The sustainable use approach, communities and wildlife trade.
New economic rules for a crowded planet Brian Child BEYOND
ENFORCEMENT: Communities, governance, incentives and sustainable
use in combating wildlife crime February 26-28th Glenburn Lodge,
Muldersdrift, South Africa
Slide 2
Demographic expansion into drylands and forests with domestic
resources is not working economically or for wild species Areas
used only recently Areas predicted to be hard hit by climate
change
Slide 3
Semi-Desert Dryland SavannaAgricultural ZoneForests and
mountains Simple Commodity economy crop agriculture crop
agriculture Profitability of Land Use Bio-experience economy Wild
Resources Ecosystem Services Agricultural Sweet Spot Expansion of
people into forests since 1900 Expansion of people into drylands
When simple meets complex Simple, domestic (owned) commodity
production systems Complex wild (non- owned) systems
Slide 4
Smil, V. (2011). "Harvesting the Biosphere: The Human Impact."
Population and Development Review 37(4): 613-636. MtC 1900 2000
Domestic (owned) animals are replacing wild (un- owned) species
4.5X half Even when wild resources are inherently more
valuable
Slide 5
London Convention (1900, 1933), Theodore Roosevelt (c1900)
Threat: market hunting at the frontier of European expansion
Response: 1. Protected Areas 2. Ban commercial uses of wildlife 3.
Centralize control of wildlife in the state No rights Policy
failures drive down price of wildlife +- 600- 700mm Bans on Use
Value Rainfall Wildlife Area Differential regulation / taxation
Wildlife Area
Slide 6
Removal of value of wildlife results in a new threat
replacement of wildlife by the plough and the cow Craigie, I. D.,
J. E. M. Baillie, A. Balmford, C. Carbone, B. Collen, R. E. Green
and J. M. Hutton (2010). "Large mammal population declines in
Africas protected areas." Biological Conservation 143: 2221-2228.
Cumming, D. H. M. and I. Bond (1991). Animal production in southern
Africa: Present practices and opportunities for peasant farmers in
arid lands. Multispecies Animal Production Systems Project Paper
No. 22`. Harare, WWF Multispecies Project: 142p. Wildlife
populations in parks in West, East and Southern Africa (1970-2005)
By 1980, over 90% of large mammal biomass in SADC is livestock
Slide 7
History of African wildlife policy and outcomes and the 1960s
transformation FRONTIER ECONOMY: White expansion into the interior
of Africa : 2 million animals slaughtered 3 extinctions, several
locally Cow and plough NATIONALISED WILDLIFE ECONOMY: London
Conventions Fauna & Flora 1900, 1933 Established protected
areas Established protected areas Centralised control of wildlife
Centralised control of wildlife Restricted commercial use
Restricted commercial use Conventional Conservation (in the mould
of London Convention) Sustainable Use Approach (radical changes to
London Convention) 1960 Domestic animals were ruining the country.
Why not crop the game? Multispecies must be better Use it or lose
it +
Slide 8
1960s Cropping (Scientists; failed) 1970-2000 1990s restocking
& major land transformation back to bio-experience economy
Tourism (and hunting) EVOLUTION OF PRIVATE CONSERVATION IN SOUTHERN
AFRICA Key to Wildlife Recovery and diversification Trophy
Hunting
Slide 9
Conservation PolicyLondon Convention 1900, 1933 Sustainable Use
Approach 1. Protected AreasEstablished to conserve Fauna &
Flora Conserve, but provide public goods suited to society (jobs,
economic growth) 2. Wildlife OwnershipCentralise in the
statePROPRIETORSHIP: Devolve to landholders / communities 3.
Commercial Use of Wildlife Restrict and/or banPRICE: Make as
valuable as possible (provided humane) But key to recovery of
wildlife not technical or ecological, not technical or ecological,
but carefully crafted legal / institutional measures that addressed
market failure but carefully crafted legal / institutional measures
that addressed market failure
Slide 10
No Hope Economy Wild resources replaced resources that are:
more valuable privately owned Frontier Economy Wild resources
decimated poaching unsustainable harvesting (tragedy of the
commons) Subsidised PA Economy (subsidized) Wildlife resources
conserved (often for non-financial reasons): Clear boundaries
(parks) Subsidised protection. Sustainable Use Approach Wild
resources conserved: they are valuable value is captured by
landholders and communities. low Price high weak Proprietorship
strong Proprietorship-Price Model - Price (0+0) 0+0 FLAWS 1.Lowers
incentives for conservation (habitat loss is the greatest threat)
2.How do you stop demand? 3.Shifting market into criminal hands
4.No information, no adaptive management + proprietorship P+P
CHALLENGES 1.Creating proprietorship is politically challenging
2.But it works
Slide 11
Price Proprietorship Hypothesis FAILING resource management
SUCCESSFUL Resource Management Threshold for Sustainability Price
Proprietorship Legal Rights, Policy Capacity, Awareness 1.Global
exchange (create wealth through specialization diversification and
exchange) 2.Open, competitive marketing 3.Remove differential
taxation and regulation 4.Private / individual benefit Right
(capacity) to: 1.Use / benefit from 2.Sell 3.Manage 4.Exclusion
(protect) Social foundation Village scouts National / global
policing support
Slide 12
CBNRM and its four challenges: 1.Price- Making wild resources
economically competitive 2.Proprietorship - devolve rights /
benefits to community 3.Micro-governance 4.Management (NRM,
community) Constituents Central Government Micro- governance Avoid
elite capture Ensure equitable benefit sharing Ensure informed
community participation 2 3 devolution Common pool wild resources
Benefits 1 Conserve 4 It has to be private (cash) benefits
Slide 13
CBNRM scale thresholds and the provision of public goods Rare
Successes Individual benefit Community-based management Multiple
Disappointments Public benefit Committee based management The rich
get richer and the poor get committees (Jon Anderson) Small,
participatory governance Large, representational governance
Slide 14
Conclusions Some simple rules (international compact?)
1.Devolve genuine land and resource proprietorship full retention
of income at household level village-based title (scale is
critical). 2.Require sound micro-governance with two objectives (to
avoid ubiquitous elite capture), i.e. Equitable benefit sharing,
Full participation in decision-making. 3.Remove of market
restrictions on uses that are sustainable. Make the case for
biodiversity, Dont lock it into local, low value,
subsistence/artisanal systems or illegal trade. Implications
Encourage trade where and only where use conforms to the above
criteria (e.g. CITES Discourage/disallow trade when it does not,
i.e. in open access resource situations.
Slide 15
addendums
Slide 16
Southern African Regional Commission for the Conservation and
Utilization of Soil (SARCCUS) Standing Committee for Nature
Conservation, Wildlife Utilization and Management (MUNC) A
Community of Practice that has been going for more than sixty years
(simultaneous Horizontal and Vertical learning) African Special
Project 1960-70s (FAO) Policy Maker Land holder
Slide 17
For Society (Economic) Economic Multipliers Vertical
Integration in Sector Profit to Land Economic Multipliers Vertical
Integration in Sector Profit to Land For Landholder (Financial)
Meat Hunting Tourism Ecological inputs Economic output Meat
Viability Economic output Beef commodity production Wildlife
bio-experience economy