General Index
I talic page numbers refer to illustrations. Authors are listed inthis index only when their ideas or works are discussed; fulllistings of works as cited in this volume are in the Bibliograph-
ical Index. Manuscripts, maps, and charts are usually listed bytitle and author; occasionally they are listed under the city andinstitution in which they are held.
CAbbas I, Shah, 47, 63, 65, 67, 409"Jahangir Embracing Shah (Abbas"
(painting), 408, 410, 515cAbd ai-Karim al-Mi~ri, 54, 65cAbd al-Rabman Efendi, 68cAbd al-Rabman ibn Burhan al-Maw~ili, 54cAbdolazlz ibn CAbdolgani el-Erzincani, 225Abdur Rahim, map by, 411, 412, 413Abraham ben Meir ibn Ezra, 60Abu, Mount, Rajasthan
on Jain triptych, 460religious map of, 482-83
Abo al-cAbbas Abmad ibn Abi cAbdallahMu\:lammad
Kitab al-durar wa-al-yawaqft fi 11mal-ra~d wa-al-mawaqft (Book ofpearls and sapphires on the science ofastronomy and timekeeping), 39, 54
Abo al-Fazl ibn Mubarak}./in-i Akbari, 379, 428
Abo al-Fida) Ismacii ibn CAli, 8, 101, 111,143, 168 n.47
calculation of measurements, 177-78and length of degree, 181and longitude of Alexandria, 102Taqwim al-buldan (Survey of countries),
157, 170 n.58Abo ~anifah, 240Abo al-I:Iasan
"Jahangir Embracing Shah (Abbas," 408Abo al-I:Iasan CAli, 34Abo al-I:Iasan al-Marrakushi, 102Abo Is1)aq al-Sabl, 42Abo Isbaq al-Zajjaj, 53Abo Jacfar Mu1)ammad ibn Mu1)ammad
al-Khazin, 109Abo Macshar Jacfar ibn Mubammad
al-BalkhI, 103, 103 n.66Abo YaCqob Isbaq ibn Abmad al-SijistanI. See
al-SijistanIAbo YOsuf YaCqob ibn Isbaq al-KindI. See
al-KindIAbo Zayd Abmad ibn Sahl al-BalkhI. See
al-BalkhiAbyssinia
on geographic globe in Mughal painting,409 n.37
on seven-kishvar earth, 80
on South Asian world maps, 393Abywn (Abiyun) al-Batriq (Apion the
Patriarch), 26Accuracy
of Arabic measurements of length ofdegree, 181
of Bharat Kala Bhavan globe, 397of al-BlrunI's calculation of Ghazna's
longitude, 188of al-BlrunI's celestial mapping, 37of globes in paintings, 409 n.36of al-Idrisi's sectional maps, 163of Islamic celestial globes, 46-47of Kitab-i ba/Jriye, 231, 233of map of north-central India, 421, 422of maps in Gentil's atlas of Mughal
Empire, 428-29of Mecmu <a-i menazil, 239 n.48of Nepali maps, 432of Ottoman illustrated histories, 228of Shahid-i Sadiq, 403, 404, 404-5of South Asian cosmographic globe, 396of South Asian topographic maps, 407,
407-8,416,417,423,425of South Asian world maps, 391, 392,
393-94,399,400Acta Cartographica, 298Adab (general culture), 511Adakale, Ottoman siege plan of fortress on,
213, 214Adam's Peak, 122, 393Aden, 118, pl.40Adhai-dvipa. See Earth,
two-and-a-half-continent;Manu~yaloka
Adriatic Sea, 210, 278cAQud al-Dawlah, 54Aegean Sea, 164, 283-84, 284, 287Afghanistan, 390, 405Africa. See also North Africa; Maghreb
on Cantino map, 261on geographic globe in Mughal painting,
409, 409 n.37on J:lajj Abu al-I:Iasan chart, 265on J:lamd Allah Mustawfi's world map,
150on Ibn al-WardI's world map, 143on al-IdrIsi's maps, 160, pl.12
547
and Kacba, 191in Kitab-i balJriye, 232-33, 278-79in Kitab ~urat ai-arc!, 169in Nuzhat al-mushtaq, 169on Piri Re)is's world map, 270, 271in Ptolemy's Geography, 169al-Qazwlni's world maps, 144on South Asian world maps, 393, 394, 400in view of world landmass as bird, 90-91in Walters Deniz atlast, pl.23
Agapius (Mabbub)Kitab al-~nwan, 17
Agnese, Battista, 279, 280, 282, 282-83Agnicayana, 308-9, 309Agra, 378 n.145, 403, 436, 448, 476-77Agrawala, V. S., 321Ahmad (king of Abdali dynasty), 379Ahmadabad, 414-15, 417
Lalbhai Dalpatbhai Institute of Indology,map collections of, 302
Abmad al-AyyObi, 32Abrhad ibn al-Bukhturi al-DhariC, 179Abmad al-munajjim al-Sinjari (Abmad the
astronomer of Sinjar), 19Abmad al-Sharafi al-SifaqsI, 287. See also
al-Sharafi al-Sifaqsi familyAhmad, S. Maqbul, 8, 10, 114Ahmadnagar, 436Ahmad Shah Durrani, 466, 469Abmed 1,235 n.27, 246Abmed FerIdon
N uzheti/l-abbar der sefer-i Sigetvar(Chronicle of the Szigetvar campaign),228-29,247,248,254
Ailly, Pierre d', 138, 146, 148A)in-i Akbari, 325 n.143, 429, 435Air. See also Elements
in Ibn al-cArabi's cosmography, 86in Na~ir Khusraw's cosmography, 86sphere of, 75, 76, 77
Airavata, 341, 372Aitareya Brtthma1Ja, 334'Ajtt )ib al-buldan (Wonders of the countries),
390'Aja )ib ai-Hind (Wonders of India), 90Ajaigarh, 422Ajanta Mountains, 343 0.52, 423AjIt Singh, 421-22
548
Ajmerin Gentil's atlas of Mughal Empire, 429oblique secular representation of, 480-81in Shahid-i Sadiq, 403sketch map of, 448on topographic maps of Rajasthan and
Gujarat, 414, 416Akademii Nauk SSR, Otdeleniya Instituta
Vostokovedeniya, Leningrad,al-I~!akhrI's manuscripts in, 132-33
Akbar I, 65, 324, 325 n.143, 361 n.99, 377,378
drawing of tomb of, 469, 471Akhbar aI-Sin wa-al-Hind (Traditions about
China and India), 90(Ala) aI-DIn Kayqubad, 233Alaknanda River, 396CXlam aI-din (World of religion), 83, 85CXlam al-ibda ((World of creation), 83, 85CXlam al-inbi 'ath al-thani (World of the
second emanation), 83, 85CXlam al-jism (World of matter), 83, 85Alanya, 233, 234Ala Singh, 436 n.117Albategni. See al-BattanIAlbatenius. See al-BattanIAlbuquerque, Afonso de, 256, 257Alchemy
in cosmographical diagrams, 71Jabirian, 81
Aleppo (Halep)in Mecmu ~-i menazil, 240, 243qibla of, 192
Alexander the Great, 182 n.39, 257, 270,271, 394,395, 396,pL29
Alexandria, Egyptin Kiulb-i balJriye, 232longitude of, 101-2
Alfonso el Sabio (Alfonso X of Castile), 29Libras del saber de astronomia, 28, 42,
45,60,202Algeria, 232, 279CAlI, shrine of at Najaf, 243CAlI <::elebi, 276Alidade, 24, 198(All ibn Abrnad ibn Mubammad al-SharafI
al-SifaqsI, 285-87. See also al-SharafIal-SifaqsI family
qibla diagram by, pl.13sacred geography, 194-95world map by, 262, pl.24
(Ali ibn Hasan al-CAjamI, 161(Ali ibn Hasan al-HufI al-QasimI, pl.l1(Ali ibn clsa al-As!urlabI, 19, 26, 44, 57, 179CAli ibn Khalaf, 28, 29, 31(Ali KashmIrI ibn Luqman, 48CAli Macar Re)Is, atlas of, 279-82, 283(All Mardan Khan, 438CAli Mo~ammad Khan, 417(All Shah, 239(All (cAla) al-Wada(I, 31Allahabad (Prayaga), 372, 377, 378 n.145,
396, 403, 461 n.172Almagia, Roberto, 271Almucantars, 21, 35 n.73, 41
Alokakasa, 341Alphabets, difficulties in translation, 99 n.38,
99-100Alps, 120Altair (star), 52Altars, Vedic, 308 n.65, 308-9, 310, 376,
379, 381, 512Altitude
determining, 183-84, 184measuring with astrolabes, 24
Alvan (Arran), 114Amarkantak, 422Amarnath, religious map of, 482-83Amar Singh, 436 n.117Amber (Amer)
on the Bharat Kala Bhavan globe, 355, 396city plan of, 447, 448on an eclectic world map, 395oblique paintings on walls of palace at,
450planimetric secular map of, 476-77route map for irrigation project near,
440-41AmIr Khosrau, 377Amir Sayyid Husayn Khingsawai, Taragarh,
pilgrimage map to tomb of, 461-62n.173
Amirutzes, George, 210Amritsar
Maharaja Ranjit Singh Museum, atlas ofKashmir in, 413
religious map of, 482-83Anaphoric clock dials, 32Anasagar Lake, 417Anatolian Peninsula, 120Ancona, 231Ancona, Cyriaco d', 238Andalusia, 94. See also Iberian PeninsulaAndaman-Nicobar Islands, 262Andhra Pradesh State Archives, Hyderabad,
map collections of, 302, 438Andre, Noel, 69Andromeda, 51, 52':Ankabut, 18. See also Astrolabes; RetesAnotatta, Lake (Manasarowar), 389Anquetil-Duperron, Abraham H., 324-25,
427Antinoiis, 63, 66, 69Anville, Jean-Baptiste Bourguignon d', 429Anwa), 53Apastambiyasulvasutra, 329 n.175Apian, Peter
Astronomicum Caesareum, 62Horoscopion generale, 61-62, 62
Apous Indica (bird of paradise), 63Aqalim (climates), 7-8, 93-94, 95-96, 102,
114, 15~ 390, 391, 392, 393,394,409 n.36
Aq~a mosque, 244Aquarius. See also Astrology; Astronomy;
Zodiacconstellation
on al-BIrunI's cylindrical projection, 35and corresponding pre-Islamic asterisms,
51
General Index
on Islamic celestial globes, 44on qibla map, 199
zodiac signon astrolabe rete, 21, 22, 30in Islamic correspondences, 77, 78in Na~ir Khusraw's cosmography, 86
Arabia. See also Saudi Arabiain kishvar system, 94maps of, 117-18, 118, 119
from BalkhI school, 114, 122by Ibn Hawqal, 118, 119by Ibn al-WardI, 143by al-Muqaddasi, 122, 123, 124by al-Qazwini, 144South Asian, 390, 400
pilgrimage routes, 117on seven-kishvar earth, 80in view of world landmass as bird, 91in Zij al-Sabi~ 98
Arabian Sea, 399, 409 n.37Arabic, early Islamic maritime charts in, 288Arabic miles, 175, 177-78Arabic numerals, 360':Arabi Hint IJartisi, 257Arabs. See also Islamic society
geodesy, 175-88influence on Cantino map, 262metrology, 177-78portolan charts, 263-65star compasses compared with Indian
compass cards, 495Aral Sea, 122, 144Aranea (spider), 18Aratus of Soli, 59
Aratea, 15-18, 17Aravalli Mountains, 403, 405, 415Arbasthan. See Arabia; Saudi ArabiaArcher, Mildred, 429Architecture
Brahman, 329 n.170and city plan for Baghdad, 90cosmography in, 379-82drawings, 466-72Jaipur, 322, 323in Kitab-i balJriye, 231paintings, 303 n.46palm-leaf manuscript on, 320plans, 321, 389
Indian, 317-20Ottoman, 215-16, 217, 218, 219
Arcs (as climate boundaries), 138, 145Ardra, 338Aries. See also Astrology; Astronomy;
Zodiacconstellation
on al-BlrunI's flattened astrolabe, 36on al-BirunI's globular projection, 37on ceiling at Qu~ayr (Amrah, 16 n.12on Islamic celestial globes, 44on qibla map, 199
zodiac signon astrolabe rete, 21, 22, 30combined with planets, 64in Islamic correspondences, 77, 78in Na~ir Khusraw's cosmography, 86
General Index
CArifI (Fetl)ullah cArifI <::elebi)Futu~at-i cemile (Book of five conquests),
246, 247, 254Suleymanname (History of Sultan
Suleyman), 229, 236, 254Arin. See UjjainAristotle, 74, 81Arkeoloji Muzesi Kitaphgt, Istanbul, Ibn
tIawqal's manuscripts in, 132-33Armas, Duarte de
Livro das fortalezas do reino, 246 n.64Armenia, 114, 190, 191Armillary spheres, 49-50, 51Arnaldus, Stephanus
De sphaera solida, 45Arran (Alvan), 114Arslanhane (menagerie), Istanbul, 237Arunachalam, B., 301, 494, 495, 496, 497,
498,499Arul).avara Ocean, 375Aryakhal).Qa, 369Aryans
sacrificial rites, 308town planning, 319-20Vedic altars, 308-9
cA~at al-Tust (staff of al-Tust), 31Asher, Frederick M., 311 n.70Asia. See also South Asia
on Bodleian world map, 145on geographic globe in Mughal painting,
409, 409 n.37on al-Idrlst's maps, 157on al-SharafI al-SifaqsI chart, 288on South Asian world maps, 392in view of world landmass as bird, 91
Asia Minor, on seven-kishvar earth, 80Asoka, 317, 328,376-77Asop, 415Assam, 326, 326 n.156, 396Agamatrkas, 455Astan-i Quds Ra~avt, Meshed, al-I~!akhrI's
manuscripts in, 132-33Asterisms, 39, 50-60, 60-63, 66, p1.27. See
also N ak~atras
Astrolabesanthropomorphic and zoomorphic figures
on, 65compared with celestial globes, 44cylindrical (Rama Yantra), 362, 365Islamic,S, 6Maldivian, 501Mercury using, 64planispheric
basic plate design, 24as celestial maps, 18-34constellations on plates of, 66construction, 18-24defined, 18determining qibla with, 202-3, 203by I)iya) aI-DIn Mubammad, 20, 22early history, 24-28European influence on, 65-66Hindu interest in, 315, 315 n.94, 324,
360, 379, 515by Khaflf, 19
lunar mansions on, 54and mechanical calendar, 33, 33-34melon-shaped (mubattakh), 35 n.73by Mubammad MahdI, 65-66, 66, 68,
68 n.194orthographic projection in, 38 n.79parts of, 20qibla map on, 197, 201, 203stars on, 22stereographic projections and, 30, 31,
38, 41, 70universal, 32uses of, 27variants of, 28-31Vega star on, 52zodiac on, 54zoomorphic, 52-53
production of, 515purpose of, 514quadrant, 202-3Severus Sebokht's treatise on, 12South Asian, 332, 335
in Sri Ram Charan Museum ofIndology, Jaipur, 303 n.46
works on, 299spherical
determining qibla with, 202Islamic, 41, 41-42
Astrolabic mapping, 31-34Astrolabic quadrant, 31-32, 32Astrology. See also Constellations;
Horoscopes; ZodiacIslamic
astrolabes and, 24al-BlrunI on, 38, 39clockfaces as models for, 40, 40-41in cosmographical diagrams, 71and lunar mansions, 53-54Ptolemy's influence on, 4
South Asiandivination charts, 348-51Indian, 314-15, 316, 334, 337, 338-39,
347,359and Indo-Islamic cosmology, 378Jahanglr and, 378Jain, 374-75, 375mapping, 339in nautical charts, 498
AstronomyIslamic
Arab pre-Islamic, 50-53and BalkhI school maps, 115clock dials, 32in cosmographical diagrams, 71equatoria, 38-39instruments, 28, 187 n.58lunar mansions, 53-54meridians of reference, 175, 175 n.7observatories, 27, 27-28Ptolemy's influence on, 4and Qur)an, 12
South Asiancelestial mapping, 358-67Indian, 314-16, 334-35observatories, 303, 315, 360-67, 379
549
path of planets, 344, 346, 347, 366scientific instruments in, 360, 360 n.96,
365-66tables, 365, 367, 392telescopes, 365-66temples as artifacts of, 360
As{urlab kuri. See Astrolabe, sphericalAtaturk, Kemal, 271, 271 n.17Atharva Veda, 333Atlantic Ocean
on al-IdrlsI's map of northwest Africa,pl.12
on PlrI Re)Is's world map, 268, 269-72Sadiq I~fahanI's prime meridian in, 404in al-SharafI al-SifaqsI atlas, 285
AtlasesIslamic maritime, 5Ottoman, 279-84, 288-89
associated with CAli Macar Re)Is,279-82
Atlas-i humayun (Imperial atlas), 282,283
map order in, 281Walters Deniz atlas" 282-83
by al-SharafI al-SifaqsI family, 285-87Atlas-i humayun (Imperial atlas), 282, 283Attica, 279Attock, 408Aurangabad, 429, 436Aurangzlb, 50, 379, 408, 419, 466Auriga, 52, 55, 58Austria, 395Avad (Oudh), 428, 428-29Avala fortress, 211Avanti. See UjjainAwal Island (Bahrain), 122Awasthi, A. B. L., 299, 313Axes
axis mundi, 335, 343, 370, 377, 381, 516in H unername, 250of Kacba, 190 n.7on qibla maps, 196
al-CAynI (Abu Mul)ammad Mal)mud ibnAbmad al-CAynI), 68
Ayodhya, 372, 382, 396, 461 n.172Ayvaltdere Waterway Map, 226-27CAyyub
Zfj Batfamiyus, 96Azarquiel. See al-ZarqelloAzerbaijan, 112, 114Azimuthal equidistant projections, 36,
37-38, 38 n.78, 141-42, 271Azimuths, 21, 202, 203Azophi. See aI-SufIAzores, 272Azov, Sea of, 106, pl.5
Babil,93Babylonia, 334Bacon, Roger
Opus Maius, 151Badarlkedar, 399Badrinath, 382, 452, 461 n.172BadshahI mosque, Lahore, architectural
drawing of, 470 n.199
550
Baffin, William, 409Baghdad
al-Blriinl's attempts to determine longitudeof, 177
city plan for, 90latitude of, 177, 187in Mecmu 'a-i meniizil, 239-40, 241, 243and prime meridians, 103on qibla indicator, 197triangulation between Ghazna and, 186
Baghelkhand, 420, 422Baghor, map of fort in, 490-91Bagrow, Leo, 146, 504
History of Cartography, 296Bahadur Sah, 431, 436Bahdrasva, 337Bahrain, 118, 122Ba~riye, 265Babr Jurjan (Caspian Sea), 389al-Babr al-Mu~lim (World Ocean), 106al-BakrI (Abu CUbayd (Abdallah ibn (Abd
al-(Azi-z al-BakrI), 143Balboa, Vasco Nunez de, pl.21Balhumal, 49, 70al-BalkhI (Abu Zayd Abmad ibn Sahl
al-Balkhi), 91, 93, 96, 102, 106,108-9, 129, 134, 511
difficulty in examining work of, 110maps of, 112, 115Suwar al-aqiilim (Pictures of the climates),
109, 130works, 111
Baikhi school, 108-36, 138, 517criticism of maps of, 512influence on l:Iafi~-i Abril, 170influence on al-IdrisI, 157, 167and Islamic culture, 514manuscript~ 124-28, 130-35maps, 112-28 (see also Ibn l:Iawqal;
al-I~takhri; al-Muqaddasi)Arabic-speaking provinces, 117-20climate boundaries on, 126-27, 128compared with mappaemundi, 129, 129
n.83described, 114enduring use of, 512orientation, 518possible stemma for, 113selection of material, 114-15treatment of Persian provinces, 115-17world, 120-22
printed editions and translations of worksby authors, 136
reference map of Islamic world at time of,109
stemma of texts, 111works of, 108-11
Bamm, 115Banat Nacsh. See Ursa MinorBanswara, 416Bapudeva
Miinamandira, 361Bar (Ali, 147 n.53Baramula, 396Barbarah, 162
Barbari, Jacopo de', 231, 238, 278Bardashir, 115, 123·Bar Hebraeus
Meniireth qudhshe (The candlestick of thesanctuary), 147 n.53, 148
Barik River, pl.32Baroda, 417, 448
Museum and Picture Gallery, topographicmap of Rajasthan and Gujarat in,416-17
Barros, Joao de, 256, 257, 259, 262Bartolommeo dalli Sonetti, 276, 277-79, 279Barzakh, 121Ba§bakanhk Ar§ivi, Istanbul, 207Basham, Arthur Llewellyn, 314-15, 316-17Basra
on al-I~takhri's map of Arabia, 118and prime meridians, 103qibla of, 193on South Asian world maps, 390
Bas-reliefs, 367, 373Bastian, Adolf, 298, 333, 346-47al-BatIbah, 90Batlamiyus. See Ptolemy, Claudiusal-Battani (Abu (Abdallah Mubammad ibn
Jabir al-BattanI al-Sabi(), 44, 93 n.16,100 n.39, 100 n.41, 101, 141
coordinate tables, 97-100compared with those of Ptolemy,
98-100number of entries, 101 n.49
and length of Mediterranean, 102and longitude of Alexandria, 102and measurement of longitude using lunar
eclipses, 103 n.67method for calculating qibla, 204, 205prime meridian used by, 1032ij al-$iibi ~ 98
Battle maps, 465-66Baudhiiyanasulvasutra, 329 n.175Baybora, Ibrahim Kemal, 211Bayer, Johannes, 61Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Munich,
pilgrimage map in, 462 n.174Bayezid II, 211, 226, 230, 236, 265-66Beach, Milo, 409, 466Beames, John, 328Beas River, 437Bedouins
asterisms, 51-52conception of stars, 60European renderings of asterisms, 66lunar mansions, 53-54
Begley, Wayne E., 377, 378Beijing (Khanbaligh), 198Belgrade, Ottoman siege plan of, 210,
211-12, pl. 14Bellini, Gentile, 210Bengal
in Shahid-i $adiq, 405on South Asian cosmographic globe, 396on South Asian world maps, 390surviving maps from, 505-6
Bengal, Bay of, 165, 166, 258-59, 261, 262Bentinck, William, 450
General Index
BerlinMuseum fur Islamische Kunst
maps in, 145-46, 394Staatsbibliothek Preussischer Kulturbesitz
al-IgakhrI's manuscripts in, 130-31al-Muqaddasi's manuscripts in, 134-35
Berlinghieri, Francesco, 210"Bernardo Arabico ouero Saracino," 45Bernoulli, Jean, 325Bertius, Petrus, 172, 517Bertran, Jaime, 289 n.lBhiigavata Purii1Ja, 348, 379Bhairavas, 455Bhakkar, 403Bhaktapur, maps of, 455, 482-83Bha1Jq,aras, 367Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute,
Pune, ink drawing at, 355Bharat~ 336,337,340, 36~ 372,pL2~ See
also India; South AsiaBharata Itihasa Samshodhaka Mandala,
Punemaps of forts in, 465 n.175Maratha topographic maps in, 424, 425
Bharatavar~a, 336, 336 n.24, 341, 353,354-55,358,397,399
Bharat Kala Bhavan, Varanasicosmographic globe in, 352, 354, 355-57,
389, 396-97,39~ pL40scroll maps in, 436-38
Bhardwaj, Surinder Mohan, 311 n.70Bharuch, 41 7Bhatant, 397Bhatt, Narmadashankar, 417Bhavabhiiti, 321-22Bhavacakra (wheel of life), 313, 343 n.52Bhavasagar, proposed dam at, 439Bhimashankar, 423Bhimbetka, Madhya Pradesh, 304Bhiwai, map of fort in, 490-91Bhiwai fort, map of siege of, pl.38Bhojpur, plans for Shiva temple at, 466Bhu Ali Qalander, mausoleum of, 438Bhubaneswar, temple at, 466, 467Bhudargad, map of fort in, 490-91Bhugolam (Globe/Geography), 346, 359Bhugolas. See Cosmographical globes, South
AsianBhuvanakosa~312,339, 512Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Rome,
planispheric map in, 38 n.78Biblioteca Universitaria, Bologna,
al-I~takhrI's manuscripts in, 130-31Bibliotheek der Rijksuniversiteit, Leiden
Ibn J:Iawqal's manuscripts in, 113, 134-35al-I~takhri's manuscripts in, 132-33al-Muqaddasi's manuscripts in, 134-35
Bibliotheque Nationale, ParisIbn J:Iawqal's manuscripts in, 113, 134-35al-I~takhrI's manuscripts in, 132-33manuscripts of al-IdrisI's Nuzhat
al-mushtaq in, 173map of central India in, 420-22
Bidar, 429Bihar, 429
General Index
Bijapurcity plan of, 447, 448planimetric secular map of, 476-77
Bilad aI-Sudan, 119Bir, 423Birds
altars in shape of, 308 n.65, 308-9, 310Islamic view of world landmass as, 90-91
Bird's-eye views. See also Oblique viewsdecline of Ottoman use of, 250of Istanbul, 234, 237, 238, 239, 249-50,
251in Kitab-i ba~riye, 234, 235 n.27in Mecmu~-i menazil, 237, 238, 239in Ottoman illustrated histories, 228, 249on Ottoman siege plan of Belgrade, 211on pilgrimage scrolls, 244on South Asian scroll map, 436in Tarib-i fet~-i ~a~/avun, 245, pl.19of Venice, 238
al-Biruni (Abu al-Rayl)an Mul)ammad ibnAl)mad al-Biruni), 26, 55, 77, 80, 103n.66, 137, 138, 145,161-62,235,323-24, 336, 360 n.96
angular and longitudinal differencesbetween pairs of places, 188
on celestial mapping, 34-38and climatic (zone) maps, 147-48and coordinate tables, 141-42criticizes rectangular projection, 105and distribution of land and sea, 142geodetic researches of, 176influence on ijafi?:-i Abru, 170Kitab al-athar al-baqiyah min al-qurun
al-khaliyah (The chronology ofancient nations), 34, 35, 36, 36 n.74,54
Kitab al-durar fi sat~ al-ukar (Book ofpearls concerning the projection ofthe spheres), 34
Kitab fi tasti~ al-~uwar wa-tabti~
al-kuwar (The book of the projectionof the constellations and theflattening of the sphere), 34
Kitab isti<ab al-wujuh al-mumkinah fi~an ~t al-asturlab (Comprehensivestudy of all possible ways of makingan astrolabe), 33, 35, 35 n.71, 36 n.74
Kitab al-qanun ai-Mas ~di fi al-hay"'ahwa-al-nujum (The Mascudic canon),141, 175, 177, 179, 182-84, 184 n.53,186, 187-88, 196, 324
Kitab al-tafhim li-awa )il #na ~t al-tanjim(Book of instruction on the principlesof the art of astrology), 38, 39, 58,58-59, 142, 390
Kitab ta~did nihayat al-amakin li-tas/ti/tmasafat al-masakin (Thedetermination of the coordinates ofpositions for the correction ofdistances between cities), 94, 178, 178n.24, 179-80, 182, 183 n.43, 184, 184n.53, 186, 323
and length of degree, 178longitude and latitude values, 104, 176, 187
measurement of earth's radius, 182-84measurement of height of mountains, 184and orthographic projection, 35 n.72prime meridian used by, 404quadrant used by, 185on spherical astrolabes, 42Ta'ri-kh ai-Hind (Description of India),
323theories not used practically, 154-55and trigonometry, 176-77world map by, 390
al-Bisrami (CAbd al-Ra~man al-Bis!ami)Mifta~ al-jafr al-jami C wa mi~ba~ al-nitr
al-Iami C(A key to the comprehensivejafr and a lamp of brilliant light), 221n.34
Bitlis gorge, 240, 242Black (sawda») cubits, 177, 178, 178 n.23,
179Black Sea, map of regions north of, 226Blaeu, Joan
Atlas Maior, 218Blaeu, Willem Janszoon, 63Blake, Stephen P., 326 n.155Blanpied, William A., 360 n.96, 361, 361
n.99, 363-64, 365-66, 379Blochet, Edgar, 499Bodleian Library, Oxford
eighteenth-century Indian manuscript in,378
Ibn J:lawqal's manuscripts in, 113,134-35
al-I~!akhrI's manuscripts in, 132-33manuscripts of N uzhat al-mushtaq in,
174world map~, 145, 150, pLIO
Bogaz, 237 n.38Bologna, Biblioteca Universitaria,
al-I~!akhrI's manuscripts in, 130-31Bombay, 393, 399
Prince of Wales Museum of WesternIndia
maps of forts in, 465 n.175Maratha maps in, 423, 425, 425 n.81
State Archives of Maharashtra, Marathatopographic map in, 423-24
Boner, Alice, 466, 468Bootes, 63, 69Bordone, Benedetto, 277, 282Bosporus, 119, 238Boudier, Claude, 365Brahma, 334, 341, 344, 346, 359, 360, 380Brahmaloka, 374, 375, 376BrahmaQQa (egg of Brahma), 333, 336, 344,
346Brahmans
architecture, 329 n.170education, 330mapmaking, 309-10, 328-29
Brahmasphutasiddhanta, 175 n.6Braj
indigenous maps of, 472-73as lotu~417-18,419, 452, 504,506topographic maps from, 417-20
Braj Yatra Pichhvai, pl.31
551
Braun, Georg, 251Civitates orbis terrarum, 240-41, 246
Brazil, 270Brice, William C., 264, 266, 278Bricks, Harappan, 307Bridges
on maps in Tarikh-i qa/~h-i Kashmir, 414on South Asian pilgrimage maps, 441on topographic map from Kashmir, 413
Brindaban, 419Britain. See Great BritainBritish Library, London. See also India Office
Library and Recordshybrid map in, 427al-Igakhri's manuscripts in, 132-33topographic map of Kashmir in, 411
British Museum, Londoncosmographic globes in, 352, 357-58, 358
n.89, 396volume of architectural drawings in, 470
n.199Broach, 405Brohier, R. L., 426-27, 501Brooklyn Museum, Jain pilgrimage route
map in, 441-42Brown, Lloyd A., 298Brown, William Norman, 301, 302,441,442Buda, plan of fortress of, 213, 215Buddha, 312Buddhists, 332
cartography, 317-18conceptions of universes, 341, 342-43cosmography, 333-34, 342-43
in architecture of, 380continents in, 335-36ethicization of cosmos, 334four-continent earth, 313, 336, 352, 353geography in, 340trees in, 335
cosmology, 333importance of maps to, 328-29monastery plans, 318, 466theology, 330
BudhasvaminBrhatkathaslokasamgraha, 321
Bukhara,90Bulaq, 232, 233Bulgar, 390, 391Bundelkhand, 420, 422al-Buni (MubyI aI-Din Abu al-cAbbas Abmad
ibn CAli al-Buni al-QurashI)Shams al-ma <arif al-kubra wa-Iata )if
al- ~warif, 53-54Buondelmonte, Cristoforo, 277Burhanpur, 403, 423Burhan-ul-mulk, 436 n.117Burnes, Alexander, 499, 501, 502Burrow, Reuben, 326Busbecq, Ogier Ghislain de, 250Bust
oblique painting of, 449, 450oblique secular representation of, 480-81
Bylica, Martin, 61Byzantium, 94. See also Constantinople;
Istanbul
552
Cadastral mapsNepalese, 430, 432of precolonial Indian states, 317
CaYerfyes, 270, 270 n.13Caillat, Collette, 298, 345, 372, 373Cairo
Dar al-Kutubal-Igakhrl's manuscripts in, 130-31manuscript of al-IdrisI's Nuzhat
al-mushtaq in, 173in Kitab-i balJrfye, 232, 233qibla of, 192
Cakras, 338, 351Cakravala (world disk), 340, 343 n.53Ca1cutta, 355, 395, 396,400
National Archives of India, maps in, 302Calendars
astronomical observatories and, 366on J:Iajj Abu al-J:Iasan chart, 267mechanical, 33, 33-34on al-MursI chart, 264scales, 24in al-SharafI al-SifaqsI atlas, 285
Calendrical tables, 44Calipers, 28Calligraphy, and Islamic mapmaking, 6Cambay, 403, 405Camere ottiche, 249Campa, 442Campaign journals, Ottoman, 245Canary Islands (Insulae Fortunatae), 391. See
also Prime meridiansCancer. See also Astrology; Astronomy;
Zodiacconstellation
on al-Birunl's flattened astrolabe, 36on al-BirunI's globular projection, 37on qibla map, 199
zodiac signon astrolabe rete, 22, 30combined with planets, 64in Islamic correspondences, 77, 78in Na~ir Khusraw's cosmography, 86
Candras (moons), 373Candrasuri
Trailokyadfpika, 370Canepa, Albino da, 265, 266Canonical (shafC£) cubit, 177Canopus, 190 n.7Cantino, Alberto, 260Cantino map, 260, 260-62, 269, 270Cape of Good Hope, 265Capricorn. See also Astrology; Astronomy;
Zodiacconstellation, 63
on al-BirUnI's cylindrical projection, 35on Islamic celestial globes, 44on qibla map, 199
day of (winter solstice), 374zodiac sign, 360
on astrolabe rete, 21, 22, 30in Iskandar Sultan's horoscope, 64in Islamic correspondences, 77, 78in Na~ir Khusraw's cosmography, 86
Caravans, 115
Cardinal directionsand Kacba, 193, 194on map of NandISvaradvIpa, 373on qibla indicator, 198on South Asian maps, 427, 446, 498, 508
Cardinal pointson South Asian cosmographic globe, 352on topographic maps of Rajasthan and
Gujarat, 415Carlleyle, Archibald, 304Carre, Barthelemy, 324Carta Marina of Martin Waldseemuller, 260Cartography. See also Chartmaking; Maps
comparative, 510-12development of, 510European, al-IdrisI's lack of influence on,
172Islamic, 5-7
beginnings of, 90-107European denigration of, 9European influence on, 3foreign geographical influence on, 93Greek influence on, 4historiography, 8-10by al-IdrIsI, 156-74later developments, 137-55materials used in, 6stemma of later maps, 138terminology, 7-8theory and practice, 7
Ottomanatlas of regional maps, 225European influence on, 217-18, 221-22guild for, 284introduction, 206-8as private enterprise, 216-26problems in study of, 207-8regional maps, 222-26scope and organization, 206in service of state, 209-16terminology, 206-7waterway maps, 226-27
and society, 512-16South Asian, 509
Brahman, 309-10, 328-29Buddhist, 317-18cosmographic globes, 352-58European influence on, 507Hindu, 318-19influence of other parts of Asia on,
506-7lack of Western interest in, 504in Nepal, 430and pilgrimages, 330published historical writings on,
296-302for religious purposes, 303-4repositories for, 302-4scope, 295signs, 335surviving, 295swastikas in, 317-18
Caspian Seaon Abmad al-Tusi'S map, 125on BalkhI school maps, 114, 122
General Index
on al-Muqaddasl's maps, 122on al-QazwlnI's world maps, 144on South Asian world maps, 391, pl.29
Cassiopeia, 52Castagnari, Alessandro, 286Cathay, 409 n.37Catur-dvfpa vasumatf. See Earth,
four-continentCaucasus, 90-91Caurasi, temple in, 466Caverio, Nicolo de, 260Celestial bodies, personification of, 63-65Celestial diagrams, Islamic, 75-76Celestial globes
Islamic, 42-48accuracy of, 46-47basic design of, 43, 44compared with astrolabes, 44constellations on, 70drawn from al-Suft's Suwar al-kawakib,
56influence on planispheric maps, 60Islamic influence seen on, 61lunar mansions on, 54manufacture of, 48-49types of, 46-47
South Asian, 299, 315, 332, 335, 360, 379Celestial mapping
development of, 514European, influence on Islamic, 65-70Islamic, 12-70
al-BIrunI on, 34-38early Syrian origins, 12-18influences on, 12, 65-70and planispheric astrolabes, 18-34three-dimensional, 41-50
South Asian, 358-67, 379Jain, 373-75
Celestial spheres, 75, 76Cellarius, Andreas, 68CemaCat-i Nal.<l.<a~an-i RUmiyan (Guild of
Rumi painters), 280Central America, 272, pl.21Cepheus, 16, 52, 61, 62Chaghatai, Muhammed Abdulla, 470Chahar Gulshan (Four Gardens), 435,
435-36Chakra Yantra, 363Chamaeleon (chameleon), 63Chambers, Robert, 389Chambur, religious map of, 482-83Champaner, 417Chand, Lakhshmi, 470Chandni Chowk, architectural drawing of,
468-69,470Chandogya Upani~ad, 333-34Charles V (Habsburg emperor), 62, 245 n.60Chartmaking.. See also Cartography
Islamic, 263-92by PIrI Re)Is, 265-79
Charts. See also Maps; Portolan charts; andnames of individual charts andchartmakers
in Islamic navigationin Indian Ocean, 256-62
General Index
in Mediterranean Sea, 263-92qibla (see Qibla, charts)South Asian divination, 348-51
Charwar, map of fort in, 492-93Chaucer, Geoffrey, 26Chaucer, Lewis, 26Chaul, 405"ChaurasI Krosh Parikrama" (Pilgrimage of
eighty-four kos), 419Cheen, Sea of (China Sea), 390Cherchel, 232China
on BalkhI school world map, 122compass cards compared with Indian
compass cards, 495on geographic globe in Mughal painting,
409 n.37on Ibn l:fawqal's world maps, 144on al-IdrlsI's maps, 157and Kacba, 190, 191in kishvar system, 94maps of, 114nautical cartography, 503navigational charts, 259-60on al-QazwlnI's world maps, 144on 'seven-kishvar earth, 80on South Asian world maps, 391, 392,
393, 396, 398, 400in view of world landmass as bird,
90-91Chitr Gulshan, 435, 435-36Chittick, Neville, 503Chittorgarh, 415Chrysologue de Gy, Father, 69Circles
on astrolabes, 35 n.73compass, 270concentric
in Islamic cosmographical diagrams, 74in Na~ir Khusraw's cosmology, 83
of constant invisibility, 42-43of constant visibility, 18, 42-43ecliptic latitude-measuring, 14-15 n.6, 16,
18, 29, 36, 37, 38 n.78, 43, 44, 46,4~49, 60-61,65, 68, 69
of equal azimuth, 41equatorial polar, 65horizon, 48on Islamic celestial globes, 43, 46, 47, 48longitude-measuring, 29, 36meridian, 46on al-MuqaddasI's maps, 122polar, 15, 18, 43, 44, 47, 49, 61, 68, 69on qibla maps, 197on vault of the heavens, Qu~ayr cAmrah,
14-15, 18vertical altitude, 41
Cities and towns. See also Settlementson BalkhI school maps, 115Harappan, 306-7Indo-Aryan, planning, 319-20Jaipur, architectural plan of, 321, 322, 323on al-MuqaddasI's map, 122oblique secular representations of, 449-52,
480-81
Ottoman urban topographical illustration,231-35
planimetric secular maps of, 476-77planning, 321secular plans of, 446-49South Asian, planning, 505views of, in Ottoman histories, 228-55
City Palace Museum, Jaipur. See MaharajaSawai Man Singh II Museum
Climata, 78, 79, 80, 102Climate, and map preservation, 327, 506Climates, 111, 143, 159, 159 n.25, 259. See
also Aqalimon BalkhI school maps, 126-27, 128on Bodleian world map, 145boundaries of, 138on l:fafi~-i Abrii's world map, 170on Hamd Allah MustawfI's world map,
150in al-IdrisI's work, 157, 158, 160, 168, 169
northwest Africa, pl.12Rawej ai-tara;, 165, 166, 167world maps, 144, 161, 162
in Islamic geographical tables, 96on Islamic maps, 95-96on al-Khwarazmi's map of Nile River,
pl.4in kishvar system, 94as part of graticule, 148-49in Ptolemy's Almagest, 175on qibla indicator, 198in Suhrab's map construction, 104, 105
Climatic (zone) maps, 146-48by al-IdrIsI, 146-47byal-QazwInI, 147by Yaqut, 146
Clocksanaphoric, 32as astrological models, 40, 40-41
Cohn, Bernard S., 383Coins
South Asian, 311 n.71, 378-79with zodiacal motifs, 63
Collection of land revenue, 316-1 7Cologne, 251Colom, Jacob Aertsz., 62-63, 67Color
on Islamic maps, 6-7, 518al-BlrunI's flattened astrolabe, 36al-BlriinI's globular projection, 37al-IdrIsI's map of northwest Africa, pl.12al-IdrIsI's sectional maps, 163al-KashgharI's world map, 155al-KatibI's chart, 264al-KhwarazmI's coordinate tables, 100,
100 n.45, 101al-MuqaddasI's maps, 122al-MursI's chart, 264-65, 266Ottoman bath plans, 217
on South Asian maps, 436, 508cosmographic globes, 352, 356cosmographic painting, 360Gentil's atlas of Mughal Empire, 429Jagannath temple map, pl.36Jain cosmographies, 367-68, 370, 374
553
Jain pilgrimage map, 440Maratha topographic maps, 423, 424, 425nautical charts, 498Nepali scroll map, 433north-central India map, 422T arikh-i qal~h-i Kashmir, 414terrestrial globe, 399topographic maps, 402, 410, 411, 414world maps, 392
Columba Noe (Noah's dove), 63, 66, 69Columbus, Christopher, 268, 270-71, 272, 275Colures
equinoctial, 13, 16, 21, 61, 65, 68, 69solstitial, 13, 14, 16, 21, 28, 29, 30, 36,
37,41,43,65-66Coma Berenices, 63, 66, 69Comorin, Cape, 260Comparative cartographies, 510-12Compass, magnetic, 198Compass cards, from Indian roz nama, 495,
498,499,500Compass roses
on Hajj Abu al-l:fasan chart, 267on Indian maps, 508on al-KatibI chart, 265on Maratha map of Vijayadurg, 464on Nepali topographic maps, 433on PIrI Re'Is's world map, 272on al-Sharafi al-SifaqsI world map, 287in Walters Deniz atlast, 283
Compasso da navigare, 279Concentric circles
in Islamic cosmographical diagrams, 74in Na~ir Khusraw's cosmology, 83
Conch, cities conceived as, 452-53, 514Constantinople, 199, 396. See also
Byzantium; IstanbulConstellations, 512. See also Zodiac
on astrolabe plate by Mubammad Mahdiof Yazd, 66
on al-BIriinI's flattened astrolabe, 36illustrating Aratea, 16individual, mapping, 50-60on Islamic celestial globes, 42, 43, 46, 47,
70Islamic iconography, 54-60on Latin parchment manuscript, 61on nineteenth-century Indian planispheric
map, 69, 70, pl.2on planispheric maps, 62pre-Islamic, 50-52Severus Sebokht's treatise on, 12in vault of heavens, Qu~ayr cAmrah, 13,
16, 16 n.12Construction
of globesbrass, 352Islamic, 48-49millboard/hollow wood, 399papier-mache, 355seamless metal, 48-49welded, 357
of mapsBalkhi school, 115Suhrab's, 95, 101, 104-5, 137, 138
554
Construction (cont.)of Ottoman illustrated histories, 229of planispheric astrolabes, 18-24of roads, maps related to, 441
Continents. See also Earth; and names ofcontinents
in Hindu cosmography, 347-48, 348in Indian cosmography, 335-36, 336 n.24,
337in Jain cosmologies, 373, 374Puranic view of, 337on South Asian cosmographic globe, pl.26
Conventions. See also Signs, cartographic;Symbolism
artistic, 300, 356, 367-68on Balkhi school maps, 115in Gentil's atlas of Mughal Empire, 429on al-Idrisi's maps, 163Islamic, 7in isolarii, 277in Kitab-i balJriye, 277on Ottoman siege plan of Belgrade,
211-12on South Asian scroll maps, 436on South Asian topographic maps, 402
of city plans, 448in Kitab-i balJriye, 231on topographic maps, 508
Coordinatesin ~ja lib al-aqalim al-sab ~h, 168Arabic lists of, 176ecliptic, 28, 54in Islamic celestial cartography, 14-15 n.6on Islamic celestial globes, 48Piri Re)Is and, 271qibla maps based on, 196-200tables of
adjusting latitude in, 176adjusting longitude in, 176by al-BattanI, 97-100, 101 n.49al-BIrunI and, 141-42by al-FarghanI, 96by al-Khwarazmi, 95, 97-100, 101 n.49,
104converting to map form, 137 n.1by Ibn Yfinus, 101 n.49Islamic, 8-9, 95, 96-97, 97-100production of in Maghreb, 141by Ptolemy, 94 n.20, 97-100, 101 n.49,
259by Suhrab, 101 n.49
Copernicus, Nicolaus, 366Correia, Gaspar, 256Correlations, in Gnostic cosmographical
diagrams, 81-82 n.24Correspondences, in Islamic cosmology, 76,
77,78Corsica, 120Corvinus, Matthias, 246Cos, 350Cosmic man, 372, 380Cosmogony, 305Cosmographical diagrams, Islamic. See also
Qibla, diagramsalchemy in, 71
astrology in, 71astronomy in, 71concentric circles in, 74geography in, 71geomancy in, 71by Haydar AmulI, 87 n.33, 87-88by Jabir ibn I:fayyan, 80-82, 82mysticism in, 71philosophy in, 71theology in, 71
Cosmographical globes, South Asian,352-58,389
abstract of Northern Hemisphere, 358at Bharat Kala Bhavan, Varanasi, pl.40colors on, 352container in form of, pl.26Hindu, pl.30partial transliteration of, 397projection for, 356Southern Hemisphere, 357
Cosmographies, South Asian, 504-5ancient, 312-14compared with European cosmographies,
507pa!a-chitras, 323
Cosmography, Islamic, 332cosmographical diagrams, 71-89
general characteristics, 73-74gnostic, 80-83mystic, 83-88philosophical and scientific, 75-80scope, 71
religious, 88-89Cosmography, South Asian, 306, 333-34,
344,346,347in architecture, 379-82Bhugolam (Globe/Geography) (MInak~i
temple), 346Buddhist, 333-34, 335, 342-43continents in, 335-36, 336 n.24distant realms in, 336divination charts, 348-51dVipa, 340earth and universe
early conceptions of, 333-34size of, 334
earth in, 335-36and ethicization, 334exegesis, 298geography in, 339-40and gods, 334Hindu, 333-34, 343-67
Brahmal}Qa (egg of Brahma), 344, 346celestial mapping, 358-67continents in, 347-48, 348nonastronomical painting and ink
drawings, 343-51placement of deities in, 347, pl.25reasons for scarcity of, 343Vaishnavite, 343-44, 345world as egg/fetus, 343, 344, 345
Indo-Islamic, 376-79Jain, 76, 328, 333-34, 367-75
Manu~yaloka (world of man), 340materials used in, 367
General Index
statistical summary, 384-85, 386-87in temple atrium, 371-72
Khagolam (celestial dome) (Minak~i
temple), 346from Ma C,ifetname, pl.3and mental maps, 382-83oceans in, 335, 337, 340Puranic, 335 n.22, 398, 399seven-continent earth, 337shapes in, 335trees in, 335views of absence of tradition, 298world as tortoise, 337-38, 338
Cosmology, Islamic, 71-73Jabirian, 81, 82Ptolemy's influence on, 75
Cosmology, South AsianBuddhist, 333Hindu
Brahmal}Qa (egg of Brahma), 333Shaivite, 344
Indian, 333underlying conceptions, 332-43
Cosmos, South Asian microcosmic analoguesof, 379-82
Cowell, Edward, 313Craftsmen, of Ottoman illustrated histories,
229,229 n.4Crawford, Charles, 430Crete, 119, 164, 287Crone, Gerald R., 298Cubits, 8, 183 n.43
black (sawda»), 177, 178, 178 n.23,179
calculation of, 177canonical (shafe£), 177rashashi, 160
Cupola of the Earth, 93, 103Cygnus, 61, 63Cyprus, 119, 120, 287Cyril and Methodius National Library, Sofia,
manuscript of al-IdrIsI's Nuzhatal-mushtaq in, 174
Dabhol, 405Dafatir (deed records), 88Da)irah (circle), 74, 159Dak~il}atya (Dak~il}apatha), 340Dak~il}avrtti Yantra, 362Dal Lake, 409Dallapiccola, A. L., 444-45Dalorto, Angelino de, 264Damascus, qibla of, 192Damyat, 119Daniel, E. Valentine, 382-83, 509Danube River
on al-KatibI's chart, 264on al-MursI's chart, 266on Ottoman siege map of Belgrade,
211in Taril}-i fetlJ-i ~a~lavun, pl.19in Walters Deniz atlast, pl.23
Daqiqahs (degrees), 8Darajahs (minutes), 8
General Index
Dar al-Kutub, Cairoal-I~takhrI's manuscripts in, 130-31manuscript of al-IdrlsI's Nuzhat
al-mushtaq in, 173Dara Shikoh, 466Dargazin, 239 n.47Darian, Steven G., 311 n.72Das, Rajendra Prasad, 468Daulatabad, oblique secular representation
of, 480-81Davad (inspector of waterways), 226Day, length of
and climate divisions, 175in Islamic geographical tables, 96in al-SharafI al-SifaqsI atlas, 285
Daylam,90BalkhI school map of, 114
Day of Judgment, "topography" of fromMa C,i{etname, 88, 89
Deccan, 435, 446Degrees, measurements of length of, 178-81Deissmann, Gustav Adolf, 270Dejection (of planet), 64-65Delhi. See also Shahjahanabad
astronomical observatory at, 361, 365on Mughal topographic maps, 405oblique painting of, 450oblique secular representation of, 480-81planimetric secular map of, 476-77secular city and town plans from, 446in Shdhid-i $adiq, 403sketch map of, 449on South Asian cosmographic globe, 396
Delos, 277-78Denmark, 393"Departures," 258, 258 n.16Deshpande, C. D., 301, 422-23, 425, 425
n.81, 465 n.175Devakuru, 369Devgarh, 424Dharampal, 361 n.99DhatakIkhaQQa, 368, 372, 374Dhat al-kursf (instrument with the frame), 201Dhirac
• See CubitsDhruva, 353, 359, 497, 498. See also Pole StarDhvaja, 376Diagrams
of battle of the Prot, 213of eclipses, 39Islamic celestial, 75-76Islamic cosmographical, 71-89
alchemy in, 71astrology in, 71astronomy in, 71concentric circles in, 74geography in, 71geomancy, 71by l:Iaydar AmulI, 87 n.33, 87-88by Jabir ibn l:Iayyan, 80-82, 82mysticism in, 71philosophy in, 71theology in, 71
qibla, 512by cAli ibn Abmad ibn Mubammad
al-Sharafl al-SifaqsI, pl.13
Dictionaries, 143Digambara temple, Ajmer, Rajasthan,
371-72Digamsa Yantra, 362Digby, Simon, 301-2, 352, 355Digits, 177Dfk~a (initiation), 441al-DimashqI (Shams ai-DIn Abu cAbdallah
Mubammad ibn IbrahImal-DimashqI), 143
biographical information, 152 n.66N ukhbat al-dahr {f<ajd'ib ai-barr
wa-al-balJr (Gems [selections] of theage from the marvels of the land andthe sea), 152, 152 n.66, 154
al-DimyatI (Zayn ai-DIn al-DimyatI), 190,191 n.11
qibla chans, 192, 193Dina, 359Dln-i-IlahI, 377Directions
cardinaland Kacba, 193, 194on map of NandIsvaradvIpa, 373on nautical maps, 498on qibla indicator, 198on secular city plans, 446on South Asian maps, 446, 498, 508on topographic maps of nonheastern
India, 427and correspondences in Islamic
cosmology, 76, 77, 78in Mecma<a-i menaziI, 237on Mughal topographic maps, 407secondary, 498solstitial, 193on topographic map of Rajasthan and
Gujarat, 417Dirhams, 159Disa, 417Diskalkar, D. B., 317Disks
cakravala (world disk), 343 n.53Jambudvlpa as, 373oceans as, 372
Distanceson BalkhI school maps, 115, 121-22between pairs of places, 188conversion between linear and angular,
176in Gentil's atlas of Mughal Empire, 429on al-IdrIsI's sectional maps, 163on Maratha topographic maps, 425measurement of, 175-88on Mughal topographic maps, 405-6, 407on route map of Nahr-i Bahisht canal,
438on topographic map of Rajasthan and
Gujarat, 417used by al-IdrlsI, 160
Distonion. See AccuracyDiu, 403, 417Dive a Mehel. See Maldive IslandsDivination chans, 348-51Diwali, 470, 472, pl.39
555
Diwan-i-Khass, 377Qiya' ai-DIn Mubammad ibn Qa'im
Mubammad As!urlabI HumayunILahun, 20, 22,23,48,50,51
Diyarbaklr (Amid), 240Djerba, 279, 280Dnieper River, 210Dniester River, 210Dobashfs, 431Dome of a Talisman, 393Dome of the Rock, 244Dorado (goldfish), 63Doria, Andrea, 281Dorn, Hans, 61Draco, 52, 62Dragon 'Jawzahr), 64-65Drainage
comparison of patterns, 410on Maratha topographic maps, 424on topographic maps of Rajasthan and
Gujarat, 415Drawings
ink, in Hindu cosmography, 343-51South Asian architectural, 466-72
Dubrovnik, 231Dulcen, Angelino, 263Dungarpur, 416,417,418Durazzo (Durres), 266Durbar, 450Durer, Albrecht, 61, 62, 246 n.64Dvaraka, 382DVipas, 340. See also Continents;
Jambudvlpa; NandISvaradvlpa;Pu~karadvIpa; Sagarasarpvrta-dvlpa;Sakadvlpa
Dwarkaconceived as conch, 452-53, 453religious map of, 482-83, 484-85on South Asian world maps, 399on survey map, 461 n.172
Eanh. See also Elementsal-BlrunI's measurement of radius, 182-84,
184 n.53and celestial spheres, 75, 76circumference of, 178-79Cupola of the, 93, 103distribution of land and water on, 142four-continent, 313, 336, 352, 353geodesy, 175-88in Ibn al-cArabI's cosmography, 86al-IdrlsI on, 158-59 n.25in Indian cosmography, 335-36Ka(ba-centered, 80in Na~ir Khusraw's cosmography, 86in Qur'an, 72seven-climate system, 77, 78, 79, 80, 102seven-continent, 337, 353sphere of, 39spherical nature of, 175 n.ltonoise-shaped, 347-48, 348two-and-a-half-continent, 340, 368, 370,
371, 507Ebennesophy. See ai-SufIEck, Diana L., 336, 382
556
Ectipsesascending and descending nodes, 334cycle of, 346, 347deities associated with, 358, 360and determination of longitude, 102, 103
n.67, 176diagrams of, 39plane of, 21prediction of, 315Rahu, causer of, 360solar, 365
Ecliptic latitude-measuring circles, 14, 14-15n.6, 15, 16, 18, 29, 36, 38 n.78, 43,44, 46, 48, 49, 60-61, 65, 68, 69
Eclipticson cAli Macar Re)Is's world map, 282on armillary spheres, 49on al-Bln1nI's flattened astrolabe, 36in al-BInlnI's Ta~did, 184 n.53and calculation of latitudes, 175 n.3on celestial globes, 43coordinates, 28, 30, 54on flattened projection, 36grids, 29Horoscopion generale and, 62on Islamic celestial globes, 44, 47, 48and lunar mansions, 53and lunar nodes, 64plane of, 35 n.72, 38 n.79on planispheric astrolabes, 65poles, 43on spherical astrolabes, 41, 202
Education, Brahman, 330Eger, proclamation of conquest of, pl.17Eggeling, Julius, 308 n.65Egypt
on BalkhI school maps, 114, 115, 118,119,120,121
on geographic globe in Mughal painting,409 n.37
on al-IdrlsI's sectional maps, 165influence on Mecmu 'a-i menazil, 241and Ka<ba, 190in kishvar system, 94in Kitab-i ba~riye, 232, 232-33, 275, 279map of, 112qibla of, 193on seven-kishvar earth, 80on South Asian world maps, 390, 391
El Cruzero Hispanis (Spanish cross), 63EIdem, Halil Ethem, 270el-Dima~kI (Ebu Bekr ibn Behram
el-Dima~ki), 218Elements. See also Air; Earth; Fire; Water
and correspondences in Islamiccosmology, 76, 77, 78
in Ibn al-<ArabI's cosmography, 86in Jabirian alchemy, 81, 82in Na~ir Khusraw's cosmography, 86in al-SijistanI's cosmography, 82spheres of, 76
Eli, Mount, 256Elizabeth I of England, 67, 409 n.36, 507Elizabeth II of England, 378Elliptical curves, 35 n.73
Elphinstone, Mountstuart, 436Encircling Ocean. See Oceans, Encircling
OceanEncyclopaedia of Islam, 10Engineering works, route maps related to,
438-42England. See Great BritainEquator, celestial
on armillary spheres, 49on celestial globes, 43on Islamic celestial globes, 44, 47on nineteenth-century Indian planispheric
map, 68on planispheric astrolabes, 18, 21, 65on planispheric map from
SarvasiddhantatattvacueJama1Ji, 69,70
and qibla determination, 201on spherical astrolabes, 41, 202on vault of heavens, Qu~ayr <Amrah, 15
Equator, terrestrialon BalkhI school maps, 126on Bharat Kala Bhavan globe, 397on Cantino map, 262on climatic (zone) maps, 148al-IdrisI on, 158-59 n.25on al-KhwarazmI's maps, 105, pl.4in orthographic projection, 35 n.72on South Asian globes, 358, 396in Suhrab's map construction, 104, 105on terrestrial globe, 399
Equatoria, 38-39Equatorial polar circle, 65Equatorial stereographic projections, 28Equidistant cylindrical projection, 34Equinoctial colures, 13, 16, 21, 61, 65, 68, 69Equinoxes
autumnal, 69in globular projection, 36and lunar mansions, 53on nineteenth-century Indian planispheric
map, 68procession of, 43, 314-15vernal, 69
Erci~, ruins of, 239, 240Ertugrul, 235 n.32, 236Erzurum, 237 n.38, 243Escarpments, 422, 429Eski Istanbulluk, Lesbos, 231 n.14Esztergom
bird's-eye view of siege of fortress, 245,pl.19
in Tarib-i fet~-i ~a~lavun, 247Ethiopia
in kishvar system, 94on qibla map, 199qibla of, 191, 193
Eton College, al-I~!akhrI's manuscripts at,130-31
Euboea, 276, pl.22Euphrates River, 118, 222, 223Europe
accounts of Indian maps, 324-27on BalkhI school map of Mediterranean,
119
General Index
cosmographies, compared with SouthAsian cosmographies, 507
denigration of Islamic cartography, 9on geographic globe in Mughal painting,
409al-IdrisI's lack of influence on cartography
in, 172on al-IdrIsI's maps, 157influence on geographic globe in Mughal
painting, 409influence of Islamic asterism mapping on,
60-63influence on Islamic cartography, 3, 65-70,
263influence on Ottoman cartography, 209,
210,213,215,217-18,221-22influence on Ottoman illustrated histories,
228,245,250,251influence on South Asian cartography, 295,
463-65,503,507maps of, 114on al-QazwIni's world maps, 144Renaissance, 4on al-SharafI al-Sifaqsi chart, 289on South Asian world maps, 392, 398spread of astrolabe in, 26-27terrestrial maps, compared with South
Asian maps, 507-8in view of world landmass as bird, 91
Evliya <::elebi, 284Seyahatname (Book of travels), 224
Exaltation (of planet), 64-65Eyiip, 238, 239, 249
Faizabad, oblique secular representation of,480-81
Faiz Bazar, architectural drawing of, 468-69Falconer, Hugh, 411Falsafah (philosophy), 73Faraj,232Farang (Land of the Franks), 393. See also
Feringhi; France; Franksal-FarghanI (Abu al-<Abbas Abmad ibn
Mubammad al-Farghani), 34-36, 35n.70, 36 n.74, 63, 95, 97, 101
and length of degree, 178longitude and latitude tables, 96and nilometer renovation, 177and seven-climate system, 102
al-Farisf (Mubammad ibn AbI Bakr al-Farisi),191 n.11
Tu~fat al-raghib wa-turfat al-ralib fitaysir al-nayyirayn wa-~arakiJt
al-kawakib (The sun, the moon, andthe movements of the fixed starsmade easy as a gift to the desirousand a luxury for the seeker), 192-93,194
Farrukhabad, 422Fan, 112, 114, 115-16Farsakhs, 8, 160, 175, 177, 178, 178 n.23,
186, 187 0.59, 198Fatb cAIr Shah, 242 n.51Fathpur SIkrI, 377Fatimids, 111, 111 n.23
General Index
al-Fazarl (Mubammad ibn Ibrahim al-Fazart),26, 95, 103, 157
Kitiib al-Zi;, 93 n.13Fer, Antoine de, 67Ferdinand of Austria, pl.19Feringhi (Land of the Franks), 390, 391. See
also Farang; France; Franksal-FiQQah (island), 138, 140, 144Fields (depicted on maps), 447Figuerda, Emmanuel de, 365Fire. See also Elements
in Ibn al-(Arabi's cosmography, 86in Na~ir Khusraw's cosmography, 86sphere of, 75, 77
Finlz Shah III, 315, 376-77Flags
on ~ajj Abu al-I:Iasan chart, 265, 267on al-Katibi chart, 264
Florida, 272, pl.21Forma Urbis Romae, 512Forschungsbibliothek, Gotha
Abmad (Mubammad) al-TUSi'S manuscriptsin, 134-35
al-I~takhri's manuscripts in, 108, 124-25,130
Fort Khyber, 393Forts, maps of, 462-66, 490-93Fortunate Islands (Canary Islands), 391France. See also Farang; Feringhi; Franks
on geographic globe in Mughal painting,409 n.37
in Kitiib-i balJriye, 278on South Asian world maps, 395, 400
Francis I of France, 245Frank mils, 160Franks, 94. See also Farang; Feringhi; FranceFreducci, Ottomano, 280Frontal perspective, 450, 452, 453, 470Furusiyah manuscripts, 235 n.30Fyzabad, 422
Gabhastikhal)Qa, 355Gagraun fort, map of, 465, 492-93Gait, Edward Albert, 326 n.156Galata
in H unernlime, 249in Kitlib-i balJriye, 235 n.27in Mecmu 'a-i meniizil, 238on reference map of Istanbul architectural
monuments, 239Gallois, Lucien, 277-78Gama, Vasco da, 30, 256, 257, 259, 265,
295, 324, 394-95Gandak (Saligrama) River, 432Gandha~akhaI)Qa, 355Gal)esas, 455, 457Gaitgadhara, 323Ganga (Ganges) River, 461
on South Asian maps, 311 n.71cosmographic globes, 354, 356, 358,
396eleventh-century stone slab, 311-12fifth-century bas-relief, 311, 312geographic globe in Mughal painting,
409
Indo-Islamic cosmography, 377Jain conception of Jambudvipa, 341,
369, 372Mughal topographic maps, 405Padma Pura1Ja, 313painting of Varanasi, 452pilgrimage maps, 439, 441religious map of Varanasi, 454Shahid-i $adiq, 403, 405world maps, 393, 399
Gangasagara, 396Gardens
on late premodern maps from Kashmir,409
on map of Kashmir by Abdur Rahim, 412on secular plans of cities and towns, 447Shah Jahan and, 377-78on South Asian scroll maps, 436on topographic map from Kashmir, 411
Gargasarrthita, 338Gastaldi, Giacomo, 279, 280, 282Gaya, 396, 461 n.172Gaz, 440, 448Geerarts, Marc, the Younger, 409 n.36Gemini. See also Astrology; Astronomy;
Zodiacconstellation
on al-BiriinI's flattened astrolabe, 36on al-BirunI's globular projection, 37and corresponding pre-Islamic asterisms,
51on Islamic celestial globes, 44on qibla map, 192, 199
zodiac signon astrolabe rete, 22, 30combined with planets, 64in Islamic correspondences, 77, 78in Na~ir Khusraw's cosmography, 86
Gemma Frisius, 29Gentil, Jean Baptiste Joseph, 299, 325 n.143,
378, 378 n.146, 422, 446, 469, 507Empire Mogol divise en 21 soubas au
gouvernements tires de differensecrivains du pafs en Faisabad enMDCCLXX, 427-28
and hybrid maps, 427-29Recueil de toutes sarles de dessins, 427
Gentil atlas, 427-29Geodesy, 175-88Geographers, Balkhi school of, 108-37
manuscripts, 124-28, 130-35maps of, 112-28
Arabic-speaking provinces, 117-20described, 114selection of material, 114-15treatment of Persian provinces on,
115-17world maps, 120-22
works of, 108-11Geography
in cosmographical diagrams, 71early Islamic literature, 90-93geographical tables, 96-97in Indian cosmographies, 339-40on Islamic maps, 7
557
Islamic sacred, 190-96, 197of Italian peninsula, 210
Geomancy, 71Geometry, 359, 373Germany, 393, 395Ghazan Khan, 239Ghazna
al-Biruni's attempts to determine longitudeof, 177
longitude of, 177, 184-88, 187triangulation between Baghdad and, 186
Ghogha, 417Gibbs, Sharon, 299, 315 n.94Gibraltar, Strait of, 119Girnar, Mount
on Jain pilgrimage route map, 442on Jain triptych, 460religious map of, 484-85on su~ey map, 461 n.172
Giustinian, Marc' Antonio, 221 n.36Giza, pyramids of, 232, 233Globe construction
brass, 352Islamic, 48-49millboard/hollow wood, 399papier-mache, 355seamless metal, 48-49welded, 357
Globe gores, 62-63Globes. See Celestial globes; Cosmographical
globes; Terrestrial globesGlobular projection, 36-37, 37-38, 141-42Gnomons, 41, 44, 181Gnosticism, 73, 80-83Goa, 405Godapora Maharaja, 426Godavari River, 261, 262, 382, 399, 423Gods. See also Brahma; Krishna; Vishnu
Indian, 334in Islamic cosmography, 74in Jain cosmologies, 373planetary, 358-59in Qur)an, 71
Goeje, Michael Jan de, 8, 108, 110, 111,112-13, 130, 190
Gog and Magog. See also Yajuj and Majujon seven-kishvar earth, 80on South Asian world maps, 390, 391,
393, 396,507,pI.29Gogerly, Daniel John, 343 n.53Gokarn, 425Golden womb (hira1Jyagarbha), 333-34, 343Gole, Susan
on Chahar Gulshan, 435Early Maps of India, 299on Gentil atlas, 378 n.146and geometric diagrams from Rajasthan,
348, 349-50, 351and hybrid maps, 427I ndian Maps and Plans: From Earliest
Times to the Advent of EuropeanSurveys, 296, 299, 317 n.108, 389,390,400,416,417,507-8
Indian world map found by, 304, 393, 394India within the Ganges, 299, 424
Habash al-Hasib (Abmad ibn (AbdallahHabash al-Hasib al Marwazi), 36, 41,41 n.85, 103, 202
Kitab al-ajram wa-al-ab ad (Book ofbodies and distances), 178-79
Kitab fi maC,ifat al-kurah (Book of theknowledge of the globe), 44
and length of degree, 178method for calculating qibla, 204, 205
Habib, IrfanAn Atlas of the Mughal Empire: Political
and Economic Maps with DetailedNotes, Bibliography and Index, 325n.143
"Cartography in Mughal India," 301, 400,403
on Hafi~-i Abrli, 390on Sadiq I~fahani, 391-92, 403on South Asian route maps, 436 n.118
558
Gole, Susan (cont.) and copying of portolan charts, 258on irrigation route maps, 439-50 n.16on Jain scroll paintings, 460 ecliptic, 29on map by Abdur Rahim, 411 globular projections used as, 37on map of north-central India, 422 on qibla indicator, 198on maps in Tarikh-i qal<ah-i Kashmir, on qibla maps, 196, 197, 200, 202
413-14 rect-azimuthal, 198Maps of Mughal India: Drawn by on al-Sharafi al-Sifaqsi's world map, 262
Colonel Jean-Baptiste-Joseph Gentil, on al-Zayyani's world map, 171Agent for the French Government to used by al-Khwarazmi, 100the Court of Shuja-ud-daula at in South Asian mappingFaizabad, in 1770, 299, 428 on architectural drawings, 468
and Maratha topographic map, 424 n.73 on Bharat Kala Bhavan globe, 397and South Asian architectural plans, 468, on city plans, 448
469, 470 on Indian maps, 508and South Asian city and town plans, 446, on map of north-central India, 422
448, 450 on Marino Sanudo's map of Palestine,and South Asian cosmographic globes, 352 517and South Asian fort maps, 466 in Shahid-i $adiq, 403, 404-5on South Asian pilgrimage maps, 441 on topographic maps, 388, 416, 424,on South Asian route map, 438 433on South Asian scroll maps, 436 Grosset-Grange, Henri, 259 n.20and South Asian temple ground plans, Grueber, Johan, 430
318-19 Grus (crane), 63on topographic maps from Kashmir, 411, Gudea, 177
413 n.46 Guimet, Musee, Paris, painting in, 449Golius, Jacob, 63, 67 n.191 Guinea, Gulf of, 270Golkonda, oblique secular representation of, Gujarat
480-81 in Gentil's atlas of Mughal Empire, 429Gombrich, R. F., 332-33, 334 hybrid map of, 427Goodrich, Thomas D., 282, 283 Jain pilgrimage map from, 440, 441-42,Gorakhpur, 396 460Gordon, D. H., 304 maps of, 422-26Gosain Lake, 432 nautical maps from, 502Gossellin, Pascal Fran\ois Joseph, 340 secular city and town plans from, 446Goswamy, B. N., 444-45 on South Asian cosmographic globe, 396Gotha, Forschungsbibliothek topographic maps from, 414-17, 418
Abmad (Mubammad) al-TiiSi's manuscripts Gunther, Robert T., 299in, 134-35 Gupta, Samudra, 311 n.70
al-I~takhri's manuscripts in, 108, 124-25, 130 Gurjar, Laxman Vasudeo, 361 0.99, 362Gouwas (Sinhalese miles), 426 Gurkha, oblique secular representation of,Govardhan, 419 480-81Govardhan, Mount, 379, 419, pl.31 Gurung, Harka, 430, 431, 432Govardhan Puja (sacrifice), 379 Gurung, Kesav, 431Govindgarh fort, map of, 490-91 Gwalior, sketch map of, 448-49Grahas (planetary deities), 358-59, 360, 373Graticules, 148-51, 259. See also GridsGreat Britain
colonies of, on South Asian world maps,396
disdain for South Asian maps, 303, 303n.47, 504, 506
on South Asian world maps, 390, 393, 400use of astrolabes in, 27
Greeceon Balkhi school map of Maghreb, 120influence on Islamic cartography, 4, 94-95influence on Islamic high culture, 73
Greenland, 272Grids. See also Graticules; Latitude;
Longitudein Islamic mapping, 259
on Arab navigational charts, 258for converting latitude and longitude
tables to map form, 137"n.1
General Index
Habsburgs, 228, 246Haci Abmed, 221 n.36HaCi Mebmed, 266, 267 n.10, 270Ha\ova/Mezokeresztes, plan of battle of,
213 n.20I:f.adds, 190Hadith
and cosmology, 71, 72, 73geography in, 90
Hadrian, 63Hafi~-i Abrii ((Abdallah ibn Lutf Allah
al-Bihdadini), 259, 390 n.8influences on, 170maps by, 127-28Ta)rikh-i I:f.afi+-i Abru, 170use of graticule, 149 n.63, 149-50world maps by, 151, 170, 390
Hagia Eirene, Istanbul, 237, 250Hagia Sophia, Istanbul, 237Hahfizjee, hybrid map by, 427HairaQ.yavata, 341Hajj Abii ai-Hasan, 265, 267, 272al-Hajjaj ibn Yiisuf, 90Hajji Malang Hill, Kalyao, pilgrimage map
of, 461-62 n.173ai-Hakim, 141 n.20Halkah water-supply system, Ottoman map
of, 226Hamburg, Staats- und Universitiitsbibliothek,
al-I~takhri's manuscripts in, 124,130-31
Hamd Allah Mustawfi (Hamd Allah ibn AbiBakr al-Mustawfi Qazvini), 138, 145,390
compared with Sadiq I~fahani, 391-92map of the Middle East, 152N uzhat al-qulub, 149 0.63, 149-50, 150,
152, 259use of graticule, 149-50, 150
al-Hamdani (ai-Hasan ibn Abmadal-HamdanI)
and prime meridians, 103$ifat jazirat al- c.Arab (History of the
Arabian Peninsula), 117ai-HamidI (IbrahIm ibn al-Husayn aI-Hamidi)
Kanz al-walad (Treasure of the son), 83Hamilton, Francis (Buchanan), 430Hapgood, Charles H., 271Haram ai-SharIf, 244Harappan culture
cartographic achievements, 306-8standardization of, 306-7survey instruments, 307
Hardwar, 441, 461 n.172Hari Parbat fort, Srinagar, 409, 492-93Harita, 206Harivar~, 341, 358al-Harrani (Abmad ibn Hamdan al-I:farrani),
138, 143 n.35j ami ( al-funun (The gatherer of the
sciences), 143, 144world map by, 144
Hartner, Willy, 16 n.12Harlin aI-RashId, 4Harvey, P. D. A., 296
General Index
ljasan (artist), 229, pI.17ljasan (inspector of waterways), 216, 219lja~~a mi)narlart, 215Hastings, Warren, 429ljaydar Amuli (Sayyid Baha) ai-DIn J:Iaydar
ibn cAli al-CUbaydI al-ljusaynI AmulI),74
cosmographical diagrams by, 87 n.33,87-88
Kitab afaql (Book of horizons), 87Kitab anfusl (Book of souls), 87
ljaydar Re)Is, 276tIayreddin Barbarossa, 245, 285, pi.20Ha~ratbal mosque, 409Heavens, in Jain cosmology, 373, pl.28Hells, in Jain cosmology, 372, pi.28Helmand River, 405Helt, Hugo, 35 n.72, 38 n.79Hemakuta Mountains, 396, 399Hemispheres
Northernabstract of on South Asian
cosmographic globe, 358constellations of on astrolabe plate, 66constellations of on planispheric star
map, 67Southern
constellations of on astrolabe plate, 66constellations of on planispheric star
map, 67on South Asian cosmographic globe, 357
Hercules, 16, 58, 61Hering, Loy, 246 n.64Hermann of Carinthia, 24-25Heron of Alexandria, 175 n.5, 176Hevelius, Johannes, 69ljijaz, 94, 118Himachala Mountains (Himachal, Himagiri,
Himalayas)in Shahid-i Sadiq, 403, 405on South Asian cosmographic globes, 354,
356, 396, 397, pl.30in South Asian mental mapping, 382on South Asian world maps, 393, 399
Himachal Pradesh, 436, 437Himavat Mountains, 341Hindus, 332
cartography, 303, 318-19conceptions of universes, 341cosmography, 333-34, 343-67
Brahmat].cJa (egg of Brahma), 344, 346celestial mapping, 358-67continen~in,335-3~ 347-48,348cosmographic globe, pI.30cosmos as egg/fetus, 343, 344, 345ethicization of cosmos, 334four-continent earth, 313, 336, 352, 353geography in, 340nonastronomical painting and ink
drawings, 343-51placement of deities in, 347, pl.25reasons for scarcity of, 343seven-continent earth, 337in temple architecture, 379-80Vaishnavite, 343-44, 345
cosmologyBrahmat].ga (egg of Brahma), 333Shaivite, 344
importance of maps to, 328-29importance of rivers to, 311-12influence on Islamic cartography, 93and mapmaking, 506, 509monasteries, 452Muslim interaction, 323-24temples, plan for, 319theology, 330
al-J:Iini, Mu1)ammad Jaber cAbd ai-CAl, 130Hipparchus, 25, 103 n.67, 361Hippodrome (Atmeydanl), Istanbul, 237Hiratlyagarbha (golden womb), 333-34,343Histories, Ottoman illustrated
accuracy of, 228compilation, 229-30development of, 228-29European influence on, 228materials used for, 229selected manuscripts related to, 252-55topographical illustration, 230-35, 245-52
European influence on, 245, 250, 251Hungary's importance in, 246-49in later histories, 245-52in Mecmu 'a-i menazii, 235-45
Hodgson, Brian Houghton, 431Hodgson, Marshall G., 512Hoefnagel, Georg, 251Hogenberg, Frans, 251
Civitates orbis terrarum, 240-41, 246Holland
colonies of on South Asian world maps,396
on South Asian world maps, 390, 393Homem, Lopo, 262Hondius, Henricus, 409 n.37Honigmann, Ernst, 96, 100, 175 n.2Hoogly Bunder, 393Horizon circle, 48Horizon rings, 42, 43, 44, 47Horizons, and measurement of earth's
radius, 182, 182-83Horizontal rings, and qibla determination,
201Horoscopes. See also Astrology
of Iskandar Sultan, 63-64, 65, pl.1of Nau Nihal Singh, 68
Hour lines, 41Hours, lines of unequal, 21Houses, plans for, 470Houtman, Frederick de, 63, 66, 69Hsu, Mei-ling, 503Hubu! (dejection), 64-65ljudud al- 'alam, 139-40Hulagii Khan, 57Humayiin, 65, 379Humors, bodily, 86Hungary
on geographic globe in Mughal painting,409 n.37
importance in Ottoman topographicalillustration, 246-49
Ottoman-Habsburg rivalry for, 246
559
Ottoman map of, 217in Taril}-i fetlJ-i ~a~/avun, 245-46
al-J:Iusayn, 55shrine of at Karbala in Mecmu 'a-i
menazil, 243, 243 n.53, 244J:Iusayn, Shah, 38 n.79, 68 n.193, 124Hybrid maps (South Asian in European
style),427-29Hyderabad, 425, 476-77Hydrus (small serpent), 63
Iberian Peninsula. See also Andalusia;Portugal; Spain
in Atlas-i hiimayun, 283on Ibn J:Iawqal's world map, 145on al-Idrisi's world map, 145in al-Sharafi al-Sifaqsi atlas, 287on South Asian world maps, 390
Ibn cAbd al-J:Iakam (Abu al-Qasim cAbdal-Ra1)man ibn cAbdallah ibn cAbdal-J:Iakam), 90-91
Ibn al-cArabi (MuQyi ai-Din MUQammad ibnCAli ibn al-CArabi), 73, 74, 83-87
cosmography of, 86al-Futul]at al-Makklyah (Meccan
revelations or conquests), 85Insha) ai-dawa'ir (Production of spheres),
83,85Ibn al-Banna), 29Ibn Bashriin, 157Ibn Fagl Allah al-cUmari (Al).mad ibn Yal).ya
ibn FacJI Allah al-CUmari), 517Masalik al-ab~ar fl mamiilik al-am~ar
(Ways of perception concerning themost populous [civilized] provinces),150-51
world maps by, 150-51, 153Ibn al-Faqih (Abmad ibn Mubammad ibn
al-FaqIh al-Hamadhani), 114, 178Ibn Fatimah, 170Ibn al-Ghulam al-Qunawi (al-l:laliq ibn
al-Ghulam al-Qunawi), 58Ibn J:Iawqal (Abu al-Qasim Mubammad ibn
J:Iawqal al-Na~ibI), 8, 128, 138and al-Balkhi, 110biographical knowledge, 110and ljudud al- 'alam, 139-40and al-Idrisi, 157, 169 n.51and al-I~takhri, 109, 110, 137Kitab $urat ai-art! (Picture of the earth),
108, 110, 136maps by, 112, 113-14, 115, 117
Arabia, 118, 119compared with maps in
Forschungsbibliothek, Gotha, 125Egypt on, 121influences on, 129Kirman, 116later recensions, 137-39Maghreb, 120Mediterranean Sea, 120world maps, 122, 123, 140, 144-45
and maps in Staats- undUniversitatsbibliothek, Hamburg, 124
and al-MuqaddasI, 111, 122
560
Ibn tJawqal (cant.)printed editions and translations of, 136select list of manuscripts, 132-33use of graticule, 149works, 111
Ibn Khaldiin, 286 n.66influences on, 170Kitab al- ~bar, 170, 171world map, 170, 171
Ibn Khallikan (Abmad ibn Mubammad ibnKhallikan), 25
Ibn Khurradadhbih (Abu al-Qasim (UbaydAllah ibn (Abdallah ibnKhurradadhbih), 99, 114, 116, 117, 118
biographical information on, 91 n.9influence on BalkhI school maps, 128-29Kitab al-masalik wa-al-mamalik (Book of
routes and provinces), 91-92, 169n.51, 190-91
scheme of sacred geography, 190as source for al-IdrIsI, 169 n.51
Ibn Majid (Abmad ibn Majid), 8, 256, 257,260-61
Asra al-bahr, 394Ibn al-NadIm (Mubammad ibn Isbaq ibn
al-NadIm), 25, 26Fihrist, 96, 168 n.47
Ibn Qutaybah (Abu Mubammad (Abdallahibn Muslim ibn Qutaybah), 53
Ibn Rablq, 191 n.11Ibn Rustah (Abu (All Abmad ibn (Umar ibn
Rustah),93Ibn Saffar (Abu al-Qasim Abmad ibn
(Abdallah ibn Saffar), 26Ibn Sa(Id ((All ibn Musa ibn Sa(Id
al-MaghribI), 143, 145influences on, 170Kitab bas! ai-art} fi !aliha wa-al- ~rt}
(Exposition of the earth in length andbreadth), 102 n.60, 150-51, 170
method of dividing climates, 157Ibn al-Sarraj, 31, 32Ibn al-Shatir ((Ala) aI-DIn Abu al-tJasan (All
ibn IbrahIm ibn al-Sharir), 32Ibn Suraqah (Mubammad ibn Suraqah
al-CAmirI)instructions for finding qibla, 195and sacred geography, 191 n.11, 191-92
Ibn al-WardI (Siraj aI-DIn Abu J:Iaf~ (Umaribn al-WardI), 138, 143 n.35, 155
Kharrdat al- ~;a lib wa-faridat al-ghara lib(The unbored pearl of wonders andthe precious gem of marvels), 127,143, 194, 195, 196, 221 n.34
and qibla charts, 192world maps, 113, 143, pl.8
Ottoman version of, 220Ibn Yunus (Aba al-J:Iasan (Ali ibn (Abd
al-Rabman ibn Yanus), 96and length of degree, 178, 180-81and longitude of Alexandria, 102number of entries in coordinate tables,
101 n.49al-Zi; al-kabfr al-fJakimi (Hakimite
tables), 141, 141 n.20, 179
ibrahIm J:Ia~~l (Erzurumlu ibrahIm J:Ia~~l),
85,87Ma'rifetname, 76
levels of being in, 87religious cosmos from, pl.3topographic rendering of Day of
Judgment from, 88, 89IbrahIm al-MursI, 264-65, 266IbrahIm MOteferri~a, 218
map of Ottoman Empire, 225, 225-26IbrahIm Pa~a, 232, 236, 237, 272, 275IbrahIm ibn Sald aI-SahlI al-Wazzan, 45Iceland, 393al-IdrlsI (Aba (Abdallah Mubammad ibn
Mubammad aI-SharIf al-IdrIsI), 8, 102,102 n.60, 111, 114, 129, 138, 140,142, 143, 154, 513, 517
biographical information, 156Book of Roger, 156, 170cartography, 156-74influence on later authors, 170-72influence on al-SifaqsI family, 285, 287instructions for making world map,
158-59longitude and latitude on maps of, 259
n.23manuscripts of works of, 173-74as mapmaker, 156-58map of compared with Cantino map, 262northwest Africa from map of, pl.12N uzhat al-mushtaq fi )khtiraq al-afaq (The
book of pleasant journeys intofaraway lands), 7, 8, 156, 157,158-63,164,165,166,169,170 n.58,172, 173-74
index of sectional maps in, 162sources for, 167-70
orientation of maps, 518Rawej al-fara; wa-nuzhat al-muha;
(Gardens of pleasure and recreationof the souls), 146-47, 157-58, 163,165-67, 168, 170 n.58, 174, 518
sectional maps by, 162, 162-63, 164, 165,166, 171-72, 172
Uns al-muha; wa-rawt} al-fara; (Intimacyof souls and gardens of pleasure),157-58
world maps by, 144, 161, 162, 515, pl.l'1al-(Ijll,26al-(IjlIyah, 26Ilavrta, 343, 358Iliryus (Leros), 277Illustration, Ottoman. See Histories,
Ottoman illustratedIlyas of Morea the Reconnoiterer, 210-11Imago Mundi, 298Imarat Kar~hana, 442Imber, Colin H., 266India. See also Bharata; Man~urah; South
Asiaancient and medieval architectural plans,
317-20astrolabes in, 26astrology, 338-39astronomy, 314-16
General Index
cartographycosmographic globes, 352-58repositories for, 302-4surviving, 295
celestial symbolism in, 65conceptions of universes, 341-42cosmography, 333-34
ancient, 312-14continents in, 335-36, 336 n.24distant realms in, 336divination charts, 348-51early conceptions of earth and universe,
333-34Francis Wilford's drawing of, 300geography in, 339-40Mesolithic depiction of, 306microcosmic analogues, 379-82size of earth and universe, 334world as tortoise, 337-38, 338
cosmology, 332-43European influence, 295geography, ancient knowledge of, 309-12gods, 334Harappan achievements in, 306-8influence on Islamic high culture, 72-73in kishvar system, 80, 94lack of surviving artifacts, 295literacy in, 328-29on maps, 114
BalkhI school world map, 122geographic globe in Mughal painting,
409Hindu cosmographic globe, pl.30al-IdrIsI's sectional map, 165al-QazwInI's world maps, 144Sadiq I~fahani's topographic maps, 400South Asian cosmographic globe, 396South Asian world maps, 391, 392, 394,
395topographic, 420-22, 427
maps fromBritish disparagement of, 303, 303 n.47cave paintings, 304-5, 305, 306, 313European accounts of, 324-27prehistoric and tribal, 304-5and reincarnation, 382
Mauryan Empire, surveying of, 316-17nature of corpus, 304-31and prime meridians, 103rivers, 311-12temples as astronomical artifacts, 360types of materials produce~, 304-27Vedic altars, 308-9, 379in view of world landmass as bird, 90-91
Indian Ocean (Persian Sea)on BalkhI school maps, 114, 120, 122,
125, 126, 127on Cantino map, 260, 260-62J:Iafi~-i Abril's map of, 150on Ibn J:Iawqal's world maps, 144on Ibn al-WardI's world map, 143on al-IdrIsI's maps, 160, 164Islamic navigation charts for, 256-62on al-KhwarazmI's world map, 157in Kitab ~arat ai-art}, 106, 169
General Index
in N uzhat al-mushtaq, 169in Walters Deniz atlast, 283
India Office Library and Records (BritishLibrary), London. See also BritishLibrary
indigenous maps in Hodgson Collectionat, 474-75
al-IgakhrI's manuscripts in, 132-33manuscript of al-IdrisI's Nuzhat
al-mushtaq in, 173map collections of, 302Nepali maps in, 431scroll maps in, 436topographic map from Kashmir in, 411
Indo-Christians, 332Indra, 379IndrakhaI)Qa, 355Indravarman, 370Indus (native holding spear), 63Indus culture. See Harappan cultureIndus River
on Balkhi school world map, 122on Mughal maps, 405, 408, pl.32in Shahid-i Sadiq, 405on South Asian world maps, 393, 399
Institut fOr Geschichte der ArabischIslamischen Wissenschaften, Frankfurt, 9
Instruments. See also names of instrumentsastronomical, 28, 360
accuracy of, 362, 364-65at Jaipur observatory, 362-64, 365, 366
scientific, in South Asian astronomy, 360,360 n.96
Insulae Fortunatae (Canary Islands), 391Iqlfm (climate). See AqalfmIran
and Balkhi school maps, 114-15grid on map of, 259Hamd Allah Mustawfi's map of, 150influence on Islamic high culture, 72-73influence on Mecma <a-i menazil, 241on qibla indicator, 197on seven-kishvar earth, 80on South Asian world maps, 391, 392
Iraq (Lower Mesopotamia)Balkhi school map of, 114and Kacba, 190
qibla of, 191Iraqi Academy of Science, Baghdad, 158Irrigation, route maps for, 438-41Irwin, John, 377Isaac ibn Sid (Isbaq ibn Sid), 42I~bacs (digits), 258, 258 n.18, 262, 497, 500Isfahan, 198Isbaq ibn al-J:iusayn
Akam al-marjan, 169 n.51Iskandarnamah, 394, 395, 396Iskandar Sultan, horoscope of, 63-64, 65,
pl.1Islamic society. See also Arabs; Ottoman
Empireasterism mapping, 60-63cartography, 303
early, 90-107European denigration of, 9
European influence on, 3foreign geographical influence on, 93-95Greek influence on, 4historiography, 8-10later developments, 137-55terminology, 7-8theory and practice, 7
celestial mapping, 12-70early Syrian origins, 12-18influences on, 12
constellation iconography, 54-60cosmography, 332
religious, 88-89cosmology, 71-73
Ptolemy's influence on, 75and destruction of Hindu sites, 328early geographical literature, 90-93European influence on chartmaking, 263and gardens, 377-78geodesy, 175-88Hindu interaction, 323-24and Indo-Islamic cosmography, 376-79influence of European celestial mapping
on, 65-70influence on high culture, 72-73influence on Indian astronomy, 315-16mapmaking, 5-7,506
grids in, 259materials used, 6
navigation chartsin Indian Ocean, 256-62in Mediterranean Sea, 263-92
reference map of world of, 109 .relationship between maps of and
manuscripts, 4-5and science, 72-73, 189stemma of later maps, 138time chart, 92view of world landmass in shape of bird,
90-91Isma1lis, 73, 81-83Isolarii, 231, 276, 277, 279, 280, 287al-I~!akhri (Abu Isbaq Ibrahim ibn
Mubammad al-Farisi al-I~takhri), 8,128
and al-Balkhi, 109, 110biographical information, 109-10compared with Ibn Bawqal, 110, 137and ljudad al- alam, 139-40Kitab al-masalik wa-al-mamalik (Book of
routes and provinces), 108, 109, 117,136
Liber climatum, 136maps by, 112-13, 114, 115
Arabia, 117-18, 118in British Library manuscript, 125-26,
127Egypt, 121Kirman, 116Mediterranean Sea, 118-19, 120North Africa and Spain, 121, pl.6in Staats- und Universitatsbibliothek,
Hamburg, 124world, 121, 121-22, 12~ 12~ 144, pI. 7
and al-Muqaddasi, 111, 122
561
printed editions and translations of, 136select list of manuscripts by, 130-33works, 111
Istanbul. See also Byzantium; ConstantinopleArkeoloji Muzesi KitapItgI, Ibn Hawqal's
manuscripts in, 132-33bird's-eye views of, 234, 237, 238, 239,
249-50,251chartmaking in, 263in Hunername, 249-50in Kitab-i balJrfye, 234, 234 n.25, 234-35
n.27Koprulu KutOphanesi, manuscript of
al-IdrisI's Nuzhat al-mushtaq in, 174in Mecma <a-i menazil, 237reference map of architectural
monuments, 239on South Asian world maps, 390SOleymaniye Kiitiiphanesi
Arabic translations of Ptolemy'sGeography in, 210, 210 n.9
Ibn Hawqal's manuscripts in, 134-35al-I~!akhri's manuscripts in, 130-31manuscript of N uzhat al-mushtaq in,
173manuscripts of Raw4 al-faraj in, 174al-Muqaddasi's manuscripts in, 134-35al-Tusi's manuscripts in, 134-35
Topkapi SaraylIbn Hawqal's manuscripts in, 108, 113,
134-35al-I~takhri's manuscripts in, 130-33manuscript copies of Ptolemy's
Geography in, 210 n.8non-Ottoman maps in, 209Ottoman map of Kiev in, 210-11Timurid scientific manuscript in, 108,
126-27, 128uncataloged holdings, 207world map in, 390 n.8
Istanbul Oniversitesi Kiituphanesi,uncataloged holdings, 207
Istituto Italiano per il Medio ed EstremoOriente, 158
Istituto Universitario Orientale di Napoli,158
Italyin CAlI Macar Re)is's portolan atlas, 281on Balkhi school map of Maghreb, 120on Ibn J:iawqal's world map, 145on al-IdrisI's world map, 145influence on Ottoman cartography, 206in Kitab-i balJrfye, 231-32, 278in al-Sharafi al-Sifaqsi atlas, 287in Walters Deniz atlast, pl.23
Itineraries, 228-55Ivan the Terrible, 67
Jabal al-Qilal, 119, 122]abarat, pl.3Jabir ibn J:Iayyan
cosmographical diagrams, 80-82, 82Kitab al-mfzan al-~aghfr (Book of the
small balance), 81Kitab al-ta~rff (Book of conjugation), 81
562
Jacob ben Machir ibn Tibbon, 29Jacob of Edessa, 180Jafarabad, 417Jagannath
on map of north-central India, 422map of temple, pl.36on South Asian cosmographic globe, 396on South Asian world maps, 400
Jagannatha, 365al-Jaghmini, 204, 205Jahan, Shah, 325 n.143, 326 n.155, 377-78,
379, 393, 405, 409 n.36, 449Jahangir, 63, 65, 378, 378 n.145, 408, 409,
469-70, 507"Jahangir Embracing Shah cAbbas"
(painting), 408, 410, 515Jaigarh Fort Museum, architectural drawings
in, 468Jains, 296, 298, 332. See also Pilgrimages,
South Asiancartography, 303
materials used in, 302cosmography, 76, 328, 333-34, 341-42,
342, 367-75anthropomorphic representation of
universe, pl.28in architecture, 380continents in, 335-36ethicization of cosmos, 334geography in, 340Jambudvipa, 340, 341Manu~yaloka (world of man), 340,
367-69,368materials used in, 367seven-continent earth, 337statistical summary, 384-85, 386-87in temple atrium, 371-72
mapmaking, 505, 506, 509maps
importance of, 328-29for pilgrimages, 440, 441, 441-42scrolls (vijnaptipatras), 460-61, 461
pata-chitras, 323temple architecture, 468theology, 330triptych, 460
Jai Prakasa, 362, 363-64, 364, 364-65,366
Jaipur, 355, 395architectural plan, 322, 323astronomical observatory, 361-66
instruments of, 362-64, 364, 365,366
plan of, 363city plan of, 321divination chart centered on, 349, 350Maharaja Sawai Man Singh II Museum
architectural drawings in, 468city plans in, 448irrigation maps at, 438-51map collections of, 303road construction maps at, 441topographic map in, 410-11
map for constructing road at, 441planimetric secular map of, 476-77
Sfi 1',.~un Charan Museum of Indology,map collections of, 303 n.46
terrestrial globe from, 397, 399Jaisalmer
religious map of, 484-85on topographic maps of Rajasthan and
Gujarat, 414, 416Jai Singh, Mirza Raja, 468Jai Singh II, Sawai, 303, 315, 332, 361-67,
37~440, 507, 511, 515and telescopes, 365-66Zij-i MulJammad Shahi, 361-62, 365, 366
Jalalabad, 408Jalore, 417Jam. See ZamJamagird. See Yamako!iJamal aI-Din, terrestrial globe by, 221-22,
221-22 n.38Jambudvipa, 389 n.3
and Bharatavar~a, 336 n.24concept of, 335on cosmographic globes, 352, 353, 354,
358, p~.26
depictions of mountain range, 370-71,371
Hindu conception, 343, 344, 346, 347in Jain universe, 340, 341, 367, 368, 369,
370-71,372,373, 374, 375,pL28Puranic conception, 337statistical summary of Jain cosmographies
centered on, 384-85Uttarakuru, 369
Jambukeswaram, Shaivite temple in, 457Jambu tree, 335, 358, 369James I of England, 67Jammu, maps of, 476-77, 482-83Janjira, map of fort in, 492-93Janoji Bhonsle, 421-22Jantar Mantar, Delhi (astronomical
observatory), 361Japan, 396, pl.29Jarmi (Aksum), 199Jaswant Singh, 408Jaubert, Pierre Amedee Emilien Probe, 8,
158Jaunpur, astronomical observatory at, 379Jav~ 256, 262, 502Jawzahr (dragon), 64-65Jayasthiti Malla, 430a'l-Jayhani (Abu cAbdallah MUQammad ibn
Al)mad al-Jayhani), 117, 132Kitab al-masalik wa-al-mamalik (Book of
routes and provinces), 92-93, 139-40,169 n.51
maps attributed to, 125-26as source for al-Idrisi, 169 n.51
al-JazarI (Ibn al-Razzaz al-Jazari), 65Kitab ti mal-itat al-lJiyal al-handasiyah
(Book of knowledge of ingeniousmechanical devices), 40
al-Jazirah (Upper Mesopotamia), 112, 114,190, 391
Jazirat al-Jawhar (Island of the jewel), 105.See also Yaql1t
Jehat Singh, 421
General Index
Jehuda ben Moses Cohen, 45Jerusalem, 190
on pilgrimage scroll, 244on qibla indicator, 197qibla of, 191, 192
Jey-pergas (Light of Jai). See Jai PrakasaJhelum River, 409, 411, 413Jibal, map of, 114Jiddah, 500Jihahs, 190jiruft, 115Jiianamati, Aryika, 370 n.127jodhpur
map of, pl.34planimetric secular map of, 476-77in Shahid-i ~adiq, 403on survey map, 461 n.172on topographic map of Rajasthan and
Gujarat, 417Johan Daspa, 45johnston, Alexander, 501jomard, Edme Fran~ois
Les monuments de la geographie, 287jones, William, 317 n.108joshi, N. P., 311-12, 352j unagadh, 41 7jupiter, 188. See also Planets
in Iskandar Sultan's horoscope, 64in Islamic correspondences, 78in Na~ir Khusraw's cosmography, 86personification of, 63realm of, 84in South Asian celestial mapping, 358, 359sphere of, 39, 75, 76
jurjaniyah (Gurganj), 186, 186 n.54, 187jyoti~as, 373-74
Kacba. See also Mecca; Qiblaaxes of, 190 n.7azimuth of, 514al-Dimya!i'S diagram of directions of, 192eight divisions of world about, 193explained, 190Ottoman map of, 217on pilgrimage scroll, 244qibla charts centered on, 189-96and sacred geography, 190-96on al-Sharafi al-Sifaqsi qibla diagram, pl. 13world centered on, 80
Kabulin Chahar Gulshan, 436on South Asian maps, 400, 408, 436
Kabul fort, pL32Kabul River, pl.32Kadalivana, 396Kadesia (QadIsiya), 118Kahle, Paul, 270, 271Kailasa, Mount, 348Kale, D. V., 422, 425Kalinjar, 422Kaloda Ocean, 341, 374Kalodhadi (Black-Water Ocean), 368Kalpavrk?a (wish-granting tree), 369Kalyan Singh, 421Kamal, Youssouf, 9, 210 n.9
General Index
KamalakaraSiddhantatattvaviveka, 316
Kammerer, Albert, 499, 501Kanchipuram, 452KancI, 382Kandahar, 378-79, 436Kangra, 436, 480-81Kankroli, religious map of, 484-85Kapali, 362Kapilasastra, 502Kara1Jas, 315Karbala, 244-45, 245 n.58Kargil, 437Karnal, 438Kars, 248, 250Karta, 206KaserukhaI)c;la, 355al-Kashghari (Ma1)mud ibn aI-I:J:usayn
al-KashgharI)Diwan lughat ai-Turk, 153 n.68, 155world map by, 153, 155
al-Kashi (Ghiyath aI-Din Jamshid Mascudal-Kashi), 38-39, 64
Kashmiratlas of, 413, 414on cosmographic globe, 396in Gentil's atlas of Mughal Empire, 429and Kacba, 190, 191maps, 409-14
orientation, 518religious, 482-83, 484-85secular city and town plans, 446surviving, 505tirthas, pl.37world maps, 390
KaSi, 382Kasrawad, 466Katha, 391Kathmandu
on Nepali topographic maps, 433, 434-35religious map of, 484-85
Katib <::elebi, 218, 270 n.13Cihannuma (World mirror), 195, 195 n.13
al-Katibi (Ibra1)im ibn A1)mad al-Katibi), 264,265
Kaulacara, RamacandraSilpa Prakasa, 466
KaurilyaArthasastra, 312, 316
Kaveri River, 399Kayasthas, 328 n.168Kaye, George Rushy, 361, 362Kayqubad (CAla) ai-Din Kayqubad), 233Kazvin (Qazwin), city plan for, 152-53, 154Kedarnath, 382, 461 n.172Kemal Re)is, 267, 267 n.l0, 270, 270 n.16,
285Kepler, Johannes, 183 n.48Kerte, 207Ketu, 358, 359, 360Ketumala, 337Keyser, Pietr Dirksz., 63, 66, 69Khafif, 19Khagolam (celestial dome), Minak~i temple,
359, 359-60
al-Khalili (Shams aI-DIn Abu cAbdallahMu1)ammad ibn.Mu1)ammadal-Khalili), 198, 200, 204
Khambhat, 417Khanakh ibn Khaqan al-Kimaki, 169 n.51Kha~t!aka~372,pI.28
Kha1Jt!as, 341, 351, 354,p1.26Kharak Island, 122al-Kharaqi, 143Kharitah, 7al-KharkhI, 110Khayr Beg, 235al-Khazar (North Caucasus), 90-91Khazars,94al-Khazin (Abu Jacfar Mu1)ammad ibn
Mu1)ammad al-Khazin), 109al-Khazini (CAbd al-Ra1)man al-Khazini), 45,
201-2Khios, 274Khiri, maps of, 442Khoi, 243Khorasan, 396Khosrau, Amir, 377Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Public Library,
Patna, South Asian world map at,390
al-Khujandi (Abu Ma1)mud al-Khujandi), 181n.36
Khurasan Desert, BalkhI school map of, 114,115
Khushal-Khatak, 408Khusrau AnushIrvan, 235 n.32Khuzistan, Balkhi school map of, 114Khwaja Mucin aI-Din Chishti tomb,
Ajmer, pilgrimage map of, 461-62n.173
al-KhwarazmI (Abu Jacfar Mu1)ammad ibnMusa al-KhwarazmI), 96, 122, 138,144-45, 152, 180, 187 n.59
coordinates of compared with those ofPtolemy, 98-100
influence on Ibn Sa1d, 170Kitab ~arat ai-art! (Picture of the earth),
97, 157, 168and length of degree, 178and length of Mediterranean, 102longitude and latitude tables, 95, 97-100,
104maps by, 105-6
Nile River, 120, 225, pl.4Sea of Azov, pl.5world map, 163
methods and purpose, 100-101and nilometer renovation, 177number of entries in coordinate tables,
101 n.49prime meridian used by, 102-3and seven-climate system, 102Zi; al-Sindhind al-~aghir, 93 n.13, 97
n.31, 175 n.6Khyber Pass, 408Kiev, Ottoman military map of, 210-11, 211,
211 n.llKifelonya (Cephalonia), 273Kirppuru~a, 358
563
al-KindI (Abu Yusuf YaCquh ibn Is1)aqal-KindI), 36, 36 n.74, 98, 100, 100n.41, 168 n.47
King, David A., 189Kinnaravar~a, 396Kipchak Desert, 391Kiramam, 382-83Kirfel, Willibald, 298, 333, 334Klrk~e§me and Halkah water-supply system,
Ottoman maps of, 216, 218, 219,226, pl.16
Kirkpatrick, William, 430Kirman, maps of, 112
BalkhI school, 114, 115-17, 116modern, 117by al-MuqaddasI, 122-23in Staats- und Universitatsbibliothek,
Hamburg, 124al-Kirmani (J:Iamid aI-Din A1)mad ibn
cAbdallah al-Kirmani)cosmic orders according to, 84, 85RalJat al- 'aql (Comfort of the intellect), 82-83
Kish, George, 296, 298Kishan Singh, 408Kishvars (regions), 8, 77, 80, 93-94, 94,
95-96, 114, 152, 157, 168Kitab ai-bad) wa-al-ta)rikh, 79, 145, 518, pl.l0Kitab hay)at ashkal ai-art! wa-miqdaruha fi
ai-tal wa-al- 'art! al-ma'rafbi-;ughrafiyah, 78
Kitab ;ughrafiya fi al-ma'mar wa-~ifat
ai-art!, 168 n.47Kitab'khanah-i Majlis, Tehran, al-I~takhrI's
manuscripts in, 134-35Kitab'khanah-i Malik, Tehran, al-I~takhri's
manuscripts in, 134-35Kitab'khanah-i MarkazI-i Danishgah-i
Tihran, Tehran, al-I~!akhri's
manuscripts in, 132-33Kitiib al-mallJamah (Book of the battle), 98,
100, 103Kitiib al-masiilik wa-al-mamiilik (Book of
routes and provinces), 91-93. See alsoIbn Khurradadhbih; al-I~takhrI;
al-Jayhani; al-MarwazI; al-SarakhsiKitiib rasm ai-rub Cal-ma 'mur (Book of the
picture of the inhabited quarter [theworld]), 101, 168 n.47
Kioetzli, W. Randolph, 343 n.53Knox, Robert, 427Kolver, Bernhard, 301, 455, 456Kolzum, Sea of. See Red SeaJS.ona~s, 223Konarak, survey of temple at, 467Konkan, 405Koprulu Kiitiiphanesi, Istanbul, manuscript of
al-IdrIsi's Nuzhat al-mushtiiq in, 174Koprulu Waterway, maps of, 226Koran. See Qur)anKorea, 163Korone, 266Kos, 406, 414, 425, 436, 444 n.134, 448Kosi River, 433Kos Minar, 436Ko~thakas, 315
564
Kotah, painting of Diwali celebration at,470,472
Krachovskiy, Ignatiy Iulianovich, 9, 172Kramer, S. N., 308Kramers,]. H., 112-14, 114-15, 124Kramrisch, Stella, 318-19, 379-80Krantivrtti Yantra, 363Krishn~ 344, 347-48,348,417, 456, pL25,
pl.31Krishna River, 399, 423Krittika, pl.27Kropp, Manfred, 145Kr~1Jarajfs (black fields), 374, 376K~emakarQa, 352K~etra (field), 453-54Kufa, qibla of, 193Kumar, Ravi, 298, 345, 373KumarikakhaQQa, 354Kumbhalgarh, oblique secular representation
of, 480-81KUQQagama,441Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna, sundial
in, 25al-Kurah (sphere), 201Kurmacakra, 347-48, 348Kurmanivesa (tortoise abode), 337-38, 338Kurmavibhaga (world as tortoise), 337-38,
338,347-48,348,349,351Kuru, 336Kuruk~etra, 356Kurus, 369Kuruvar~a, 358Ku~aQas, 358Kutch, landscape paintings produced in,
444-45
Labrador, 272Laccadive Islands, 262, 500Laft (Qishm Island), 122Laghubhaskariyavivara1Ja, 360Lagna, 360La Hire, Philippe de, 365Lahore
in Chahar Gulshan, 436map of historical growth of, 450 n.146on Mughal route map, pL32oblique painting of, 449-50, 451oblique secular representation of, 480-81on South Asian scroll map, 436
Lahut, pL3Lakes
on BalkhI school maps, 115in Gentil's atlas of Mughal Empire, 429in Mecmu'a-i menazil, 237on South Asian topographic maps, 402, 411
Lalah Balhomai LahorI, 45, 49Lalbhai Dalpatbhai Institute of Indology,
Ahmadabad, 302Landscape paintings, South Asian, 444-46Language, in eighteenth-century India, 394Lanka, 340. See also Sri Lanka
on prime meridian, 103on South Asian cosmographic globes, 352,
353, 35~ 358, 39~ 39~pL30
on South Asian world maps, 399
Lannoy, Richard, 381-82Lapland, 393Latarameswar temple, 432Latitude. See also Grids
and Arab navigational charts, 258astrolabes and, 20, 21, 24of Baghdad, 177and BalkhI school maps, 115on ·Bharat Kala Bhavan globe, 397al-BlfOni and, 186
on flattened astrolabe, 36on globular projection, 37in projections, 34remeasurement of, 141in TafJdid, 184 n.53values, 187
on Byzantine planispheric map, 13celestial, 54determining, 175in early Arab geography, 94 n.20ecliptic and calculation of, 175 n.3and geodesy, 175and graticuJes, 148-51in Ibn Sald's work, 170on al-IdrlsI's maps, 163, 259 n.23in Islamic cartography, 8on Islamic celestial globes, 48and navigation, 497Ptolemy's compared with al-KhwarazmI's,
100on qibla indicators, 198, 200on qibla maps, 196, 197, 200in Shahid-i $adiq, 403on South Asian maps, 391, 392, 405, 408,
416tables of
adjustment of, 176converting to map form, 137 n.1Islamic, 95, 96-97, 97-100
in Zz) al-Sabi~ 98Lavaguru, 396-97LavaQa Samudra (Salt Sea), 368, 369, 372,
374LavaQoda (Salt Ocean), 341LawfJ al-tarsim (drawing board), 159Legends, explanatory, 433Leiden, Bibliotheek der Rijksuniversiteit
Ibn l:Iawqal's manuscripts in, 113, 134-35al-Igakhrl's manuscripts in, 132-33al-Muqaddasi's manuscripts in, 134-35
Lelewel, ] oachim, 8, 9Leningrad
Otdeleniya Instituta VostokovedeniyaAkademii Nauk SSR, al-IgakhrI'smanuscripts in, 132-33
Saltykov-Shchedrin State Public Library,manuscript of al-IdrlsI's Nuzhatal-mushtaq in, 173
Leo. See also Astrology; Astronomy; Zodiacconstellation
on al-BlronI's flattened astrolabe, 36on al-BlrOnI's globular projection, 37and corresponding pre-Islamic asterisms,
51on qibla map, 199
General Index
zodiac sign, 361on astrolabe rete, 22, 30combined with planets, 64in Islamic correspondences, 77, 78in Na~ir Khusraw's cosmography, 86
Leo Minor, 69Lepanto (Naupaktos), 266Levi, Sylvain, 300, 434-35Lewicki, Tadeusz, 156, 159 n.33Libra. See also Astrology; Astronomy;
Zodiacconstellation
on al-BlrOnI's cylindrical projection, 35on al-BlrunI's flattened astrolabe, 36on ceiling at Qu~ayr (Amrah, 16on qibla map, 199
zodiac sign, 360on astrolabe rete, 22, 30combined with planets, 64in Islamic correspondences, 77, 78Islamic emblematic motif for, 63in Na~ir Khusraw's cosmography, 86
Libros del saber de astronomia (Alfonso elSabio), 28, 42, 45, 60, 202
Lines of unequal hours, 21Lingams, 457Literacy, Indian, 328-29Lohargarh, map for pilgrimage to, 442Lokakasa, 341Lokaloka, 340, 343, 346Lokapurusa, 372Lokas, 344, 356Lo~man (Seyyid Lo~man ibn l:Ioseyin ibn
el-cA§urI el-UrnlevI), 229H unername (Book of accomplishments),
234,247,248,249-50,250-51,251,252,255
Sahan§ahname (History of the king ofkings), 27, 250, 254
Sahname-i Selfm ljan (History of SultanSelIm), 251 n.77, 254
Suleymanname (History of the SultanSoleyman), 247-48, 249, 250-51 n.77,254
Surname-i humayun (Book of festivals),250 n.77, 254
Zubdetu )t-tevaril] (Cream of histories),220, 221
LondonBritish Library
hybrid map in, 427al-IgakhrI's manuscripts in, 132-33topographic map of Kashmir in, 411
British Museumcosmographic globes in, 3S2, 357-58,
358 n.89, 396volume of architectural drawings in, 470
n.199India Office Library and Records (British
Library)indigenous maps in Hodgson Collection,
474-75al-I~takhrI's manuscripts in, 132-33manuscript of al-IdrlsI's Nuzhat
al-mushtaq in, 173
General Index
map collections of, 302Nepali maps in, 431scroll maps in, 436topographic map from Kashmir in, 411
Royal Asiatic Society, painting ofJahangIr's mausoleum in, 469-70
Victoria and Albert Museumarchitectural drawings in, 468-69cosmographic globe in, 352, 353, 396
Longitude. See also Gridsand Arab navigational charts, 258on astrolabes, 21and BalkhI school maps, 115on Bharat Kala Bhavan globe, 397al-BIriinI and
on flattened astrolabe, 36on globular projection, 37in projections, 34remeasurement of, 141
celestial, 54, 56comparative, lunar eclipses used to
measure, 103 n.67in coordinate tables
adjustment of, 176converting to map form, 137 n.1Islamic, 95, 96-97, 97-100
determining, 175difference between pairs of places, 188in early Arab geography, 94 n.20and geodesy, 175of Ghazna, 184-88and graticules, 148-51in Ibn Sa'Id's work, 170on al-IdrlsI's maps, 163, 259 n.23in Islamic cartography, 8, 93lunar eclipses in determining, 176Ptolemy's compared with al-KhwarazmI's,
100on qibla indicators, 198, 200on qibla maps, 196, 197, 200in Shahid-i Sadiq, 403on South Asian maps, 391, 392, 405, 408,
416, 424and triangulation, 176trigonometric construction to determine
difference of, 187in ZtJ al-Sabi~ 98
Longitude-measuring circles, 29Lopes de Castanheda, Fernao, 256Lorch, Richard P., 189Lorichs, Melchior, 250Lotus, 514
Braj as, 417-18, 419,452,504,506Islamic resemblances to concept of, 94universe as, 257-58, 335, 352, 357
Loxodromes, 259Lucknow
on map of north-central India, 422oblique secular representation of, 480-81
Lunar mansions, 53-54, 62, 65, 264, 265Lunar nodes, 64, 65Lyra, 52, 61, 62, 66
MacDougall, Robert, 468Mackenzie, Colin, 302, 302 n.43, 501
McNaughton, W. H., 411Macrobius, 148Madagascar, 265Madurai
cosmography in MInak~I temple at, 346religious map of, 484-85, 488-89
Maghreb. See also North Africaand Ka'ba, 190maps of, 112
BalkhI school, 114, 115, 118,124,125portolan charts from, 263production of geographic coordinate
tables in, 141on South Asian world maps, 390
Maghreb chart, 263-64, 264MaghribI (Shams aI-DIn Mubammad
MaghribI), 85Magnesia Peninsula, 276Magnetic declination, 264Magnitude
celestial, 54, 55expression of, 175 n.4
Mahabaleshwar, 425Mahabharata, 310-11, 347, pl.25Mahahimavat Mountains, 341Mahanadi River, 400Maharaja Ranjit Singh Museum, Amritsar,
atlas of Kashmir in, 413Maharaja Sawai Man Singh II Museum,
Jaipurarchitectural drawings in, 468city plans in, 448irrigation maps in, 438-51map collections of, 303road construction maps in, 441topographic map in, 410-11
Maharashtra, secular city and town plansfrom, 446
Mahavideha, 368, 369MahavIra, 373, 441, 442Mabbub (Agapius)
Kitab al- 'unwan, 17Mahi River, 418Mahmoud Bey, 177Mabmiid, 141, 184, 390Mabmiid el-IjarIb er-RumI, 194, 221 n.34Mabmud ibn Sa'Id MaqdIsh
N uzhat al-an~ar ff'aja )ib al-tawarfkhwa-al-akhbar, 287
Mabmiid ibn Yabya ibn al-~asan al-KashI,64, pl.1
Mainkar, V. B., 307Major axis of Ka'ba, 190 n.7Majras (day's sailing), 8, 160al-MajrI!I (Maslamah ibn Abmad al-MajrI!I),
25 n.23Majumder, N. K., 308 n.65Makhrutf projection, 34Makhsiidabad (Murshidabad), 400Malabar Coast, 390, 500Malakut, pl.3Malatesta, Sigismondo Pandolfo, 209-10,
235 n.30al-MalarI ('Abd al-Basit ibn Khalil al-MalatI),
194, 198
565
Malay Peninsula, 262Maldive Islands, 262, 390, 501Malemo Cana, 256Maloney, Clarence, 501Malta, map of Ottoman attack on, 212,
212-13Malwa, 429al-Ma)miin, 4, 9, 19, 36, 94 n.20, 98, 101,
106, 114, 128, 156, 157, 168 n.47,176, 177, 270 n.13, 515
and length of degree, 178-79, 183maps, 95-96, 100, 168al-Zij al-mumtaJ;an (Proved tables), 100
n.39Manasaghati, 396Manasara, 329 n.175Manazil, 53Mandalas, 381, 381 n.164, 418, 455, 514Mandalgarh, 415Man Mandir temple, repair plans for, 469Mansarowar, Lake, 439, 441Man Singh, 362al-Man~iir, 4, 26, 90, 93, 515Mansura, 403Man~iirah, 190, 191Mantran, Robert, 278-79Manucci, Niccolo, 466Manuel I of Portugal, 246 n.64, 256Manuscripts
of BalkhI school works, 124-28, 130-35eighteenth-century Indian, 378furusfyah, 235 n.30of Ibn J:lawqal's works, 113, 132-35of al-IdrIsI's works, 173-74Islamic maps' relation to, 4-5of al-IgakhrI's works, 107, 130-33of Kitab-i ba~riye, 290-92of al-MuqaddasI's works, 134-35palm-leaf
architectural drawings on, 466-68on architecture, 320
of Ptolemy's Geography, 210 n.8relation to Ottoman illustrated histories,
252-55of al-SiifI's works, 60of al-Tust's works, 125, 126, 134-35
Manu~ottara Mountains, 368, 370-71, 371,374
Manu~yaloka (world of man), 340, 367-69,368, 370-71, 371, 373, 374, 375. Seealso Earth, two-and-a-half-continent
Manzils (stages of a journey), 8, 160Map construction
and Balkhi school maps, 115planispheric astrolabes, 18-24Suhrab's, 95, 101, 104-5, 137, 138
Mappaemundi, 6, 129, 129 n.83, 206, 512,514
Maps. See also Chartsastrolabic, 31-34celestial (see Celestial mapping)climatic, 146-48cosmographical (see Cosmographical
diagrams; Cosmographica\ globes)hybrid, 427-29
566
Maps (cont.)Islamic
of asterisms, 60-63audience of,SBalkhI school, 112-28Cantino map, 260, 260-62in al-IdrlsI's Nuzhat al-mushtaq,
160-63illustrating Aratea, 15-16individual constellations and asterisms,
50-60from al-KhwarazmI's manuscript, 105-6on late Persian qibla indicator, 201by al-Ma)mun, 95-96, 100by Marino Sanudo, 172order of in Ottoman portoIan atlases,
281of Ottoman Empire, 225, 225-26of Ottoman waterways, 215-16, 217,
218, 219of region of Palmyra and Sinjar, 180relation to manuscripts, 4-5stemma of, 138Suhrab's construction of, 95, 101,
104-5, 137, 138military, 90, 210-15, 229planar, 38-41planispheric (see Planispheric maps)purposes of, 515-16qibla (see Qibla,.maps)reference (see Reference maps)regional, 222-26route (see Route maps)rural, 442-48, 474-75scroll (see Scroll maps)sectional (see Sectional maps)South Asian
battle, 465-66from Braj, 417-20cadastral, 31 7celestial, 358-67, 379of central India, 420-22of cities and towns, 476-77climate and preservation of, 327, 506drainage patterns, 410European accounts of, 324-27European influence on, 463-65, 503of forts, 462-66,490-93fragmentation of use of, 510Harappan, 306-8inclusiveness of, 508intentional destruction of, 328from Kashmir, 409-14large-scale, rural areas, 474-75large-scale, small localities, 442-66late premodern, 409-27and literacy rates, 328-29Maratha, 422-26in Mauryan Empire, 317mental, 382-83, 383 n.173Mughal, 400-409of Nepal, 429-35of northeastern India, 427in paintings, 408-9political boundaries on, 508-9
prehistoric and tribal, 304-5production of, 303 n.45, 303-4from Rajasthan and Gujarat, 414-17,
418reasons for paucity of, 327-31and reincarnation, 382of sacred places, 452-62, 482-91in secular texts, 321-23of Sri Lanka, 426-27for taxation, 444, 444 n.134for tourist trade, 303-4world maps, 389-400
topographic (see Topographic maps)world (see World maps)zone, 146-48
al-MaqdisI (Abu Na~r al-Mutahhar ibnal-Mutahhar al-MaqdisI), 515
MarakafJ4eya PurafJa, 337, 338Maratha Confederacy, 421, 422
mapmaking, 506maps, 422-26
compared with Nepali maps, 444forts, 465, 492-93rural areas, 444surviving, 505Vijayadurg, 464world maps, 398, 399-400
Maratha History Museum, Deccan College,Pune, topographic map in, 423
MarlJalahs (day's journeys), 8, 102, 115,160
al-MaridlnI Oamal aI-DIn al-MaridlnI), 32Marinus of Tyre, 34, 105, 137, 141, 157
Geography, 95Markham, Clements R., 303 n.47Marmara, Sea of, 235 n.27, 239al-MarrakushI (Abu CAli al-MarrakushI), 42Mars. See also Planets
in Iskandar Sultan's horoscope, 64in Islamic celestial mapping, 358, 359in Islamic correspondences, 78in Na~ir Khusraw's cosmography, 86personification of, 63realm of, 84sphere of, 39, 75, 76
Martaban, Gulf of, 262Marwar, 396al-MarwarrudhI (Khalid ibn cAbd aI-Malik
al-Marwarrudhl), 36, 36 n.74, 179al-MarwazI (Abu al-cAbbas Jacfar ibn Al)mad
al-MarwazI), 93 n.10, 117Kitab al-masalik wa-al-mamalik (Book of
routes and provinces), 92Masa, 359Masafat, 258, 261, 262Masha)allah
Kitab ~an 'at al-asturlabat wa-al- 'amalbi-ha, 25-26
Masjid Athar al-NabI (Shrine of theFootsteps of the Prophet), 232, 233
Maskat (Muscat), 400Massaio, Pietro del, 238Mascud I, 141, 390al-MascudI (Abu al-J:Iasan CAlI ibn al-J:Iusayn
al-MasCudr), 93, 93 n.12, 95, 157, 168
General Index
Mater (part of astrolabe), 21Mathas (monasteries), 452Mathura, 382
astronomical observatory, 361on map of Braj as lotus, 419sketch map of, 448-49
Matrak\l Na~t1l), 233, 234, 248, 249Cami'u l-tevarfl:J (A collection of
histories), 235 n.32, 254Cemal el-kuttab (textbook on arithmetic),
235FetIJname-i ~arabogdan (Book of the
conquest of ~arabugdan [Moldavia]),253
Mecmu 'a-i menazil (The collection ofhalts), 229, 230, 235-45, 250, 251,253,514, pl.18
Suleymanname (History of SultanSOleyman), 253
Tarfl:J-i fetIJ-i Sa~lavun (~i~l(j~) veUsturgun ve Ustunibelgrad (Conquestof Sikl6s, Esztergom, andSzekesfehervar), 245-46, 247, 253,p1.19,p1.20
Tarfl:J-i Sultan Bayezfd (History of SultanBayezld), 253
Tarfl}-i Sultan Bayezza ve Sultan Selim(History of Sultan Bayezld and SultanSellm),253
TuIJfetu)l-guzat, 235, 235 n.30Maulavl Ghulam Qadir, 436Maurand, Jerome d'Antibes, 245Maurolico, Francesco, 183 n.48Maurya, Candragupta, 316Mauryan Empire, surveying in, 316-1 7Mawalid, 82Maya, 381-82, 509Maymunah bint Mul)ammad ibn cAbdallah
al ZardalI, pilgrimage scroll of,243-44
MeasurementsArabic metrology, 177-78on BalkhI school world map, 121-22conversion between linear and angular
distances, 176of degree length, 178-81of earth's radius, 182-84geodesy, 175-88Harappan, 306-7al-IdrlsI's units for, 160Islamic terms for, 8of "Thick Darkness Hell," 372units of
Arabic miles, 175, 177-78cos, 350cubits, 8, 160, 170, 178, 183 n.43daqiqahs (degrees), 8darajahs '(minutes), 8dirhams, 159farsakhs (parasangs, leagues), 8, 160,
175, 177, 178, 178 n.23, 186, 187n.59,198
Frank mils, 160gouwas (Sinhalese miles), 426graus,262
General Index
i~ba's (digits), 258, 258 n.18, 262, 497,500
kha~4aka~372,pL28
~ona~s, 223kos, 406, 414, 425, 436, 444 n.134, 448majras (day's sailing), 8, 160manzils (stages of journey), 8, 160marlJalahs (day's journeys), 8, 102, 115,
160masafat, 258, 261, 262mfls (miles), 8, 160, 245parasangs, 8, 102parganas, 411,413,414,423,427,428,
444 n.134, 508polegadas, 262rajjus, 342, 373rashashf cubits, 160rafls, 159Roman miles, 177ru )sfyas, 160
sawda) cubits, 177, 178, 178 n.23, 179shafT cubits, 177stades, 176, 178-79taqwfrs, 160wams (fathoms), 498yojanas, 335, 342, 353, 370, 373zams (watches), 8, 496, 497, 500
Vedic altars, 308, 309Mecca. See also Kacba; Qibla
astrolabes and, 21, 24azimuth of, 514in al-Binlni's TalJdfd, 184 n.53on al-I~!akhri's maps, 118on al-Muqaddasi's maps, 122Ottoman map of, 217on pilgrimage scroll, 244on qibla map, 199on South Asian cosmographic globe, 396on South Asian world maps, 396, 400
Mechanical calendar, 33, 33-34Medina
on al-Igakhri's maps, 118Ottoman map of, 217on pilgrimage scroll, 244on qibla charts, 192
Mediterranean SeaBalkhi school maps of, 114, 115, 118-20,
120al-Dimashqi's map of, 152, 154J:Iafi~-i Abru's map of, 150on Ibn al-Wardi's world map, 143on al-Idrisi's map of northwest Africa,
pl.12Islamic navigation charts for, 263-92length of, 101-2map of in Staats- und
Universitatsbibliothek, Hamburg, 124on al-Qazwini's world maps, 144reference map of, 273in al-Sharafi al-Sifaqsi atlas, 285, 286, 287on al-Tusi's map, 125in Walters Deniz atlast, pl.23
Megasthenes, 317Mebmed II, 209, 210, 228, 230, 238, 249Mebmed III, 229, 246, pl.17
Mebmed Beg, 276Mebmed Ibla~, 218Mebmed Pa~a (Sokollu Mebmed Pa~a), 247Mebmed Re)is of Menemen, Aegean sea
chart by, 283-84, 284Mehta, R. N., 416-17Meilink-Roelofsz, M. A. P., 502Melik Umml
Sahname (Book of kings), 228 n.3Melitene, qibla of, 193Mental maps, 382-83Mercator, Gerardus, 63
Atlas Major, 195 n.13Atlas Minor, 218
Mercator projection, 259, 392, 495Mercier, Raymond P., 365Mercury. See also Planets
in Iskandar Sultan's horoscope, 64in Islamic celestial mapping, 358, 359in Islamic correspondences, 78in Na~ir Khusraw's cosmography, 86personification of, 63realm of, 84sphere of, 39, 75, 76
Meridian rings, 28, 43, 44, 47, 48, 49, 70,201
Meridians. See also Prime meridiansin Arab astronomy, 175circles, 46on early graticules, 149-50on Islamic celestial globes, 43and Jai Singh's Zfj, 365on Maratha topographic maps, 424in orthographic projection, 35 n.72and planispheric astrolabes, 28, 29and qibla determination with spheres, 201on qibla indicators, 198, 200on qibla maps, 197on South Asian world maps, 391, 392on spherical astrolabes, 202in Suhrab's map construction, 105 n.69of Tadmor and Raqqa, 180, 180 n.30of Ujjain, 93used by al-Birunl, 184, 186
Meru, Mount. See also Sumeruon cosmographic globes, 352, 353, 354,
355, 356, 357, 35~ 359on Indian coins, 311 n.71in Jain cosmography, 367, 369, 370, 372,
373kishvar system compared with, 94as lotus, 344in Minak~l temple painting, 346in South Asian cosmography, 335, 336,
33~34~34~378,381,507
Meshed, Astan-i Quds Ra~avI, al-I~takhrI'smanuscripts in, 132-33
Mesolithic burial ceremony, 305Mesopotamia. See also Iraq; al-Jazirah
celestial symbolism in, 65in Mecma~-i menazil, 240
Meteoroscopes, 32, 62Methone, 266Metrology, Arabic, 177-78Mewar, 396
567
Mianeh (Miyane), 243Middle East
l:Iamd Allah Mustawfi's map of, 152reference map of, 91on al-Sharafl al-Sifaqsi chart, 288
Mihan Singh, 413Mi/Jrabs, 189, 194, pl.13Miles, 8, 160, 245
Arabic, 175calculation of, 177-78
Military mapsIslamic, 90materials used in, 229Ottoman, 210-15
Milky Way, 16, 69Miller, Konrad, 9, 114, 125, 158, 159 n.32,
162, 172, 259, 517Mfls (miles), 8, 160, 245Minak~i temple, Madurai, 346, 359, 457Minaraye Zarrin (Topra pillar), 377Minor axis of Kacba, 190 n.7Miquel, Andre, 8, 9Mir Ahmed
Tarfkh-i qal~h-i Kashmir, 413-14, 414,508
Mlr Kalan Khan, 446Misra, V. N., 304Mithal (representation), 74Mleccha, 369Moeller, J. H., 108Mohan Singh, 428Mokha Aden, 393Moldavia, Ottoman map of, 217Molla ~asim, 276Molla Tiflisl (Nigari), 276Moluc (MaluccajMoluccas), 390Monasteries, Buddhist, plans for, 318,
466Monserrate, Antonio, 324, 507Mookerjee, Ajit, 344Moon
on armillary spheres, 49on astrolabe and mechanical calendar,
33computing position of, 38-39eclipses used to measure longitude, 103
n.67in Islamic correspondences, 78in Jain cosmologies, 374, 375in Jai Singh's Zi;, 365lunar mansions, 53-54in Na~ir Khusraw's cosmography, 86personification of, 63-65in Qur'an, 71realm of, 84in South Asian celestial mapping, 358,
359, 360sphere of, 39, 75, 76, 77waxing and waning of, 38, 39
Moon, Mountains of the, 122, 143, 162,224, pl.4
Moresby, Captain Robert, 501Morocco, 391Moscow, 409 n.37Moses, 396
568
Mountains. See also Himachala Mountains;Jibal; Meru, Mount; Moon,Mountains of the; Sumeru
Ajanta Mountains, 343 n.52, 423Alps, 120Aravalli Mountains, 403, 405, 415on BalkhI school maps, 115, 116, 127in Gentil's atlas of Mughal Empire, 429Hemaku!a Mountains, 396, 399Himavat Mountains, 341on al-IdrIsI's maps, 163, 166-67in Jain cosmologies, 373, 374on al-KhwarazmI's coordinate tables, 100in Kitab $urat al- ~r4, 97on late premodern maps from Kashmir,
409Mahahimavat Mountains, 341Manu~ottara Mountains, 368, 370-71,
371, 374on map of Kashmir by Abdur Rahim, 412on maps in Tan-kh-i qal<ah-i Kashmir,
414on Maratha topographic maps, 424, 425measuring height of, 183-84, 184in Mecmu<a-i menazil, 237Mount Abu, 460, 482-83Mount Eli, 256Mount Girnar, 442, 460, 461 n.172,
484-85Mount Govardhan, 379, 419Mount Kailasa, 348on Mughal topographic maps, 405Nila (Blue) Mountains, 369Ni~adha Mountains, 341on Ottoman regional maps, 223Qaf Mountain, 286, pl.3Rukmin Mountains, 341in Shahid-i Sadiq, 403, 405Sikharin Mountains, 341Siwalik Mountains, 405South Asian, 311 n.71in South Asian cosmography, 341, 356on South Asian maps, 393, 399, 402, 436,
437,441,508of Ta)I, 118on topographic map from Kashmir, 411on topographic maps of Rajasthan and
Gujarat, 415Vak~ara Mountains, 369Vindhya Mountains, 340, 382, 392
Mount Meru. See Meru, MountMu)ayyad aI-DIn alcUn# al-DimishqI, 44, 183
n.46Mubarak Mahal, 421MubattalJ projection, 35 n.73, 35-36Mughal Empire, maps from, 400-409, 505,
pl.32al-MuhallabI (aI-Hasan ibn AQmad
al-MuhallabI), 96world map by, 141, 141 n.21
MUQammad (the Prophet), 12, 71, 190MUQammad II, Sultan, 323MUQammad ibn AbI Bakr aI-RashIdI (al-IbarI
al-Isfahani), 33MUQammad ibn Ali al-AjhurI al-ShaficI, 161
MUQammad ibn cAli ibn AQmad al-SharafIal-SifaqsI, 287, 289. See also al-SharafIal-SifaqsI family
MUQammad ibn Jacfar ibn cUmaraI-As!urlabI, 46, 46-47
MUQammad ibn MaQmud ibn cAli aI-Tabar.,56
MUQammad ibn Mu)ayyad al-cUrQI, 44MUQammad ibn MUQammad al-SharafI
al-SifaqsI, 286-87. See also al-SharafIal-SifaqsI family
MUQammad MahdI al-KhadIm ibnMUQammad Amln aI-YazdI, 65-68,66, 67 n.191, 203
MUQammed NUrii)I-CArabiyO'I-MelamI, 85, 87MUQammad Shah, 361MUQammad Tahmasp (MuQammad ibn
MaQmud ibn cAli al-TabarI), 56Al-mul}it. See Oceans, Encircling OceanMuhurta, 359MUQyIddIn PIrI Re)Is. See PIrI Re)IsMUQyI LarI
FutulJ al-lJaramayn (An encomium ofMecca and Medina), 244, 245, 245n.58, 252
Mukhrai, 419Mukramat Khan, 326 n.155Multan, 436, 492-93Munich, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek,
pilgrimage map in, 462 n.174Muni Kapila, 502al-Muqaddasl (Abu cAbdallah MUQammad
ibn AQmad al-MuqaddasI), 7, 93, 108AlJsan al-taqasim fi ma'rifat al-aqalim
(The best of divisions on theknowledge of the provinces), 111,111 n.23, 136, 191
and al-BalkhI, 109, 110, 112biographical knowledge, 110compared with Ibn }J:awqal, 122compared with al-I~!akhrI, 122maps by, 117, 122-23
Arabia, 124Kirman, 116
printed editions and translations of, 136selected manuscripts of, 134-35works, 111
Muqanam Hills, 232, 233Muqayyad al-;arys, 160al-Muqtadir, 235 n.32Murad (artist), 449Murad II, 221 n.34Murad III, 27, 226, 229, 246, 247, 248, 249
n.72, 250, 250 n.77Musa (astrolabe maker), 41, 42Musa ibn Qasim al-QurdI, 169 n.51Musana!J (flat), 18Musca (fly), 63, 66Museo Nazionale, Naples, Islamic celestial
globe in, 46 n.110Museum and Picture Gallery, Baroda,
topographic map of Rajasthan andGujarat in, 416-17
Museum fur Islamische Kunst, Berlin,145-46, 394
General Index
Museum of the History of Science,Oxford, cosmographic globe in,352-55,396
Muslims. See Islamic societyMu~!afa cAlI
CamiC i/l-bulJur der mecalis-i sur (Thegathering of the seas [meters] on thescenes of the celebrations), 229, 229n.5
Na$ilJatiil-muluk, 249 n.72NU$retname (Book of victories), 229,
248-49,255Mugafa Pa§a, 248, 250al-MuCtamid,29Mutawakkil, 177Muzah-i Iran-i Bastan, Tehran, al-IgakhrI's
manuscripts in, 134-35Mysticism, Islamic, 71, 73, 83-88Miik, Hans von, 8, 9, 106
NadirI (MeQmed NadirI)Sahname-i N adiri (NadirI's book of
kings),246Nadir Shah, 326 n.155N adis. See RiversNagakhal}Qa, 355Nagarjunakonda, potsherds excavated at,
466Nagaur, 414Nagpur, 400, 422Nahr-i Bahisht (CAli Mardan) Canal, 405,
438Najaf
in Mecmu <a-i menazil, 244-45pilgrimage scroll devoted to, 245 n.58
Najd, 118Na~~a~an, 229, 229 n.4Na~~a~ba~t (chief painter), 229, 229 n.4,
230Nal.d.<a§ cO~man, 276N ak$atras (asterisms), 53, 334, 338, 359,
373, 495, p1.27. See also AsterismsNallino, Carlo Alfonso, 8, 100, 101, 286Nanda, 373NandIsvaradvIpa, 295, 296, 367, 373, 374Napamundi, 206Naples, Museo Nazionale, Islamic celestial
globe in, 46 n.110N aqsh / N aqshah (painting), 7Naraka, 345Narapati
Narapatijayacarya, 338-39, 351NarI Valaya Yantra, 362, 366Narmada River, 382, 399Narmashir, 115Nasik, planimetric secular map of, 476-77Na~Ir aI-DIn al-TusI, 8, 57, 59, 113, 125,
126, 132Na~ir ibn SabaQ, 245 n.58Na~ir Khusraw (Abu MuCIn Na~ir Khusraw
QubadiyanI)cosmography by, 86Khvan al-ikhvan (Table of the brethren),
83Na~r ibn cAbdallah, 200-201, 202
General Index
Nathdwarapainting from, 455-56religious map of, 484-85sketch map of, 448-49
National Archives of India, Calcutta, mapsin, 302
National Archives of India, New Delhi,maps in, 302, 405
National Museum, New DelhiChahar Gulshan in, 435roz nama in, 494, 494-95 n.5, 495, 496,
497Nau Nihal Singh, 68Nautical Maps. See also Portolan charts
Islamicfor Indian Ocean, 256-62in Kitab-i ba~riye, 233materials used in, 229for Mediterranean Sea, 263-92
South Asian, 494-509of Red Sea and Aden, 498-501, pl.40
N avagrahas, 358, 373Navarino (Pylos), 266Navigation, Islamic
in Indian Ocean, 256-62in Mediterranean Sea, 263-92
Navsari, planimetric secular map of, 476-77al-Nayrizi (Abu al-cAbbas al-NayrizI), 41-42Nebuchadnezzar II, 177Needham, Joseph, 298, 391, 517Nepal
cosmography from, 347-48, 348maps
central, 431compared with Maratha maps, 444religious, 455, 456, 457surviving, 505topographic, 429-35
on South Asian cosmographic globe, 396Netherlands, 390, 393, 396Neumayer, Erwin, 305Neven, Armand, 344New Delhi
National Archives of India, maps in, 302,405
National MuseumChahar Gulshan in, 435roz nama in, 494, 494-95 n.5, 495, 496,
497Newfoundland, 272Nice, 245, pl.20Nidha Mal, 469NIlakaQtha
]yotirmimartZsa, 315Nila (Blue) Mountains, 369Nile River
on Balkhi school maps, 115, 119, 120,122, 126, 137, 139
on Ibn l:Iawqal's world map, 145on Ibn al-WardI's world map, 143on al-IdrisI's maps, 145,160, 161, 162,
165, 167on al-Katibi's chart, 264on al-Khwarazmr's maps, 106, 225, pl.4in Kitab-i ba~riye, 232, 233, 275 n.35
on Ottoman regional map, 223-24, 224on al-Qazwlnr's world maps, 144on South Asian world maps, 396
Ni~adha Mountains, 341Nishat gardens, 411Niwasi Lal, 428Nizam Shah, 421-22Nordenskiold, Adolf Erik, 287North Africa. See also Africa; Maghreb
on Balkhi school maps, 114, 119, 120,121
chartmaking centers in, 263development of, 285 n.63on al-Idrisi's maps, 157on al-I~takhrr's map, pl.6on al-Sharafi al-SifaqsI chart, 289
Northern Hemisphereabstract of on South Asian cosmographic
globe, 358constellations of on astrolabe plate, 66constellations of on planispheric star map,
67North Pole, 258North Star. See Pole StarNovigrad, 274, 275Nuremberg Chronicle, 233, 246Nuzhatu-l Qulab, 391
Oblique views, 449-52, 460, 463, 470 n.199,480-81, 482-93. See also Bird's-eyeviews
Oceans. See also Atlantic Ocean; IndianOcean
AruQavara Ocean, 375Encircling Ocean, 121-22, 159 n.25, 160in Indian cosmography, 335, 337, 340in Jain cosmography, 368in Jain cosmologies, 372, 373, 374LavaQoda (Salt Ocean), 341Kaloda Ocean, 341, 374Kalodhadi (Black-Water Ocean), 368ring, pl.26on South Asian maps, 399, 402, 425, pl.26
Oljeytii, pl.18Oman, 118Ophiuchus, 16Organs, bodily, 86Orientation
of Arabic maps, 394of astrolabes, 66of Balkhi school maps, 115, 118, 119,
120, 121of al-Dimashqi's map of Mediterranean,
152of Gentil's atlas of Mughal Empire, 428,
429of globe in Portrait of Shah]ahan
(painting), 409 n.36in H unername, 250of Ibn l:Iawqal world map, 140of al-Idrlsr's maps, 160, 161, 166, 167,518of Islamic celestial globes, 43, 43 n.93of Islamic maps, 518of al-I~takhrr's maps, 116, p1.6in Jain cosmologies, 373, 375
569
of Kacba diagrams, 194of al-KashgharI's world map, 155of Kazvin city plan, 152of al-Khwarazmi's map of Nile River, p1.4of late premodern maps from Kashmir,
409of map of Kirman, 112of Maratha topographic maps, 423, 424,
425in Mecma'a-i menazil, 237of al-Muqaddasi's maps of Arabia, 124of Nepali cadastral maps, 432of planispheric maps, 16, 62of reference map of Istanbul architectural
monuments, 239of secular plans of cities and towns,
446-47of al-Sharafi al-Sifaqsr atlas, 287of South Asian maps, 395, 399, 402, 518of Suhrab's map construction, 105of topographic maps, 411, 413, 415, 427of vault of heavens, Qu~ayr cAmrah, and
Byzantine planispheric map, 14of Vedic altars, 309of view of Istanbul in Mecma'a-i menazil,
238of world map from Kitab ai-bad)
wa-al-ta )rikh, pI. 10Origin myths, 305Orion, 16, 51Orm~Rober~ 326-27Orosius, Paulus, 169 n.51Ortelius, Abraham, 251Orthographic projection, 34-35, 35, 35 n.72,
37-38, 38 n.79COsman II, 246Osterreichische Nationalbibliothek, Vienna,
al-I~takhrI's manuscripts in, 132-33Ottoman Empire, 3. See also Islamic society
architectural plans and waterway maps,215-16,217,218,219
campaign journals, 245cartography
atlas of color maps, 225European influence on, 209, 210, 213,
215,217-18,221-22introduction, 206-8as private enterprise, 216-26problems in study of, 207-8regional maps, 222-26scope and organization, 206in service of state, 209-16terminology, 206-7version of Ibn al-Wardi's world map,
220waterway maps, 226-27
early examples of topographicalillustration in texts, 230-35
European influence on, 68illustrated histories
accuracy, 228bird's-eye views in, 228compilation of, 229-30development of, 228-29European influence on, 228, 250, 251
570
Ottoman Empire, illustrated histories (cont.)foreign influences on, 230Hungary's importance in, 246-49itineraries and town views in, 228-55materials used for, 229selected manuscripts related to,
252-55topographical illustration, 245-52
isolation of students of, 207-8map of, 225, 225-26military maps, 210-15
attack on Malta, 212, 212-13battle of Ha~ova/Mezokeresztes,213
n.20battle of the Prut, 213, 215, 216fortress on Adakale, 213fortress of Buda, 213, 215fortress of Van, 213, 214fortress of "Zadvarya" in Makarska,
213 n.20naval encounter between Ottoman and
Russian fleets, 213 n.20Russian army maneuvers, 217second siege of Vienna, 213Szigetvar, 212, 213
naval power, 266 n.8origins of state cartography, 209-10and PIrI Re)Is's chartmaking, 265-79portoIan charts and atlases, 263, 279-84,
288-89qibla charts from, 193-94rivalry with Habsburgs for Hungary, 246volume of existing source materials for
study of, 207world maps, 221-22
Ouseley, William, 390Oval projections, 282, 282-83Oxford
Bodleian Libraryeighteenth-century Indian manuscript in,
378Ibn l:fawqal's manuscripts in, 113,
134-35al-I~rakhrI's manuscripts in, 132-33manuscripts of N uzhat al-mushtaq in,
174world map~, 145, 150, pLIO
Museum of the History of Science,cosmographic globe in, 352-55, 396
Padmakesara temple (Sun Temple),architectural drawings of, 467
padshahnamah,44~450
Pahan, 436,449,451Paintings
in Hindu cosmography, 343-51Indian, as maps, 444-46maps in, 408-9rock, 304-5, 305, 306, 313
Pakpattan, 405Palanka, 353Palestine
map of sacred places in, 461-62 n.173Marino Sanudo's map of, 517
Palitana, religious map of, 484-85, 486-87
Palni, 461 n.172Pancavi1flsa BrahmatJa, 334Paficha koshi yatra, Varanasi, 462Pande, B. M., 318Pandhi, Manubhai, 494Pandya, Shri Dushyanta, 494Panhala, map of fort in, 492-93PaQini
A~tadhyayi, 312Panipat, map of battle of, 466, 467Papamundi, 206Paper
surviving maps on, 327, 327 n.161used for Ottoman illustrated histories,
229Parallels, 28, 29, 35 n.72, 197, 392Parasangs, 8, 102Parasnath Peak, religious map of, 460,
486-87Parganas, 411,413,414, 423, 427, 428, 444
n.134, 508Paris
Bibliotheque NationaleIbn l:fawqal's manuscripts in, 113,
134-35al-I~rakhrI's manuscripts in, 132-33manuscripts of al-IdrlsI's N uzhat
al-mushtaq in, 173map of central India in, 420-22
Musee Guimet, painting in, 449Parpola, Asko, 307-8Partabgarh, sketch map of, 448-49Parvata, 351. See also MountainsPasinler, 237 n.38Pata-chitras, 323Patalas (hells), 344, 345Parhaka, DurgashaQkara, 68
SarvasiddhantatattvacaqamatJi Uewel ofthe essence of all sciences), 69, 70,pl.2
Patna, 403, 450Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Public Library,
South Asian world map in, 390Pava, 441Pavagarh, 461 n.172Pavo (peacock), 63, 67Pegasus, 51, 52, 57Perlin, Frank, 444Perseus, 58Persia
artistic interpretation of celestial bodiesfrom, 63-64, pL 1
astronomical texts, 315-16influence on Islamic cartography, 93-94maps of in Staats- und
Universitatsbibliothek, Hamburg, 124Persian Desert, BalkhI school map of, 114Persian Gulf, 115, 122, 143Persian Mountains. See JibalPersian Sea. See Indian OceanPersonification of celestial bodies, 63-65Perspective
frontal, 450, 452, 453, 470oblique, 449-52, 460, 463, 470 n.199,
480-81,482-93
General Index
planimetric, 449, 450, 453, 460, 463, 470,476-77, 508
of secular plans of cities and towns, 447Peshawar, 408Petrus Alphonsus, 138,147Phalcakras, 349-50Pharos, 233Philip II of Spain, 67Phillimore, Reginald Henry, 298, 301,
325-26,327,405,414,424-25,427Philoponus, Johannes, 24Philosophy, in cosmographical diagrams, 71Phoenix, 63Phonda Pass, 424Pica Indica (toucan), 63Picard, Jean, 183-84 n.48Pichhvais, 420, 458, pl.31Pieper, Jan, 301Pilgrimages. See also Route maps; Tirthas
Islamicguidebooks for, 239and Islamic mapmaking, 91-93map of Arabian desert routes, 117routes on al-MuqaddasI's maps, 122, 123scrolls for, 243-45, 245 n.58
South Asianguide for, pl.31Jain maps for, 440, 441, 441-42, 457,
460to Kashmir, 414and mapmaking, 330maps for, 388, 439, 441-42, 442,
453-55,505,506nautical charts for, 500and topographic maps of Braj, 417-19to Varanasi, 453-55
Pingree, David, 303, 316, 327 n.161, 328n.166, 330 n.175, 330-31 n.181, 338,351, 359
Pires, AndreLivro de marinharia, 262
Plrt Re~~ 257, 262, 263, 287, 513biographical information, 266-69charts by, 265-79
maritime, 288New World, 268, 269-72, pl.21
Kitab-i balJriye, 171, 206, 231-35, 252,266,267,269,270,272-79,287
list of extant manuscripts of, 290-92Pisces. See also Astrology; Astronomy;
Zodiacconstellation
on al-BirunI's cylindrical projection, 35and corresponding pre-Islamir. asterisms,
51on Islamic celestial globes, 44on qibla map, 199
zodiac signon astrolabe rete, 21, 22, 30combined with planets, 64in Islamic correspondences, 77, 78in Na~ir Khusraw's cosmography, 86
Planar mapping, 38-41Planets. See also names of planets
on armillary spheres, 49
General Index
computing position of, 38-39and correspondences in Islamic
cosmology, 76, 77, 78in Jai Singh's Zfj, 365motion of, 366in Na~ir Khusraw's cosmography, 86personification of, 63-65in South Asian celestial mapping, 358-59,
359spheres of, 76
Planimetric perspective, 449, 450, 453, 460,463,470,476-77,508
Planispheric astrolabes. See Astrolabes,planispheric
Planispheric mapsByzantine, 13-14, 14, 15constellations on, 62, 67, 70illustrating Aratea, 16, 17Islamic influence on, 60-61, 61in nineteenth-century Indian manuscript,
68-70Planispheric projection, 70Planning
architectural, 321secular, of cities and towns, 446-49
Plato, 81, 82Pleiades, 16, pl.27PIessner, Martin, 158Pleydenwurff, Wilhelm, 233, 239Plumb bobs, 28, 307Plumbing, Harappan, 307Poland, Ottoman map of, 217Polar circles, 15, 18, 43, 44, 47, 49, 61, 68,
69Polar stereographic projections, 13, 21, 34,
35 n.73, 62, 68, 69Polegadas, 262Pole Star. See also Dhruva
on Cantino map, 261, 262in Khagolam, 359and navigational charts, 258, 497, 499and qiblas, 192, 193
Polo, Marco, 256, 257Pons, Pierre, 365Portolan charts, 206, 234 n.25, 251, 263,
495Arab, 263-65Arab navigational charts compared with,
257, 258compared with Cantino map, 261compared with Kitab-f ba/Jriye, 234,
275-77,279compared with South Asian navigational
charts, 501copying of, 258 n.16by Hajj Abu aI-Hasan, 265, 267by al-Katibl, 264, 265Maghreb chart, 263-64, 264by Mebmed Re)is of Menemen, 283-84,
284by al-Mursi, 264-65, 266Ottoman, 279-84, 288-89Ottoman atlases of (map order in), 281Piri Re)ls on, 272and al-Sharafi al-SifaqsI's world map, 262
Portrait of Shah]ahan (painting), 409 n.36Portugal. See also Iberian Peninsula
on geographic globe in Mughal painting,409 n.37
on South Asian world maps, 390, 393,395
Pothi, 494Pottery
excavated at Nagarjunakonda, 466excavated at Salihundam, 466Iznik jug, 245 n.61
Poubas (scroll paintings), 432-33, 433Prabhasa, 460Prants, 423Prayaga. See AllahabadPrayer, 12Preaulx, Michel-Fran~ois, 242 n.51Prime meridians
in Africa, 196in Arabic cartography, 102-4at Canary Islands, 100, 103, 196of al-Idrlsi's sectional maps, 163in Shahid-i $adiq, 403-4, 404on South Asian cosmographic globes, 352,
356, 396, 397ten degrees east of Canary Islands,
100-101at Ujjain, 93, 103, 175, 175 n.6, 315, 356,
396used by al-BlrunI, 404used by al-KhwarazmI, 98, 100-101, 103
Prime vertical, 48Prince of Wales Museum of Western India,
Bombaymaps of forts in, 465 n.175Maratha maps in, 423, 425, 425 n.81
Prinsep, James, 317 n.l08, 461, 495Printing, Islamic attempts at, 5-6Projections
azimuthal equidistant, 38 n.78, 141-42, 271azimuthal equidistant polar, 36, 37-38and Balkhi school maps, 115al-BlrunI on, 34-38and early graticules, 149-50equatorial stereographic, 28equidistant cylindrical, 34flattened (mubatta/J), 35, 35 n.73, 36globular, 36-37, 37-38, 141-42makhrutf, 34Mercator, 259, 392, 495on nineteenth-century Indian planispheric
map, 68-69orthographic, 34-35, 35, 35 n.72, 37-38,
38 n.79oval, 282, 282-83plane of, 35 n.72planispheric, 70polar stereographic, 13, 21, 34, 35 n.73,
62, 65, 68, 69Ptolemaic, 138, 154rectangular, 105, 138Rojas universal astrolabe, 68 n.193stereographic, 30, 31, 38, 41, 70
Prophatius Judaeus, 45Protractors, 28
571
Pmt, Ottoman plan for battle of the, 213,215, 216, pl.15
Ptolemaic projections, 154Ptolemy, Claudius
Almagest, 10, 25, 43, 54, 75, 175, 511,513
aqalfm, 390, 391and circles of constant visibility and
invisibility, 42and circumference of earth, 178-79and climates, 162coordinate tables, 94 n.20, 97-100, 101
n.49, 154, 259criticized by al-BlrunI, 141design for celestial globe, 43Geography, 10, 25, 34, 94-95, 96, 97-100,
105, 157, 159, 168-69, 176, 179 n.28,196, 210, 270 n.13, 340, 511, 513,515, 517
Handy Tables, 10, 93 n.16, 96, 100 n.39,101
influence on BalkhI school maps, 118,120, 121, 122, 126-27, 137, 138
influence on Ibn Khaldun, 170influence on Ibn Sald, 170influence on al-IdrlsI, 156-57, 167-70influence on Indian astronomy, 315-16influence on Islamic astronomy and
astrology, 4influence on Jabirian alchemy, 81influence on al-KhwarazmI, 106influence on PlrI Re)Is, 271influence on South Asian world map, 394influence on ai-SufI, 55Jai Singh on, 361length of degree, 178and length of Mediterranean, 101-2manuscripts in Florence, 238and measurement of comparative
longitude using lunar eclipses, 103n.67
obliquity of ecliptic, 175 n.3Planetary Hypotheses, 10, 75Planisphaerium, 24-25, 25 n.23and prime meridians, 102-3, 163, 404star catalog, 15 n.6Tetrabiblos, 10, 25tradition of in Europe, 285works of in Arabic, 10-11
PuBe, Francesco L., 298, 299Punarvasu, 338Pune, 423, 425
Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute,ink drawing in, 355
Bharata Itihasa Samshodhaka Mandalamaps of forts in, 465 n.175Maratha topographic maps in, 424, 425
Maratha History Museum, DeccanCollege, topographic map in, 423
Punjab, surviving maps from, 505Puranas
cosmography, 300, 313-14, 316, 335 n.22,353,357,359,398,399,512
jambudvlpa, 340, pl.26world as tortoise, 337-38, 338
572
Puranas (cont.)explained, 312problems in interpretation of, 300, 300
n.28view of continents, 337view of earth, 301, 336
Purchas His Pilgrimes, 409, 410Puri
conceived as conch, 452-53map of, pl.36in mental mapping, 382religious map of, 486-87on survey map, 461 n.172survey of temple at, 467
Puru~a, 342Puru~ottama Deva, 467Pushkar, 416, 441Pu~kara, 336Pu~karadvlpa, 367, 368, 371, 374Pu~ya, 338
Qabas ibn VushmgIr, 42Qaf Mountain, 286, pl.3Qan~iih al-GhawrI, 232Qaydar Payghambar, 242, 242-43 n.52Qaytbay, 233Qazwln (Kazvin), city plan for, 152-53, 154al-QazwInI (Zakariya) ibn Mubammad
al-QazwInI), 138, 143Athar al-bi/ad (Monuments of the lands),
102 n.60, 144 n.39, 147, 152-53, 154distribution of land and sea, 145Kitab 'aja)ib al-makhluqat wa-ghara)ib
al-maw;udat (Marvels of thingscreated and miraculous aspects ofthings existing), 40, 53, 59, 59-60, 79,127, 142, 144 n.39, 144-45, 145, 147,193, 389-90
as source for al-IdrIsl, 169 n.51plan of city of Kazvin, 152-53, 154and qibla charts, 192world maps, 144, p1.9
Qibla. See also Kacba; Meccain al-BlriinI's Taf;did, 184 n.53charts, centered on Kacba, 189-96, 197,
198determination, 204-5
analemma methods, 204, 205al-BlnlnI's formula, 141direct mathematical method, 200-201,
202spheres and astrolabes, 200-203
diagrams, 512by cAlI ibn Abmad ibn Mubammad
al-SharafI al-SifaqsI, pl.13indicators, 197-98, 201, 202maps, 196-200,512,514,517
on back of astrolabe, 203eight-sector scheme, 191, 191 n.11,
191-92, 193elaborate schemes, 194-96eleven-sector scheme, 191-92, 194, 195four-qibla scheme, 191rect-azimuthal, 198, 202
on seventeenth-century Indo-Persianastrolabe, 201
twelve-sector scheme, 191-92, 194, 195in Mecmu 'a-i menazil, 237origin of term, 189 n.3in al-Sharafl al-SifaqsI atlas, 285
Quadrants, 44astrolabic, 31-32, 32, 202-3Maldivian, 501meteoroscopes, 32to measure height of mountain, 184sixteenth-century, with alidade, 185using shakkaziyah curves, 32vertical, 41
Quality, in Jabirian cosmology, 82Quantity, in Jabirian cosmology, 82Qubbat al-Ard. See Sri LankaQudamah ibn Jacfar aI-BaghdadI, 93
Kitab al-kharaj, 169 n.51QulIj Khan, 449, 450Qulzum, Sea of. See Red Seaal-QummI (Hasan ibn cAlI al-QummI), 103Qunba~, 256, 257, 286 n.66Quian, 87, 189, 514
and astronomy, 12barzakh, 121and cosmology, 71-72, 73geography in, 90
Qurrah ibn Qam1ta, 96Qu~ayr cAmrah, 12 n.1, 12-18
planispheric maps as model for, 13-14vault of heavens, 13
compared with Byzantine planisphericmap, 13-14
concentric circles in, 14-15constellations in, 16, 16 n.12
Qusfa ibn Liiqa, 41, 202Kitab fi al'amal bi-al-kurah al-falakfyah
(Book on the use of the celestialglobe), 44-45
Raheja, Gloria Goodwin, 339Rahu, 358,359,360, 374Rajasinha II, 426, 427Rajasthan
geometric diagrams from, 348-49map of siege at Bhiwai fort in, pl.38maps of rural areas in, 442painting of Diwali celebrations in, pl.39route map of irrigation canal in, 438-40,
439secular city and town plans from, 446Shrinathji temple complex in, pl.35surviving maps, 505, 506topographic maps from, 414-17, 418
Rajjus, 342, 373Raj Sagar Lake, 415Rakshasbhawan, 423Ramaya1J,a, 310Rama Yantra (cylindrical astrolabe), 362, 365Rameswaram, 382
religious map of, 486-87, 488-89temple at, 457
Ramgarh, route map for irrigation canal at,438-50
General Index
Ramjunter, 362Rampur, oblique secular representation of,
480-81Ram Singh, 450Ram Singh Malam, 445, 501Ramyaka,341Ram Yantra. See Rama YantraRanjit Singh, 413
architectural drawing of tomb of, 470n.199
Rao, Ramachandra, 381 n.164Raqqa, 118Rasa )il ikhwan al-~afa) wa-khullan al-wafa),
75,79Rashashi cubits, 160RashId aI-DIn Fazl Allah
Jami c al-tawari'kh (Collection ofchronicles), 230, 252
Rasi, 359Rasivalaya Yantra, 362Rasm (picture), 74Rasm/tarsfm (drawing, graph), 7Rat!s, 159Ravi River, 449, pl.32Rawgah (Roda) Island, 177, 232, 233Rawson, Philip, pl.25Ray, Amita, 320Ray Chaturman Kayat'h, 435Rayy
Balkhl school map of, 114latitude values for, 187
Rectangular projections, 105Rect-azimuthal qibla map, 198, 202Red Fort, Agra, map of, 463, 490-91Red Fort, Delhi
architectural drawings of, 468-69map of, 490-91
Red Sea (Sea of Qulzum)on BalkhI school world maps, 122on Ibn al-WardI's world map, 143on Indian copy of Middle Eastern world
map, 390on nautical chart, 499-501, 502, pl.40
Reference mapsof Islamic world at time of BalkhI school,
109of Istanbul architectural monuments, 239of Mediterranean in age of Soleyman, 273of Middle East, 91of South Asia, 297
Regional maps, Ottoman, 222-26Regunathan, N. S. R., 346Rehatsek, Edward, 300, 392, 396Reinaud, Joseph Toussaint, 8, :01Reincarnation, 382Relief (depicted in view of Istanbul), 250Religion
and cartography, 303-4maps of sacred places, 452-62, 482-91
Rennell, James, 317, 317 n.108, 324, 325,422, 429
Resm,207Ressam Mu~tafa, 215, 217, 226Retes, 18, 20, 21, 24, 28, 29, 32, 33, 41, 52,
68 n.194, 202. See also Astrolabes
General Index
~g Veda, 307-8, 333Rhumb lines
on Arab navigational charts, 258, 258 n.17on compass cards, 495on Maghreb chart, 264Piri Re)Is and, 271on al-SharafI al-SifaqsI's world map, 262on South Asian nautical charts, 496, 499,
500, 502Riccioli, Giovanni Baptista, 183 n.48Richman, Paula, 343 n.53Rind, James N., 325Rings
astronomical instruments, 187 n.58horizontal, and qibla determination, 201meridian, and qibla determination, 201
Rivers. See also names of riverson Islamic maps
from BalkhI school, 115byal-IdrIsI, 163, 166-67in Mecmu 'a-i menazil, 237Ottoman, 210, 211, 222n, 222-25
in South Asian cosmography, 341, 356on South Asian maps, 311 n.71, 311-12,
348, 354, 356, 358, 369, 377, 399,402,411,414,415,427,436
in Gentil's atlas of Mughal Empire, 429Maratha topographic, 423, 425of north-central India, 422in Shahid-i $adiq, 405in Tarlkh-i qal'ah-i Kashmir, 413, 414
Rizvi, Saiyid Samad Husain, 183Roads
in Gentil's atlas of Mughal Empire, 429on map of north-central India, 422on maps in Tarlkh-i qal'ah-i Kashmir,
413-14maps related to construction of, 441on Nepali scroll map, 433on South Asian topographic maps, 402,
413, 417, 424, 425Rodrigues, Francisco, 256, 262Roe, Thomas, 409, 507Roger II of Sicily, 95 n.22, 156, 156 n.5,
158-59, 160, 167, 515Rojas, Juan de, 35 n.72, 38 n.79Rojas universal astrolabe projection, 68
n.193Romaka (Yavanapura), 103, 352Romakapattana, 356Roman miles, 177Rome, 231 n.12
Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana,planispheric map in, 38 n.78
Rose-Apple Island, 336Rosselli, Francesco, 282Rossi, Ettore, 265Rotation, of Maghreb chart, 264Route maps. See also Pilgrimages
of engineering works, 438-42Mughal, pl.32South A~an, 388, 433,435-42
Roy, A. K., 307Royal Asiatic Society, London, painting of
JahangIr's mausoleum in, 469-70
Roz namas (nautical manuals), 494compass cards from, 495, 498, 499folios of, 495, 496, 497
Rudolf II, 234 n.27Rukmin Mountains, 341Rural maps, 442-48, 474-75Rus, 390, 393Ru )siyas, 160Russia
in kishvar system, 94plan of encounter between fleet of and
Ottoman fleet, 213 n.20on South Asian world maps, 391
ROstam Pa§a, 236
Sabarmati River, 415, 416, 417Sadiq I~fahanI (Mubammad Sadiq ibn
Mubammad Sali1}), 301, 393, 395,397,409,424,507,508
compared with l:Iamd Allah Mustawfi,391-92
Shahid-i $adiq (Persian atlas), 146 n.46,149,390,391,403,404
topographic maps by, 400, 403-5use of graticule, 149-50world maps by, 146, 390-92
Safavid dynasty, 228, 239, 241, 250$afilJah (astrolabe plate), 21$afilJah shakkaziyah (astrolabe plate), 29al-§afilJah al-Zarqalliyah (astrolabe plate), 29Sagaram SonI temple, Mount Girnar,
Saurashtra, Gujarat, 296Sagarasarpvrta-dvIpa, 336 n.24al-Saghani (Abu l:Iamid al-SaghanI
al-As!urlabI), 34, 34 n.68Sagittarius. See also Astrology; Astronomy;
Zodiacconstellation
on al-BIriinI's cylindrical projection, 35and lunar node called tail of dragon, 65on qibla map, 199
zodiac sign, 361on astrolabe rete, 22, 30combined with planets, 64in Islamic correspondences, 77, 78in Na~ir Khusraw's cosmography, 86
Sahara Desert, 270~ahnames, 228Sahyadri (Western Ghats), 399Sailani Shah tomb, Malkapur, pilgrimage
map of, 461-62 n.173Saint Angelo, castle of, 212Saint Elmo, castle of, 212Saint John, monastery of, Istanbul, 237Saint Michael, castle of, 212Saint Thaddeus, monastery of, 239, 239 n.49Sakadvlpa, 340Saklz, 274Saliba, George, 299, 315 n.94Salihundam, potsherds excavated at, 466Salm, Niclas Graf, 246 n.64Saltykov-Shchedrin State Public Library,
Leningrad, manuscript of al-IdrlsI'sN uzhat al-mushtaq in, 173
Samanids, 111, 111 n.23
573
Samavasara1'}a, 441, 442Samayas, 342Samerasinghe, R. T., 426Sarrzgraha1'}is (cosmographic texts), 367,
369Sarrzhita, 338Sammetasikhara (Parasnath Peak), 441, 442Samra! Yantra, 362, 364, 366Samugarh, map of battle of, 466Sandesara, B. J., 323Sanganer, maps of, 448, 476-77Sanka (conch), 452Sailkara, 330, 330 n.181, 452SailkaranarayaQa, 360Sankhodar Bet, map of, 453Santarem, Manuel Francisco de Barros e
Sousa, Viscount of, 317, 317 n.108Sanudo, Marino, 172, 517Sapta-dvipa vasumati. See Earth,
seven-continentSaptar§is. See Ursa Majoral-SarakhsI, 93 n.10
Kitab al-masalik wa-al-mamalik (Book ofroutes and provinces), 92
Sarasvati Mahal Library, Thanjavur, 346,465-66 n.175
Sarasvati River, 377Sarkars, 428Sarma, SadasIva Rath, 466, 468Sa~tarhsa Yantra, 362Satapatha Brahma1'}a, 308Sathgar, Shripada Narayan, 470Satrufijaya, 441Sa"i (flat), 18Saturn. See also Planets
in Iskandar Sultan's horoscope, 64in Islamic celestial mapping, 358, 359in Islamic correspondences, 78in Na~ir Khusraw's cosmography, 86personification of, 63realm of, 84sphere of, 39, 75, 76
Saudi Arabia, map of sacred places in,461-62 n.173. See also Arabia
Savage-Smith, Emilie, 299, 315 n.94Sava River, 211Sawai Madhopur, planimetric secular map
of, 478-79Sawda) cubits, 177, 178, 178 n.23, 179Sayf al-Dawlah, 26, 78, 110, 115Sayf aI-DIn GhazI II, 52Scales
on Islamic maps(Ali Macar Re'Is's world map, 282BalkhI school maps, 115al-KashgharI's world map, 153al-KatibI chart, 265Maghreb chart, 264Mecmu'a-i menazil, 237PIrI Re)Is's world map, 272al-SharafI al-SifaqsI world maps, 287sixteenth-century quadrant, 185
on South Asian mapscosmographies, 507fidelity to, 468
574
Scales, on South Asian maps (cont.)Gentil's atlas of Mughal Empire, 428,
429geographical maps, 388on Jain scroll maps, 460-61nautical charts, 500topographic maps, 407, 417, 425-26,
426-27,433world maps, 399
Scandinavia, 265Schedel, Hartmann
Nuremberg Chronicle (Liber cronicarum),233,246
Schimmel, Annemarie, 377Schissler, Christoph
Quadraticum geometricum, 185Schmidt, Rudolf, 397, 399Schoy, Carl, 198Science
and Islam, 72-73, 189in South Asian astronomy, 360, 360 n.96
Scorpio. See also Astrology; Astronomy;Zodiac
constellationon al-BlriinI's cylindrical projection, 35on ceiling at Qu~yr cAmrah, 16on qibla map, 199
zodiac signon astrolabe rete, 22, 30combined with planets, 64in Islamic correspondences, 77, 78in Na~ir Khusraw's cosmography, 86
Scotland. See Great BritainScroll maps, South Asian, 436-38, pl.32
detailed plan of private house, 470Jain (vijnaptipatras), 460-61, 461Nepali, 432-33, 433Pahari, 436, 437route maps, 388
Sculptures, 311Sea charts. See Nautical maps; PortoIan
chartsSectional maps, by al-IdrlsI, 162, 162-63,
164,165, 166, 171-72, 172Sedillot, Louis Amelie, 8~ehnameci (official court historian), 229, 236~ehzade Mebmed, pilgrimage scroll of, 244Selim I, 233, 236, 241, 250, 267, 270Selim II, 246, 247, 251 n.77Selimiye, 251 n.77Semiotic analysis, 301~erif ibn Seyyid Mebmed, 221 n.34Seringapatam, 393, 492-93Serpentarius, 16Settlements. See also Cities and towns
on al-IdrIsI's maps, 166-67sectional maps, 163, 165
on South Asian mapsGentil's atlas of Mughal Empire, 429Maratha topographic maps, 423, 424,
425Mughal topographic maps, 405Nepali scroll map, 433pilgrimage maps, 441scroll maps, 436, 437
in Tarikh-i qal'ah-i Kashmir, 413topographic maps, 402, 411, 417, 427
Severus Sebokht, 12Sextants, Maldivian, 501Seydi cAli Re)Is (SIdI cAli ~elebi), 257, 260Seyyid Nub, 276
Deniz kitabz (Book of the sea), 234 n.25Sezgin, Fuat, 94 n.20, 150Shadow squares, 24ShafT cubits, 177Shahjahanabad. See also Delhi
in Chahar Gulshan, 436city plan of, 448in Gentil's atlas of Mughal Empire,
429on map of north-central India, 422on Mughal topographic maps, 405on South Asian scroll map, 436on South Asian world maps, 393
Shah]ahan Standing on a Globe (painting),409 n.36
Shahrukh, 149 n.63al-Shakkaz,28Shakkaziyah curves, 31, 32Shakl (shape), 74Shalimar gardens, 409, 411, 413Shanb-i Ghazani, 239Shantidas, Seth, 470Shapes, in cosmographies, 335Sharaf (exaltation), 64-65al-SharafI al-Sifaqsi family, 138, 145, 170-71,
263, 511. See also Abmad al-SharafIal-SifaqsI; cAli ibn Abmad ibnMubammad al-SharafI al-SifaqsI;Mubammad ibn cAli ibn Abmadal-SharafI al-SifaqsI; Mubammad ibnMubammad al-Sharafi al-SifaqsI
portolan charts and atlases by, 284-87,288,289,289-90
Sharma, Acharya Ram Charan, 303 n.46,349, 350, 351
Shatrunjaya, 442Shatrunjaya Hill temple complex, Palitana,
460Ships
on Maratha topographic maps, 424,425
on South Asian world maps, 390, 395Shiraz, 187 .Shiva, 346ShivajI, 324, 426Shrinathji temple complex, map of, 458,
pl.35Shrine of the Footsteps of the Prophet
(Masjid Athar aI-Nab!), 232, 233Sicily
on BalkhI school maps, 119in Kitilb-i balJriye, 278on South Asian world maps, 390
Siddhantas, 93, 93 n.13, 315Siddhapura, 352, 356Siddhas, 373, 455Siddhi, 372SIdI (Ali ~elebi (SeydI CAli Re)Is), 257, 260Sidra, Gulf of, 287
General Index
Siege plansBelgrade, 210, 211-12, pl.14Bhiwai fort, pl.38fortress on Adakale, 213, 214fortress at Esztergom, 245, pl.19Kiev, 210-11,211,211 n.11Szigetvar, 212, 213, 246-49Vienna, 213
Sifat al-dunya, 96Sighting instrument, 307Signs, cartographic, 335. See also
Conventions; Symbolismin Chahar Gulshan, 435-36on Maratha topographic maps, 424, 425on South Asian topographic maps, 402on South Asian world maps, 392
Sijilmasa, 119Sijistan, 114, 122al-SijistanI (Abu YaCqub Isbaq ibn Abmad
al-SijistanI), 83Kitab ithbat al-nubu )at (Book of the
proof of prophecy), 82al-SijzI (Abu SacId al-SijzI), 29Sikharin Mountains, 341Sikhs, 332Sila Island (Korea), 163Silpa Prakasa, architectural drawings in, 466Silpasastra texts, 468, 505Silvester, Bernard, of Tours (translator)
Experimentarius, 62Simcan
Zij Batfamiyus, 96Sinan Pa§a, 281Sind
BalkhI school maps of, 112, 114qibla of, 193on South Asian cosmographic globe, 396on South Asian world maps, 390, 391surviving maps from, 505
Sindhinds, 93Sindhu River, 341Sind ibn (Ali, 178, 179, 180-81Singh. See also given namesSingh, Chandramani, 408, 410
"Early 18th-Century Painted City Maps onCloth," 302
on oblique paintings at Amber, 450on South Asian scroll maps, 437, 438on topographic maps of Rajasthan and
Gujarat, 415Singh, M. K. Brijraj, 450Sinjar, 178-81SipahIzade (Mebmed ibn CAli Sipahizade)
AwrjalJ al-masalik ila ma C,ifat al-buldanwa-al-mamalik (The clearest path tothe knowledge of countries andempires), 221 n.36
Siraj al-Dunya wa-al-DIn, 196, 199Sircar, D. C., 299, 313, 321-22, 333, 340Sirjan, 115, 116, 123Sita River, 369Sitoda, 369Siwalik Mountains, 405Skelton, R. A., 296Slavs, in kishvar system, 80, 94
General Index
Society, and cartography, 512-16Sofala, 390Sofalah, 162Sofia, Cyril and Methodius National Library,
manuscript of al-Idrisi's Nuzhatal-mushtaq in, 174
Sojatdivination chart centered on, 349, 350map centered on, 415, 416
Solstices, plane of, 35 n.72, 38 n.79Solstitial colure, 13, 14, 16, 21, 28, 29, 30,
36,37,41,43,65-66Solstitial directions, 193SomakhaQQa, 355Somnath, religious map of, 486-87Sopher, David E., 446South America, 271South Asia. See also Asia; India
cartographyEuropean influence on, 507inclusiveness of, 508influence of other parts of Asia on,
506-7lack of Western interest in, 504political boundaries on, 508-9route maps, 434terrestrial maps compared with
European maps, 507-8cosmographies, compared with European
cosmographies, 507mapmaking, 509Mughal map of, 406, 407paucity of surviving maps from, 327-31reference map for study of indigenous
cartography, 297in Shahid-i Sadiq, 403
Southern Hemisphereconstellations of on astrolabe plate, 66constellations of on planispheric star map,
67on South Asian cosmographic globe, 357
Southern triangle, 63, 67South Pole, 258Space
in Jabirian cosmology, 82on South Asian world maps, 400
Spain. See also Iberian Peninsulaastrolabes in, 26on Balkhi school maps, 114, 119, 120,
121Islamic celestial globe from, 45on al-I~takhri map, pl.6maps of, 114on PIrI Re)Is's world map, 270refugees from, 267treatises on equatoria, 38-39variants of astrolabes in, 28-29
Spheresarmillary, 49-50, 51celestial, 75, 76determining qibla with, 200-202in Islamic cosmography, 74in Jabirian cosmology, 81in Kitab 'a;a)ib al-makhluqat wa-ghara)ib
al-mawjudat, 40
in Kitab al-durar wa-al-yawaqit fi ~/m
al-ra$d wa-al-mawaqit, 39in al-SijistanI's cosmography, 82
Spherical astrolabes. See Astrolabes, sphericalSpink, Walter, 313, 343 n.52Sri Lanka (Taprobane), 106
as Cupola of the Earth, 103on Islamic maps
on Ibn Bawqal's maps, 122al-IdrIsi's sectional map, 164qibla indicator, 198Sadiq I~fahanI's topographic maps, 400
on South Asian mapsincorporating Ptolemy's geographic
coordinates, 340nautical chart, 498navigational chart of, 500topographic maps, 425, 426-27world maps, 391, 395-96, pl.29
stupas in, 380surviving maps from, 505
SrinagarHarI Parbat fort, 409, 492-93maps of, 478-79, pl.33on maps of Kashmir, 409, 411, 412, 413,
416Sri Pratap Singh Museum, 414, 457
Sringeri, 452Sri Pratap Singh Museum, Srinagar, maps in,
414,457Sri Ram Charan Museum of Indology,
Jaipur, 303 n.46Srirangam
on Maratha topographic maps, 425plan of temple in, 457, 459religious map of, 486-87, 488-89
Srisailam, 425Sritrimbakesvara (Trimbak), 423Staal, Frits, 309Staatsbibliothek Preussischer Kulturbesitz,
Berlinal-I~takhri's manuscripts in, 130-31al-Muqaddasi's manuscripts in, 123, 124,
134-35Staats- und Universitatsbibliothek, Hamburg,
al-I~takhrI's manuscripts in, 124,130-31
Stades, 176, 178-79"Staff of al-TUSI," 31Star compasses, 495Stars. See also Asterisms; Astrology;
Astronomy; Constellationson armillary spheres, 49on astrolabe variant, 29on al-BIriini's flattened astrolabe, 36on celestial globes, 42, 43fixed realm of, 84on Islamic astrolabes
planispheric, 18-21, 22, 23spherical, 41
on Islamic celestial globes, 44, 46 n.110,47,48
in Jain cosmologies, 373and navigation, 258in orthographic projection, 35
575
in Qur)an, 72sphere of, 75,76used on instruments, 62zoomorphic renditions of, 52-53, 61
State Archives of Maharashtra, Bombay,Maratha topographic map in, 423-24
Steatite seals, 306Stein, Marc Aurel, 182 n.39, 328Stereographic projection, 30, 31, 38, 41, 70Strozzi, Alessandro, 238Subas (provinces), 428Subbi ~elebi
~ahname-i Sultan MelJmed (SultanMebmed's book of kings), 255, pl.17
Subrahmanyam, R., 317Sudan, 94Sudanand, hybrid map by, 427aI-Sufi (Abu al-Husayn cAbd al-Rabman ibn
cUmar aI-SufI), 34 n.66, 45, 53, 54,61, 62, 202
influence on al-BirunI, 58-59Kitab $uwar al-kawakib al-thabitah
(Book of the constellations of thefixed stars), 51-52, 52, 54-58, 55, 56,57, 58,60
Latin manuscripts of, 60Sugiura Keohei, 298Suhrab (Ibn Sarabiyl1n)
'A;a lib al-aqalim al-sab 'ah (Book of thewonders of the seven climates), 104,168
and climates, 106map construction, 95, 101, 104-5, 137,
138number of entries in coordinate tables,
101 n.49SiikrI Bidlisi
Selimname (History of Sultan Selim I), 228n.3
Sulayman al-MahrI, 257, 260-61Minha; al-fakhir (The splendid path), 261
SOleymaniye, model of, 250, 250-51 n.77SOleymaniye KOtiiphanesi, Istanbul
Arabic translations of Ptolemy'sGeography in, 210, 210 n.9
Ibn J:Iawqal's manuscripts in, 134-35al-I~takhrI's manuscripts in, 130-31manuscript of N uzhat al-mushtaq in, 173manuscripts of Rawej al-fara; in, 174al-Muqaddasi's manuscripts in, 134-35al-Tust's manuscripts in, 134-35
Siileymaniye waterway map, 226Siileyman the Magnificent, 220, 250, 264,
265, 267and Abmed FerIdun's Nuzhetu)/-a!Jbar der
sefer-i Sfgetvar, 248campaign chroniclers and diarists for, 230,
245and illustrated manuscript production,
229,230,236and Matrak<;l Na~ub's Mecmu 'a-i menazil,
229,230,235,236,237,239,240,241,242,245
and Matrak<;l Na~u1)'s Tarf1]-i fetIJ-i~a~/avun, 245, pl.19
576
Suleyman the Magnificent (cont.)and Piri Re)is's Kitab-i ba~rfye, 233, 269,
pl.22siege plan of Belgrad prepared for, 211siege plan of Malta prepared for, 211and siege of Szigetvar, 246-47, 248surrender of Buda to, 237, 246
Sultaniye, 237, 241-42, pl.18Sulvasutras, 308Sumatra, 259, 262Sumeru, 356. See also Meru, MountSumeruvaQavanala, 356Sun
on astrolabe and mechanical calendar, 33computing position of, 38-39finding qibla using, 203heliocentrism, 366in Islamic correspondences, 78in Jain cosmologies, 374, 375in Jai Singh's Zij, 365in Khagolam, 359, 360in Na~ir Khusraw's cosmography, 86personification of, 63-65in Qur)an, 71realm of, 84in South Asian celestial mapping, 358, 361sphere of, 39, 40, 75, 76
Sunda Islands, 256, 262Sundials, 25, 197-98Sun1, 221Surah, 7, 74, 95, 257 n.10Suraj Mal, 415Surat, 74, 417, 478-79Surat-aralam (representation of the world),
74Surat al-da )irah (drawing of the circle), 74Surat al-shakl (drawing of the form), 74Suret, 207Suri, Mahendra, 315Surveying
depiction of, 320to determine length of degree, 178-81of Indo-Aryan towns, 319-20Indus civilization instruments for, 307Mauryan Empire, 316-17in Nepal, 430
Suryas (suns), 358, 373Suryasiddhanta, 366Sus al Aqsa, 391Sutlej River, 437Suyolu Na?-trt, 215Swastikas, 317-18Symbolism. See also Conventions; Signs,
canographiccelestial, 63-65, 515in city map of Bijapur, 448cosmographic, 378, 379-82in South Asian maps, 358-59, 508in South Asian topographic maps, 402
SyriaBalkhi school map of, 114, 117in al-Battani's Zij al-Sabi~ 98celestial symbolism in, 65early astrolabe production in, 26influence on Mecmu <a-i menazil, 241
and Kacba, 190, 191
and origins of Islamic celestial mapping,12-18
qibla of, 192, 193on seven-kishvar eanh, 80on South Asian world maps, 391
Szekesfehervar, 245Szigetvar, siege of, 212, 213, 246-49
al-Tabari (Abu Jacfar Mubammad ibn Jariral-Tabari), 235 n.32, 236
T a )rikh al-rusul wa-al-muluk (History ofprophets and kings), 235
al-Tabari (Mubammad ibn Mabmud ibn cAlial-Tabari), 56
Tabaristan, 114Tablahs, 285-86Tables
astronomical, 365, 367, 392calendrical, 44of coordinates
adjusting latitude in, 176adjusting longitude in, 176by al-Battani, 97-100, 101 n.49al-Biruni and, 141-42convening to map form, 137 n.1by al-FarghanI, 96by Ibn Yiinus, 101 n.49Islamic, 8-9, 95, 96-97, 97-100by al-KhwarazmI, 95, 97-100, 101 n.49,
104production of in Maghreb, 141by Ptolemy, 94 n.20, 97-100, 101 n.49,
259by Suhrab, 101 n.49
geographical, 96-97Tabriz, 239, 243Tagias, Demetrios, 279, 279 n.51Tahmasp, 243Ta)I, Mountains of, 118Taif, qibla of, 191Taima, 118Taj Mahal, 377-78Takvim (Almanac), 221 n.34Talaja, 417TaclI!.<Izade. See Subbi ~elebi
Tamil Nadu Archives, 302Tamrakhal)Qa, 355Tangier, longitude of, 101-2Tantrism, 381Tapi River, 399, 423Taprobane. See Sri LankaTaqi aI-Din Mubammad aI-RashId ibn
Macruf,27T aqwirs, 160T araf (direction), 424Taras (stars), 373T arikh-i GUZida, 391Tarikh-i Nik Gulshan. See Chahar
GulshanTarn Taran, religious map of, 488-89T asvir (ground plan), 207T a$wir (depiction), 74Tata, 245
General Index
Taurus. See also Astrology; Astronomy;Zodiac
constellationon al-Birunt's flattened astrolabe, 36on al-Btrunl's globular projection, 37on ceiling at Qu~ayr (Amrah, 16 n.12on Islamic celestial globes, 44on qibla map, 199, 203
zodiac signon astrolabe rete, 22, 30combined with planets, 64in Islamic correspondences, 77, 78Islamic emblematic motif for, 63in Na~ir Khusraw's cosmography, 86
Tavernier, Jean Baptiste, 67, 361 n.99Tavernier, Melchior (the Younger), 66 n.190,
66-67, 67, 67 n.191Tav§anh, obelisk on way to, 240Taxation, maps for, 444, 444 n.134Tehran. See names of librariesTeixeira da Mota, Avelino, 259, 262Telescopes, 365-66Temesvar, 247Temples, South Asian
architectural plans for, 466-68as astronomical artifacts, 360construction of, 466Hindu
cosmography in architecture, 379-80plan of, 319
Jain, atrium used as cosmography, 371-72on Maratha topographic maps, 424on pilgrimage maps, 441
Tennent, James Emerson, 501Terrestrial globes, 28, 408
at Jaipur astronomical observatory, 397, 399by Jamal aI-DIn, 221-22, 221-22 n.38
Terrestrial maps. See also MapsOttoman, 217-18South Asian, compared with European
maps, 507-8Tersim, 207Text, Islamic maps and, 4-5Thabit ibn Qurrah (Abu al-I:fasan Thabit ibn
Qurrah al-l:farrani), 26, 96, 98, 100,100 n.41, 168, 168 n.47
Thales of Miletus, 42Thanjavur, Sarasvati Mahal Library, 346,
465-66 n.175Thatta (Tatta), 405Theology, in cosmographical diagrams, 71Theon of Alexandria, 24Theosophy, Islamic, 73Thirunaranan, B. M., 301, 302 n.43al-Thurayya, 52Tibbetts, Gerald R., 494, 495, 497, 503, 507Tibet
and Kacba, 190, 191
in kishvar system, 94Tieffenthaler, Joseph, 429Tigris River, 118, 122, 222, 223, 241Tillotson, G. H. R., 468Time
in Jabirian cosmology, 82keeping with astrolabes, 21
Udaipuroblique secular representation of, 480-81religious map of, 488-89sketch map of, 448-49on topographic maps of Rajasthan and
Gujarat, 414, 417Udgir, planimetric secular map of, 478-79al-cUdhrI (Al)mad ibn cUmar al-CUdhrI)
Ni:?am ai-marian fi al-masalikwa-al-mamalik, 169 n.51
as source for al-IdrlsI, 169 n.51Tar$ical-Akhbar wa-tanwzC al-athar
wa-al-bustan fi ghara )ib al-buldanwa-al-masalik ila iami cal-mamalik,169 n.51
Ufq ma)il (oblique horizon), 29Ujjain
astronomical observatory, 103, 361divination charts centered on, 349,
349-51,350on map of north-central India, 422in mental mapping, 382as prime meridian, 93, 175, 175 n.6, 356religious map of, 488-89on South Asian cosmographic globe, 356,
396Ulugh Beg, 8, 56-57, 57, 64, 198, 316, 361,
365, 379Umm (part of astrolabe), 21
General Index
TimUr (Tamerlane), 64, 242, 245 on celestial globes, 43Tinkhandi, map of, 444 on European planispheric star maps, 69Tinnis, 119 on Islamic celestial globes, 44, 47Tirthankaras, 373, 441, 442 Tropic of CancerTirthas (pilgrimage places), 311, 382, 414, on astrolabe rete, 21
441, 454, 457, 460, 505, pl.37. See on Byzantine planispheric map, 13also Pilgrimages on Cantino map, 262
Tirupati, religious map of, 488-89 on Islamic celestial globes, 43Tithi, 359 on PirI Re)Is's world map, 270Tomaschek, Wilhelm, 260 Tropic of CapricornTonk, planimetric secular map of, 478-79 on astrolabe rete, 18, 21Toomer, G. J., 101-2 on Byzantine planispheric map, 13Topkapi Sarayl, Istanbul (Ar§ivi, Miizesi, and on Islamic celestial globes, 43
Miizesi Kiitiiphanesi), 237, 250-51, on vault of heavens, Qu~ayr cAmrah, 15252 Tsio Ying-k'i, 430
Ibn Bawqal's manuscripts in, 108, 113, Tuba, pl.3134-35 Tucci, Giuseppe, 381, 455
al-Igakhri's manuscripts in, 130-33 Tughrul ibn Arslan, 125manuscript copies of Ptolemy's Geography Tunis, 232, 263, 264
in, 210 n.8 Tunisia, 279Ottoman map of Kiev in, 210-11 Turkestan, 150, 391Timurid scientific manuscript in, 126-27, 128 Turkey (Rum, on Marathi world map),uncataloged holdings, 207 400world map in, 390 n.8 Turkhan, 396
Topographical illustration, Ottoman Turks, 80, 94European influence on, 245, 250, 251 al-TusI (Al)mad [Mul)ammad] al-TusI)Hungary's importance in, 246-49 cAia )ib al-makhluqat, 125in later histories, 245-52 map by, 113in Mecmu~-i menazil, 235-45 selected manuscripts by, 134-35in texts, 230-35 al-TusI (Sharaf ai-DIn al-Mu~affar al-Tust),
Topographic maps, South Asian 31areas of coverage, 401 Twining, Thomas, 326, 326 n.155attributes of, 402 Tympanum (astrolabe plate), 21from Braj, 417-20 Tyre, 231 n.14of central India, 420-22Maratha, 422-26Mughal, 400-409of Nepal, 429-35of northeastern India, 427South Asian, 400-435of Sri Lanka, 426-27types of, 388
Topra pillar, 376, 377Toulon, 245Tower of Alexander, 393Towns. See Cities and towns; SettlementsTransoxiana, 94, 114, 124Travel literature, European, 304Trees, Indian, 335Triangulation, 176, 186, 258, 258 n.19Triangulum Astrinum (southern triangle), 63,
67Trigonometry
and conversion of travelers' distances totrue coordinates, 176-77
to determine difference of longitude, 187and qibla, 189
Trikkeri, Strait of, 276Trilokas, 344Tripathi, Maya Prasad, 298-99, 313, 505 n.7Tripoli, 232, 263Triptych, Jain, 460Tropics
on armillary spheres, 49on astrolabe, 65
577
UniversesIndian conceptions of, 341-42Jain
ordering of, 372, pl.28statistical summary of cosmographies
depicting, 386-87as lotus, 257-58, 335, 352, 357
Unnatamsa Yantra, 362-63Or, 382-83Ursa Major, 51, 52, 69-70, 359Ursa Minor, 51, 52, 62, 179, 192Ursiyus al-Antaki (Paulus Orosius), 169 n.51Oskiidar
in Kitab-i balJriye, 235 n.27on reference map of Istanbul architectural
monuments, 239on view of Istanbul in Mecmu ~-i menazil,
238waterway map, 226
CUtarid ibn Mul)ammad al-l:iasib, 57Utkal, 396Uttarakuru, 336, 337, 353-54, 369UttarakurukhaQQa, 356
Vadhane, map of, 444,445VaikuQtha, 344, 345Vaitadhya, 341Va~sara Mountains, 369Vallabha pU$fi-Prakasa, 468Valois, 228Valturio, Roberto
De re militari, 210, 235 n.30Van (fortress), Ottoman plan of, 213, 214Van, Lake, 239, 240Vara, 359Varadarajan, Lotika, 494Varahamihira
Brhatsa1?1hita, 338Varanasi
Bharat Kala Bhavancosmographic globe in, 352, 354,
355-57,389, 396-97,397,pI.40scroll maps in, 436-38
frontal painting of, 450, 452on map of north-central India, 422mental mapping in, 382, 382 n.169Pancha koshi yatra, 462plans to repair temple in, 468, 469religious map of, 462, 488-89, 490-91sketch map of, 448-49on South Asian cosmographic globe, 396as square within circle, 453-55, 454surveyed maps of, 461
Var$as, 336, 359Varthema, Ludovic, 257
Itinerario, 256VaruQakhaQQa, 354-55Vastupuru$ama1J4alas, 380, 381 n.159Vastuvidya, 380Vavassore, Giovanni Andrea, 249Vedas, 307-8Vedic altars, 308 n.65, 310, 376, 379, 381,
512Vega (star), 52, 61
578
Vegetation, on South Asian maps, 508Gentil's atlas of Mughal Empire, 429of north-central India, 422property maps, 470scroll maps, 433, 436, 437secular plans of cities and towns, 447topographic maps, 402, 411, 415, 423,
424,425Vellcan, 250, 276Venice
bird's-eye view of, 238in Kitab-i baIJriye, 231, 275, 277, 278map of ordered by Mebmed II, 210
Venus. See also Planetsin Iskandar Sultan's horoscope, 64in Islamic celestial mapping, 358, 359in Islamic correspondences, 78in Kitab ~ja)ib al-makhluqat wa-ghara)ib
al-mawjadat, 40in Na~ir Khusraw's cosmography, 86personification of, 63realm of, 84sphere of, 39, 75, 76
Vermeyen, Jan Cornelisz., 245 n.60Vernet Gines, Juan, 263-65Vertical altitude circles, 41Vertical quadrant, 41Vesconte, Pietro, 172Victoria and Albert Museum, London
architectural drawings in, 468-69cosmographic globe in, 352, 353, 396
Videha, 340, 372, 373Vienna
Kunsthistorisches Museum, sundial in,25
Osterreichische Nationalbibliothek,al-I~takhrI's manuscripts in, 132-33
Ottoman plan of second siege of, 213Vietnam, 409 n.37Vijayadurg, maps of, 464, 492-93Vijayardha, 369Vijayas, 369Vijfzaptipatras Gain scroll maps),460-61,
461Vilagna, 361Vimanas, 373-74Vimans, 372Vindhya escarpment, 304Vindhya Mountains, 340, 382, 392Virgo. See also Astrology; Astronomy;
Zodiacconstellation
on al-BlIiinI's flattened astrolabe, 36on al-BlIiini's globular projection, 37on qibla map, 199, 203
zodiac signon astrolabe rete, 22, 30combined with planets, 64in Islamic correspondences, 77, 78in Na~ir Khusraw's cosmography, 86
Vishnu, 345, 346Vishvarupa, pl.25Vitruvius, 25, 175 n.5Vliegende Vis (flying fish), 63Volos, Gulf of, 276
Vrata Alpana, 381Vrtta~a~tayttsa, 365
Wade, Captain, 411Wakankar, V. S., 304Waldseemiiller, Martin, 260al-Walld I, 12, 16al-Walld II, 12 n.1Walters Deniz atlast, 235, 282-83, pl.23Wamia (Wasa), 179, 179 n.28Wams (fathoms), 498Waqwaq Islands (al-Waqwaq), 162,391Wasa (Wamia), 179, 179 n.28Water. See also Elements
in Ibn al-cArabI's cosmography, 86on al-Idrisi's maps, 163, 166-67in Na~ir Khusraw's cosmography, 86sphere of, 75
Waterways, Ottoman maps of, 215-16, 217,218,219,226-27
Waywisers, 175 n.5Weather, and map deterioration, 327, 506Welch, Stuart Cary, 449, 469West Indies, 272Wieber, Reinhard, 259 n.20Wilford, Francis, 296, 298, 299-300, 300,
300 n.28, 317 n.108, 326, 429, 430William I (the Bad), 156, 157William the Englishman, 29Wilson, H. H., 302, 501-2, 506Wind roses
in isolarii, 277on al-Katibi chart, 264in Kitab-i baIJriye, 277on Piri Re)Is's world map, 270on al-Sharafi al-Sifaqsi atlas, 194-95on al-Sharafi al-Sifaqsi qibla diagram,
pl.13on al-Sharafi al-Sifaqsi world maps, 287
Wish-granting tree (kalpavrk~a), 369Wolgemut, Michael, 233, 239Women, and symbolic rituals, 381World maps
Islamicfrom CAlI Macar Re)Is's ponolan atlas,
282from Balkhi school, 114, 120-22, 127,
140by al-BlIiini, 142by al-DimashqI, 152, 154by J:Iafi?:-i AbIii, 151,170, 390by al-J:Iarrani, 144by Ibn Fa41 Allah al-cUmari, 153by Ibn J:Iawqal, 123, 137-39, 144-45by Ibn Khaldun, 170, 171by Ibn al-Wardi, 220, pl.8by al-Idrisi, 144, 161, 162, 515, pl.llal-Idrisi's instructions for, 158-59by al-I~takhri, 121, pI.7by al-Kashghari, 153, 155byal-Khwarazmi, 163from KitiIb ai-bad) wa-al-ta)rikh, pI.I0from Lol.<man's Zubdetu l-teViirilJ, 220,
221
General Index
by al-MuhallabI, 141, 141 n.21Ottoman, 220, 221-22by Piri Re)is, 268, 269-72, p1.21by al-Qazwini, 144, 389, p1.9referenced in fjudad al- ~lam, 139-40by Sadiq I~fahani, 146, 390-92semicircular, 149in al-Sharafi al-Sifaqsi atlas, 285, 286by al-Sharafl al-Sifaqsi family, 170-71,
262, pl.24from thirteenth century onward, 143-46in Walters Deniz atlast, 282-83by al-Zayyani, 171-72, 172
South Asian, 389-400, p1.29Arab influence on, 389-90, 392-93
Wubei zhi, 259-60, 503Wular Lake, 414Wunderlich, Herbert, 185Wiistenfeld, Ferdinand, 8
Xinjiang, writings found in, 328Xin Tang shu, 321Xuan Zang, 328, 389 n.3
Yabya al-Ma'mun, 28, 29Yajuj and Majuj, 94. See also Gog and
MagogYajur Veda, 333Yamako{i, 103, 103 n.66, 352, 356Yamuna River Gumna), on South Asian
maps, 311 n.71Braj as lotus, 419cosmographic globes, 354, 356, 358, 396fifth-century bas-relief, 312geographic globe in Mughal painting, 409Indo-Islamic cosmography, 377Jain conception of Jambudvipa, 369, 372Mughal maps, 405, 438Padma PUrii1Ja, 313painting of Vishvarupa, pl.25in Shahid-i $adiq, 403, 405
Yantra Raja, 362Yantras, 315al-YaCqubi (Abmad ibn AbI YaCqub
al-YaCqubi), 93, 169 n.51Yaqut (Shihab aI-Din Abu cAbdallah Yaqut
ibn cAbdallah al-J:Iamawi al-RumiaI-Baghdadi), 110,111,143
and climatic (zone) maps, 138, 147Kitab aI-mallJamah (Book of the battle),
coordinates in compared with thoseof Ptolemy, 98-100
Kitiib muCjam al-buldan (Dictionary ofcountries), 77, 98, 146, 147, 193, 195
and length of degree, 178and prime meridians, 103
Yaqut (Sapphire) Island, 105, 105-6, 140,144
Yavanapura, 103Yavanavasti, 400Yemen
on al-I~takhrI map, 118and Kacba, 190, 191in kishvar system, 94
General Index
qibla of, 193on South Asian world maps, 391
Yoga, 381Yojanas, 335, 342, 353, 370, 373Yucatan Peninsula, 272, pl.21Yugalikau, 379Yupa,376Yurdaydln, Hiiseyin G., 235 n.32
"Zadvarya" in Makarska, plan of fortress of,213 n.20
Zafar fort, pl.32Za >irajah, 82 n.24Zams (watches), 8, 496, 497, 500al-Zanj, 162Zaqqum, pl.3al-Zarqello, 28-29, 30, 31, 141 n.22Zaviyes, 232, 233
al-ZayyanI (Abu al-Qasim ibn Abmad ibn(All al-ZayyanI)
al-T arjumanat al-kubra ff akhbaral-ma )nur barran wa-bal}ran (Thegreat translator of news from the[inhabited] world, by land and sea),171
world map, 171-72, 172Zemun fortress, 211Zenith rings, 44Zheng He, 259-60Zfjats. See Tables, astronomicalZij-i Shahriyar (Zij ai-Shah), 93 n.16Zijs. See Tables, astronomicalZillas (districts), 432Zodiac. See also Astrology; Constellations
anthropomorphic representation of signs,63-65
on astrolabes, 18, 54Bedouin system for, 53
on Byzantine planispheric map, 13calendar, 33on celestial globes, 43clockfaces as models for, 40, 40-41and correspondences in Islamic
cosmology, 76, 77, 78and Gnostic correlations, 81-82 n.24on Islamic celestial globes, 47in Na~ir Khusraw's cosmography, 86orientation of in planispheric maps in
Aratea, 16Rajasthani portrayals of, 359sphere of, 39, 75
Zone maps, 146-48Zorawar Singh, 437Zoroastrians, 332Zrinyi, Miklos, 247al-ZuhrI, 105, 143, 168
Ja}afryah, 95, 140, 157
579
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