAME NKRUMAH UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY, THIS QUESTIONNAIRE IS ADMINISTERED TO CREATE AN
AWARENESS AND UNDERSTANDING OF HOW WASTE CAN BE USED AS A
BENEFICIAL RESOURCE TO THE COMMUNITY, USING ENGINEERING SKILLS
AND KNOWLEDGE.
WITH ALL HONESTY AND ACCURACY, KINDLY ANSWER THE QUESTIONS
BELOW.
PASS A SHORT DIAGONAL LINE THROUGH THE CIRCLE ( ) , OR FILL IN THE
BLANK SPACES WHERE APPLICABLE.
Date: MAY, 2016
1. Your Age
20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 above 60
2. Your Gender
Male Female
3. Highest level of education attained
Junior High School Senior High School Tertiary Other
4. Current Occupation
…………………………………………………………………………………
5. Current Salary Range
Below GHC 200 GHC 200 – GHC 600 GHC 600- GHC 950 GHC 950 - GHC
1500 above GHC 1500
6. Do you sort out garbage before disposal?
Yes No
7. Which part of the Sakumono community do you reside?
………………………………………………………………………………….
APPENDIX
×
×
× ×
× × × ×
× × × ×
×
× ×
41
8. How many people live in the same house with you?
. Number of adults Number of children
9. What kind of waste do you usually generate?
(YOU ARE ENTITLED TO PICK MORE THAN 1)
Plastic Metal
Paper Food waste (fruit, vegetable peels and tins) .
Yard waste Glass
10. Which of the above mentioned waste types is generated most?
Plastic Metal
Paper Food waste
Yard waste Glass
11. Are you satisfied with the waste management system provided currently?
Yes No
12. Are you satisfied with the current electricity services being provided currently?
Yes No
13. Are you satisfied with the gas services being provided currently?
Yes No
14. Would you like an alternative source of Electricity in addition to the current supply?
Yes No
15. Is there any waste collection service provided by the Municipality or Private Business
holders?
Yes No
16. In case it is not by the government, which body or mechanism is responsible?
Truck pushers
Zoomlion Ghana Ltd
Private Trucks
×
×
× ×
×
×
× ×
× ×
× ×
× ×
× ×
× ×
× ×
× ×
×
×
×
42
Other…………………………
17. If you have no collection service at all, how do you dispose of your waste?
A Common Community Waste Bin
Burning
Gutters
Dumpsite
18. Did you know that waste can be used to generate gas and electricity
. Yes No
19. Do you know about methane gas and how it is can be generated?
Yes No
20. Is harvesting Methane gas from landfill sites feasible?
YES NO
21. Have you heard of the tax bill that the government wants to place on churches?
YES NO
22. Do you think the churches should pay taxes?
YES NO
23. Instead of paying taxes, should the churches be made to finance waste management
projects as their contribution to the environment and the community as a whole?
YES NO
24. If the collection of waste does not come on, what do you do with your household waste?
Burning
Dumping in nearby bush
Gutter
Burying in backyard
Other ……..….… …………. …………. …….
× ×
×
× ×
×
× ×
× ×
×
×
×
×
×
× ×
×
×
×
×
43
25. Do you strongly think that a project which involves generating gas and electricity from
the waste we produce would be a good idea to invest in?
YES NO
26. Is there any unauthorized dumpsite in your community?
YES NO
27. Do you think we should have separate trucks for the different types of waste we produce?
YES NO
28. Do you think we need more landfill sites and extra garbage trucks?
YES NO
29. Do you think we need newly designed garbage trucks that will seal in the odor produced
from the waste collected thereby preventing air pollution?
YES NO
30. Kindly fill in the blank space below with any suggestion, contribution or addition you
have.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………....
MY WARMEST THANK YOU!
× ×
× ×
× ×
× ×
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