TheTRANS-MISSISSIPPI WEST
The LAST WESTPost Civil War
THE “Last” WEST or Trans-Mississippi West.
Federal Government Legislation during the Civil WarEnd of Reconstruction - 1877All Federal troops withdrawn from the SouthArmy sent WEST to protect miners, farmers, ranchersClash with American Indians in the WestLegendary Wild West
The West
Push FactorsCrowding back EastDisplaced farmersFormer slavesEastern farmland expensiveEthnic and religious repression in EuropeHaven for outlaws
Pull FactorsGovernment incentives
Pacific Railway ActMorrill Land-Grant ActHomestead Act
Private PropertyMinersRanchersFarmers
GO WEST, YOUNG MAN!
The Myth of the Frontier“Manifest Destiny”Civil War overAdventureResourcesWealth (Gold, Cattle, Land)
The Natural Environment of the West, 1860s (p. 458 - Henretta 5th ed.)
page784-85.jpg
7
Settlement of the Trans-Mississippi West, 1860–1890
Settlement of the West: 1870-1890 (with boundaries of states added in that time period)
Railroads
Pacific Railway Acts
1862, 1864Large land grants to Union Pacific RR and Central Pacific RR175 million acres
Federal Land Grants to Railroads: 1850-1900
Union Pacific RR (Omaha, NE)
Union Pacific Railroads today
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Central Pacific RR - Sacramento, CA
Leland Stanford - one of the founders of Central Pacific RR
Transcontinental RRUnion Pacific (Omaha, NE)Central Pacific (Sacramento, CA)Started building in 1863Connected East and West coasts via RRConnected at Promontory Point, UT May 1869Golden Spike
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Transcontinental RR - 1869
Railroad Companies Advertisements
RR companies advertised to draw settlers to their “extra” lands given in the government grantsRR companies = very wealthy in late 19th century
Western Trunk Lines, 1887 (p. 461 Henretta 5th ed.)
American Indians
Conflict on the Great Plains: 1860-1900
Buffalo Bill’s Wild West Show (p. 463)
22
Major Indian-White Clashes in the West
Map 16.4 The Indian Frontier, to 1890 (p. 470)
Indian Wars, 1860–1890
Indian Wars and Government Policy
N.A. lived on traditional lands W. of MississippiN. A. viewed settlers as invaders, Settlers took land from N. A.
(Settlers vs. N.A. = invaders vs. owners)
Gov’t treaties forced N. A. onto reservationsSettlers ignored treatiesActs of violence led to cycles of revenge. Both sides guilty.
Brutality, Unfulfilled Promises, and Butchery
Treaties:Medicine Lodge Treaty of 1867Fort Laramie Treaty (1868)
Most Indians angered by the treatiesBy 1868, war parties were raiding cities in Kansas and ColoradoIn response, army troops killed any Indians who refused to stay on reservations
Map 17.2: Western Indian Reservations, 1890
Chief Joseph - Nez Perce
Geronimo - Apache
The Dead at Wounded Knee (p. 472)
Sand Creek (1864)
•US army massacredCheyenne, ArapahoeOlder men, women, And children.•Eastern Colorado
Little Bighorn (1876)Army moved to assault roaming Sioux in 1876600 troops marched on Little Bighorn River
Custer separated his men and sent half of his forces straight into battleThis group and the rest were wiped out by Cheyenne and Sioux
Defeat angered the army who became even more ruthless
Tepee Liner (p. 459)
An Indian warriors view of the Little Bighorn
General George Armstrong Custer
General in the Civil WarInfamous Indian fighter during the Sioux WarsSent to find gold in Black HillsDefeated in the Battle of Little Bighorn (1876)Defeat angered the army who became even more ruthless
Sitting BullLeader of Sioux band around Little Bighorn RiverAllied with other Sioux bands and leaders (Crazy Horse, etc.)Refused to go onto government designated reservationsHelped defeat Custer and US Army at Little Bighorn in 1876Surrendered in 1880sTraveled with Buffalo Bill’s Wild West Show
Battle of the Little Bighorn (Custer’s Last Stand)
The Little Bighorn today
Wounded Knee Creek (1890)
Ghost Dance - Movement among Plains tribes (led by prophet Wovoka) -- hoped to restore Native tribes to traditional ways and powerDecember 29, 1890
Seventh cavalry was sent to round up Indians at Wounded Knee in Dakota territory Indian fired a shot (accidental or excited?)Army massacred over 300 Indians
Effectively ended Indian resistance on the Great Plains
Wounded Knee, SD (1890)
“Saving” the Indians: Assimilation
Americans increasingly disagreed with Government Indian reservation policies
The Women’s National Indian Rights AssociationCentury of Dishonor by Helen Hunt Jackson
Breaking up reservations and assimilating the Indians into society was best
Created Indian Boarding Schools for youth“Kill the Indian, Save the Man”Vocational Training (jobs)Religious Training (Christianity)
Dawes Severalty Act (1887)Gave individuals acreages
of land and made them citizens of the U.S.
East meets West
Genoa, NE Indian School
Indian SchoolsGenoa, NECarlisle, PAHaskell, KSMany in Oklahoma and the Dakotas
Before and After
Jim Thorpe - Carlisle Indian School
American IndianBorn in OklahomaPottawattamie/Sauk - Fox TribesCarlisle, PA Indian SchoolGreatest Athlete of the 20th CenturyFootball, Baseball, Track and Field, Basketball. Et.
Dawes ActIndian Homestead Act - 1887Another attempt to assimilate Indians
QuickTime™ and aSorenson Video 3 decompressorare needed to see this picture.
Oklahoma Land Rush (1889)
Oklahoma was “Indian Territory” given to the five civilized tribesSided with the Confederacy -- Federal government took land as punishment2 million acres free for settlementFree land was considered instant prosperityBoomers - Those seeking free landSooners - Those “squatting” on the land before it was legal.
49
The Oklahoma Land Rush, 1889–1906
Map 16.5 The Sioux Reservations in South Dakota, 1868-1889 (p. 471)
By 1900…Most Indians driven onto reservationsReduced from 1/4 million to 1 hundred thousandNative American culture still survives and has made a comeback in 21st century
American Agriculture in 1900
Cattle Trails
Average Annual Precipitation
Homesteads from the Public Lands (acreage legally transferred to private ownership)
The Mining and Cattle Frontiers, 1860–1890
57
Map 16.6 The Mining Frontier, 1848-1890 (p. 474)
Map 16.7 The Settlement of the Pacific Slope, 1860-1890 (p. 477)
Figure 16.1 Freight Rates for Transporting Nebraska Crops (p. 469)
The Yo-Hamite Falls (1855) (p. 456)
Cowboys on the Open Range (p. 464)
Mexican Miners (p. 479)
19_4.jpg
19_5.jpg
19_7.jpg
19_8.jpg
19_9.jpg
19_10.jpg
19_11.jpg
19_16.jpg
19_19.jpg
19_23.jpg
19_24.jpg
19_26.jpg
19_28.jpg
19_29.jpg
19_30.jpg
19_31.jpg
19_36.jpg
19_38.jpg
page765.jpg
page787.jpg
Top Related