The Science of Biology
Chapter1
Chapter 1: The Science of Biology
• What makes something “alive”?– 1. Cellular organization– 2. Order– 3. Sensitivity– 4. Growth,development, and reproduction– 5. Energy Utilization– 6. Evolutionary adaptation– 7. Homeostasis
Hierarchical OrganizationAtoms Molecules Macromolecule
Tissue Cell OrganelleOrgan Organ system Organism
Community Species PopulationEcosystem Biosphere
Two Types of Reasoning Scientists Use
• Deductive Reasoning
• Inductive Reasoning
Scientific Method
Darwin Was a Pretty Cool Guy… I Mean Just Check Out that Beard!
The Galapagos Islands- Disney World for Scientists
• Darwin found a lot of evidence to support his theory on the Galapagos Islands- specifically in the finches.
Only the Strong Survive?
• Darwin and Malthus
Who’s that Wallace Guy Anyway?
• A man named Alfred Wallace concurred with Darwin’s theory of evolution via natural selection.
• This lit a fire under Darwin and led him publish his findings
Modern Evidence Supporting Darwin’s Theory
• 1. The fossil record• 2. The age of Earth- 4.5 billion years as opposed to a
few thousand as thought in Darwin’s Time• 3. Genetics supports Darwin’s Theory• 4. Comparative Anatomy- Homologous and Analogous
structures• 5. Molecular evidence- comparing genomes ( the
sequences of genes) in species• 6.Molecular Clocks- Similarities in DNA of related
individuals• 7. Phylogenetic Trees- the sequences of genes are used
to construct these
Constructing a Phylogenetic Tree
• Most Related= Smallest number of Amino Acid differences
• Least Related= Largest number of Amino Acid Differences
# of Differences
Animal
50 Chicken
10 Monkey
70 Frog
30 Dog
0 Human
Important People In the Cell Thory
• Robert Hooke• Anton van Leeuwenhoek• Matthias Schleiden and Theordor
Schwann
Cell Theory
• All organisms are composed of one or more Cells
• Cells are the smallest living things and the basic units of all live
• All cells come from other cells ***Is this always true***
The molecular Basis of Inheritence
• DNA- Encodes all of the information in a cell
• Gene- larges sequences of nucleotides making a discrete unit of information
• Genome- the entire set of DNA instructions that specifies a cell
Structure and Function
• Underlying theme of biology• Function is highly dependant on structure
Why is it important to relate the structure of something with its function?
Evolutionary Change
• All organisms are classified into three main domains and then further classified from there
Evolutionary Conservation
• All living things descended from a simple cellular creature about 2.5 billion years ago.
• Some characteristics of the earliest organism have been preserved in all living things
• Examples?
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