Table of Contents• Geography
• People
• History
– Rise of Siad Barre
– Siad Barre and Dictatorship
– Ogaden War (1977-1978)
– Uprising in the NW (1978-1982)
– Overthrow of Siad Barre
– The Result
– More Violence in Somalia
– Effect of Turmoil
• United Nations Operation in Somalia I
• United Nations Operation in Somalia II
•Post UNISOM Somalia
•TNG and ICU
•ICU and Ethiopia
•TNG-ICU Conflict
•Ethiopian Invasion
•Islamist Groups
•Coalition Government
•Recent Occurrences
•Problems that the UN face in Somalia
•UN Role in Somalia
•Solutions
•Bibliography
Geography
Capital: MogadishuCoastline = 2,720 kmHorn of Africa
North hilly
Central & South flat
"Somalia Map - African Countries, Map of Somalia Facts Landforms - World Atlas." World Atlas including Geography Facts, Maps, Flags - Worldatlas.com. Web. 07 Jan. 2012. <http://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/africa/so.htm>.
People
60% = nomadic or semi-nomadic pastoralists (north)
25% = farmers who live mainly in the fertile agricultural zone (south)
15% = urban
"Understanding Somalia." MercatorNet: promoting human dignity. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 Jan. 2012. <http://www.mercatornet.com/articles/
" Somalia Tips." Somalia Tips. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 Jan. 2012. <http://somaliatips.files.wordpress.com
History Clans Imperialism (late 1800s)
Britain,Italy,France Independence (June 26th,1960)
United Republic of Somalia
Abdullahi Issa & Aden Abdullah Osman Daar
Abdirashid Ali Shermarke
History (cont.)
Assassination of President Sharmarke Army seizes power, 1969
General Siad Barre leads overthrow regime
Rise of Siad Barre
Scientific Socialism Marxism + Koranic interpretation
Expansionist Somali nationalism Homogenous, centralized nation-state
Unstable because of clans Attempted to reclaim territory from Ethiopia
Siad Barre's Dictatorship Supreme Revolutionary Council (SRC)
End "tribalism, nepotism, corruption, and misrule"
Aligned with Soviet Union National Security Services (NSS)
'Somali Gestapo' Clan favoritism
M.O.D (the Mareehaan, Ogaden and Dulbahante)
Ogaden War (1977-1978)
Ogaden region in Ethiopia Somali National Army
3 years after fall of Ethiopia’s Emperor Haile Sellasie
Soviet Union & Cuba alliance change Supported new Marxist Ethiopia Withdrew support from Barre
Ogaden War (1977-1978) cont.
Effects of the war 1983 → 1.3 million refugees in Somalia
Economy in the north Clan favoritism & resentment
Issaq clan Ogadeen clan
Uprising in the NW (1978-1982)
Majeerteen clan The Red Berets
Destroyed water reservoirs 2,000 Majeerteen died from thirst Violence against women/children
Overthrow of Siad Barre
Somali National Movement (SNM)
1979
Isaaq exiles 1980s → Ogadeen
refugees in (north) Isaaq clan territory
1988 SNM raided refugee camp
Barre = civilian assault
United States government provided $163.5 million to Barre
Lost Iranian ally
1979 revolution
Horn of Africa to Gulf oil shipping routes
Barre's army =120,000 troops
Overthrow of Siad Barre (cont.) United Somali Congress (USC)
1989 Hawiye clan exiles
Red Berets Violence against Hawiye and Isaaq clans
Bombing of Hargeisa, 2nd largest city, 70% destroyed, 400,000 fled to Ethiopia
January 27th,1991 → USC fought back Drove Siad Barre out of Mogadishu
The Result
Republic of Somaliland Somali National Movement (SNM) NW Mohammad Ibrahim Egal → “president of
Somaliland United Somali Congress (USC)
Seized Mogadishu Siad Barre dies in exile 4 years later →
Nigeria
More Violence in Somalia
USC has no plans for permanent government
No reconciliation between factions and armed groups
USC splits Muhammad Fara Aidid & Ali Mahdi
Mahdi → Somali Salvation Alliance (SSA) Declared himself “president of Somalia”
More Violence in Somalia (cont.)
Somali National Front (SNF) Siad Barre's supporters
Guerbaharre
1991 → 6 months open combat between groups
September 1991 → USC dominated, more street fighting in Mogadishu
Effects of Turmoil
Government & civil society decayed Food distribution collapsed Drought exacerbated the effects
Famine in south 1992, international aid
80% food shipments looted by armed groups & government
The United Nations decides to intervene
United Nations Operation in Somalia I (April 1992 - March 1993)
Monitor cease fire
Escort delivery of humanitarian supplies
Resolution 751 (1992)
Mission strengthens
Resolution 767 (1992)
Operational zones: Berbera, Bossasso, Mogadishu and Kismayo
Military of 750 units, all ranks Worked with United Task Force (UNITAF)
Resolution 794 (1992): “All means necessary”
24 countries led by the USA
UNOSOM I (cont.)
100-Day Action Plan
massive infusion of food aid
aggressive expansion of supplementary feeding
provision of basic health services and mass measles immunization
urgent provision of clean water, sanitation and hygiene
provision of shelter materials, blankets and clothes
simultaneous delivery of seeds, tools and animal vaccines with food rations
prevention of further refugee outflows
institution-building and rehabilitation of civil society.
Factions shelled and hijacked supply ships and vehicles
Reconciliation
January 1993, meeting convened by the Secretary-General
14 Somali political movements agreed on a ceasefire
pledged to hand over all weapons to UNITAF and UNOSOM
General Agreement of 8 January 1993
Agreement On Implementing The Cease-fire And On Modalities Of Disarmament
Agreement On The Establishment Of An Ad Hoc Committee
The Conference on National Reconciliation in Somalia (March 1993)
leaders of 15 political movements endorsed an accord on disarmament, reconstruction and the formation of a transitional government.
Transition to UNOSOM II
Supplanted UNITAF To help ensure a secure environment in
Somalia Rebuild and reestablish
Infrastructure Economy
Chapter VII, Resolution 814 (1993)
UNOSOM II (March 1993 - March 1995)
Transition of operational control from UNITAF
Effective deployment and consolidation of United Nations operational control throughout Somalia and the border regions
Reduction of UNOSOM II military activity, and assistance to civil authorities in exercising greater responsibility
Reduction of UNOSOM II force
UNOSOM II (cont.)
Soldiers killed by factions → disregarded agreements of ceasefire
Resolution 837 (1993)
Take all necessary measures to defend armed attacks Quick Reaction Force
Nairobi Declaration & Addis Ababa Agreement
Peace throughout Somalia & ceasefire
Factions/clans broke agreement Secretary-General urged another conference to appoint new
government
End of UNOSOM II
Secretary-General: only the Somalis themselves could establish acceptable peace
International community could help the process → can't be sustained indefinitely
Withdraw of UNOSOM II force → March 28,1995 United Nations agencies and organizations NGOs
Blackhawk Down
"Black Hawk Down (2001) - IMDb." The Internet Movie Database (IMDb). Web. 07 Jan. 2012. <http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0265086/>.
Black Hawk Down: A Story of Modern Warby Mark Bowden
Web. 07 Jan. 2012.<http://inquirer.philly.com/packages/somalia/>
TNG and the ICU International Conferences Area of conflict ICU dominance Effect of ICU rule
Al-Shabaab declares black Islamic flag in Somalia
http://www.marinebuzz.com/marinebuzzuploads/SomaliPiratesHowRansomCollectedisSpent_2191/Somali_piracy.jpg
Problems that the UN face in Somalia
• United Nations aid workers in the country are limited as there is no established
protection on site. Aid workers face the constant threat of kidnapping for ransom.
• International aid has been routinely looted due to a variety of factors including
government corruption and desperate food and health conditions.
• Islamist groups view the United Nations with distrust and deny it access to their
land, believing that the United Nations has a political agenda.
UN Role In Somalia
• No large-scale United Nations peacekeeping operation in the
country since the UNOSOM II.
• Passed Resolution 1838, in which an anti-piracy fleet is
sanctioned to operate off of Somalia's lawless coastline.
• The World Food Programme (WFP), a United Nations program, also has a
presence in the country.
• A United Nations program designated towards establishing a functioning
government in Somalia called the United Nations Political Office for Somalia is
currently active in Kenya.
Solutions1. UN Peacekeepers
– Offensive action– Protection of aid– Protection of government institutions
2. United Nations Political Office for Somalia– Development
• IMF
Solutions (cont.)
3. International Help
– AU
– Anti-insurgency
– Monetary goals
4. Political Unification
– TNG
– Puntland
– Somaliland
5. End to Piracy
6. Alleviate the Effects of the Famine
– Long term and short term goals
Bibliography1. The United Nations' database on the UNOSOM I & UNOSOM II
<https://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/missions/past/unosomi.htm>
<http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/missions/past/unosom2backgr1.html>
2. From United Nations Political Office for Somalia
<http://unpos.unmissions.org/Default.aspx?tabid=1911>
3. Somalia – Infrastructure, Power, and Communications
<http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/economies/Africa/Somalia-INFRASTRUCTURE-
POWER-AND-COMMUNICATIONS.html>
4. GlobalSecurity on the Somalia Civil War
<http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/somalia.htm>
5. From AllAfrica, information pertaining to the Islamist's stance on the United Nations was
obtained.
<http://allafrica.com/stories/201107260329.html>
6. General history of the Somali Civil War
<http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/world/A0861179.html>
7. Information on the Somali Civil War was taken from Conciliation Resources.
<http://www.c-r.org/our-work/accord/somalia/endless-war.php>
8. GlobalSecurity on the far-reaching consequences of the Somalia Civil War
<http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/somalia.htm>
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