The The Green Way Green Way to Sustained Energy to Sustained Energy SavingsSavings
•• Harmonics Limited was founded in 1989 and invented the Harmonics Limited was founded in 1989 and invented the Harmonic Harmonic Suppression SystemSuppression System
•• We have an existing installed base of over We have an existing installed base of over 10,00010,000 unitsunits in continuous in continuous operation throughout the United States with zero customer returnoperation throughout the United States with zero customer returns & s & zero field failures.zero field failures.
•• We provide an energy conservation and efficiency solution for thWe provide an energy conservation and efficiency solution for the e commercial built environment.commercial built environment.
•• The California Energy Commission and EPRI published a case studyThe California Energy Commission and EPRI published a case studyvalidating our technology solution and performance claims. validating our technology solution and performance claims.
•• We enable you to turn existing passive assets into productive enWe enable you to turn existing passive assets into productive energy ergy savings devices. savings devices.
What is a 3What is a 3rdrd harmonic current?harmonic current?
•• 33rdrd harmonic currents are generated as a result of the way computerharmonic currents are generated as a result of the way computerbased power supplies draw power from the electrical system. based power supplies draw power from the electrical system.
•• These currents add in the neutral and are dissipated as heat in These currents add in the neutral and are dissipated as heat in the the transformer. transformer.
•• Neutral conductors are designed to have no current residing on Neutral conductors are designed to have no current residing on them, thatthem, that’’s why they are not circuit breaker protected. s why they are not circuit breaker protected.
•• 33rdrd harmonic currents are not usable power and show up as waste harmonic currents are not usable power and show up as waste heat on transformers, building wiring, switchgear and in elevateheat on transformers, building wiring, switchgear and in elevated d power bills for air conditioningpower bills for air conditioning
* Linear Load *Linear Load *The current looks like The current looks like
the voltagethe voltage
Linear & Non-Linear loads
* NonNon--linear Load * linear Load * The current does not look The current does not look
like the voltagelike the voltage
3rd HARMONIC = 180Hz
5th HARMONIC = 300Hz
FUNDAMENTAL = 60Hz
0 90 180 270 360WAVE ANGLE
AM
PLIT
UD
E
What are harmonics ?
Harmonics are continuous integral multiples of the fundamental frequency
& FaxLoads that cause 3rd harmonic Loads that cause 3rd harmonic
currentscurrents
Referred to as Referred to as ““NonNon--Linear Linear ““ loadsloads
•• Personal ComputersPersonal Computers
•• ServersServers
•• Communications equipmentCommunications equipment
•• Printers / ScannersPrinters / Scanners
•• Copy & FAX MachinesCopy & FAX Machines
•• Audio/Visual EquipmentAudio/Visual Equipment
•• Medical EquipmentMedical Equipment
•• Broadcasting equipmentBroadcasting equipment
•• Electronic Device Charging unitsElectronic Device Charging units
PEAKS ZERO CROSSINGS
VOLTAGECURRENT
0 180 360WAVE ANGLE
AM
PLIT
UD
E
Mathematical relationships between voltage & current vary across the cycle
PEAKS ZERO CROSSINGS
CURRENTVOLTAGE
0 180 360WAVE ANGLE
AM
PLIT
UD
E
Linear load
Non-Linear load
Transformer
Phase A Current
Phase B Current
Phase C Current
Neutral Current
Ground Wire
Vn-g
The introduction of electronic based or computer loads have chanThe introduction of electronic based or computer loads have changed the ged the way current is drawn from the electrical system. way current is drawn from the electrical system.
1 35
79
1113
1517
19
0102030405060708090
100
CU
RR
ENT
% F
UN
DAM
ENTA
L
HARMONIC NUMBER
Single-phase harmonic spectrum
Problems caused by 3Problems caused by 3rdrd harmonic currents includeharmonic currents include::
•• Energy losses of 6% of kWh billed monthly Energy losses of 6% of kWh billed monthly
• Overheated transformers, switchgear & wiring, random circuit Overheated transformers, switchgear & wiring, random circuit breaker trippingbreaker tripping
•• A mandate to run double neutral conductorsA mandate to run double neutral conductors
•• Reduced useable fundamental power capacity, up to 30%Reduced useable fundamental power capacity, up to 30%
•• Higher utility bills based on cooling waste heat within the builHigher utility bills based on cooling waste heat within the buildingding
•• Premature failure of system components due to heat stressPremature failure of system components due to heat stress
•• Increased downtimeIncreased downtime
How do you create an more energy efficiency design: How do you create an more energy efficiency design:
By By notnot OVEROVER--SIZING electrical gear, itSIZING electrical gear, it’’s neither energy nor cost efficient s neither energy nor cost efficient
Eliminate the need to install Double neutral conductors, major cEliminate the need to install Double neutral conductors, major cost savings on CAPEXost savings on CAPEX
Eliminate as much nonEliminate as much non--linear current at the plug (Harmonic Currents) as possible linear current at the plug (Harmonic Currents) as possible
Recover and restore that lost electrical capacity ergo reducing Recover and restore that lost electrical capacity ergo reducing new demand to the utility new demand to the utility
Less electrical waste heat equals less HVAC demandLess electrical waste heat equals less HVAC demand
Each kilowatt hour saved equals 1.35lbs of Co2 capturedEach kilowatt hour saved equals 1.35lbs of Co2 captured
LEEDLEED points are available under CI 2.0 under points are available under CI 2.0 under ““Innovative TechnologiesInnovative Technologies””
The ROIThe ROI
•• New project construction costs are significantly lower if you riNew project construction costs are significantly lower if you right size transformers, ght size transformers, eliminate double neutrals and reeliminate double neutrals and re--size the HVAC requirements based on less heat.size the HVAC requirements based on less heat.
•• Energy savings as a result of eliminating 3Energy savings as a result of eliminating 3rdrd harmonic currents results in savings of harmonic currents results in savings of 4% 4% --6% 6% of power used at the plug.of power used at the plug.
•• ThatThat’’s money that goes straight back to the operating budget bottom ls money that goes straight back to the operating budget bottom line each monthine each month
•• Increased Increased ““usableusable”” electrical capacity is available because of harmonic mitigationelectrical capacity is available because of harmonic mitigation30% 30% is commonis common
•• Increased reliability of system components due to lack of heat sIncreased reliability of system components due to lack of heat stresstress
Standard transformer, NoStandard transformer, No--load spectrum load spectrum Linear Load applicationLinear Load application
A = 0.7 Amps; B = 0.8 Amps; C = 0.8 Amps; N = 0.9 Amps
15kVA transformer / 10 loads per phaserated 42 amps per conductor
Standard transformer, phase A linear load Standard transformer, phase A linear load Linear Load applicationLinear Load application
A = 12.4 Amps; B = 0.8 Amps; C = 0.8 Amps; N = 12.2 Amps
15kVA transformer / 10 loads per phaserated 42 amps per conductor
Standard transformer, phases A + B linear load Standard transformer, phases A + B linear load Linear Load application Linear Load application
A = 12.4 Amps; B = 11.9 Amps; C = 0.7 Amps; N = 11.9 Amps
15kVA transformer / 10 loads per phaserated 42 amps per conductor
Standard transformer, phases A + B + C linear load Standard transformer, phases A + B + C linear load
A = 12.5 Amps; B = 11.9 Amps; C = 11.8 Amps; N = 0.8 Amps
Linear Load applicationLinear Load application
15kVA transformer / 10 loads per phaserated 42 amps per conductor
• Harmonics currents do no workdo no work, but do contribute to the rms current the system must carry
• 3rd harmonic currents are additive in the system neutraladditive in the system neutral
• 3rd harmonic currents return to the transformer over the neutral and are dissipated as heatdissipated as heat in the transformer, cables and load devices
Reasons to be concerned about harmonic currents
Standard Transformer, 10 non-linear loads, phase A
A = 24.8 Amps; B = 0.8 Amps; C = 0.8 Amps; N = 24.7 Amps
15kVA transformer / 10 loads per phaserated 42 amps per conductor
A = 24.7 Amps; B = 23.4 Amps; C = 0.7 Amps; N = 33.9 Amps
Standard Transformer, 10 non-linear loads, phases A + B
15kVA transformer / 10 loads per phaserated 42 amps per conductor
A = 24.6 Amps; B = 23.4 Amps; C = 24.5 Amps; N = 41.5 Amps
Standard Transformer, 10 non-linear loads, phases A + B + C
15kVA transformer / 10 loads per phaserated 42 amps per conductor
• k-Rated Transformers• Double Neutrals• Oversized switch gear• De-rated UPSs, and Power Distribution Units
(PDUs)
• Zig-zag or phase shifting transformers
Avoiding Harmonic problems (accommodation)
PHASE C
PHASE A
60Hz IMBALANCE CURRENT +SUMMED 3rd HARMONIC CURRENT
PHASE B
3rd HARMONIC CURRENTCIRCULATES IN DELTA WINDING
SAFETYGROUND
TRANSFORMER ENCLOSURE
60Hz CURRENT +HARMONIC CURRENT60Hz AND
NON-TRIPLENHARMONICCURRENTS
TO BUILDING STEEL
COMPUTER COMPUTER COMPUTER
PRIMARY CIRCUITBREAKER
X0
K-Rated transformers accommodate harmonic currents
A = 26.0 Amps; B = 24.9 Amps; C = 25.8 Amps; N = 44.3 Amps
K-rated transformer, 10 non-linear loads, phases A+B+C
15kVA transformer / 10 loads per phaserated 42 amps per conductor
• k-Rated Transformers• Double Neutrals• Oversized switch gear• De-rated UPSs, and Power Distribution Units
(PDUs)
• Zig-zag or phase shifting transformers
Accommodating alternatives for harmonic problems
• k-Rated Transformers• Double Neutrals• Oversized switch gear• De-rated UPSs, and Power Distribution Units
(PDUs)
• Zig-zag or phase shifting transformers
Accommodating alternatives for harmonic problems
PHASE C
PHASE A
PHASE B
3rd HARMONIC CURRENT DISSIPATEDAS HEAT IN SECONDARY WINDING
SAFETYGROUND
TRANSFORMER ENCLOSURE
60Hz CURRENT +HARMONIC CURRENT
TO BUILDING STEEL
COMPUTER COMPUTER COMPUTER
60Hz ANDNON-TRIPLENHARMONICCURRENTS
PRIMARY CIRCUITBREAKER
60Hz IMBALANCE CURRENT +SUMMED 3rd HARMONIC CURRENT
Zig-Zag transformer to accommodate harmonic currents
A = 26.4 Amps; B = 25.2 Amps; C = 26.4 Amps; N = 45.0 Amps
Zig-Zag transformer, 10 non-linear loads, phases A+B+C
15kVA transformer / 10 loads per phaserated 42 amps per conductor
• Introducing the Harmonic Suppression System (HSS)Harmonic Suppression System (HSS)• Blocks 3rd harmonic currents and prevents their flow anywhere in
the system• If you have reached the limits of capacity due to an overloaded
neutral, adding another transformer is not the only option• Eliminate the need for oversized components as well as double
neutrals. • An HSS solution minimizes waste heat from the transformer out to
the furthest outlet.
Eliminating Harmonic Problems
System CapacitySystem Capacity
An Unloaded SystemAn Unloaded System
Loaded with Low power factorLoaded with Low power factor
System Capacity
Harmonics
kW Power
Loaded with slightly improved Power FactorLoaded with slightly improved Power Factor
System CapacitySystem Capacity
HarmonicsHarmonics
kW PowerkW Power
Equipped with HSS_ High Power FactorEquipped with HSS_ High Power Factor
With Harmonics SuppressionWith Harmonics SuppressionSystemSystem
System CapacitySystem Capacity
kW PowerkW Power
3rdHARMONIC
FLOW
HSS blocking 3rd harmonic currents
SINCE NO 3rd HARMONIC CURRENT CAN RETURN IN THE
NEUTRAL WIRE, NO 3rd HARMONIC CURRENT CAN FLOW
IN THE PHASE WIRES
60Hz CURRENT and 3rd HARMONICCURRENT FLOWING IN ALL THREEPHASES
60 Hz 3rd HARMONIC
PHASE C
PHASE A
PHASE B
COMPUTER COMPUTER COMPUTER
60Hz IMBALANCE CURRENT PLUS 3RD HARMONIC CURRENT, COMBINED FROM ALL THREE PHASES, MUSTRETURN TO THE GENERATOR ON THE NEUTRAL WIRE
NEUTRAL
X0
High Impedance at 3RD harmonic frequency prohibits 3RD harmonic current flow.
Eliminate the 3rd Harmonic and Eliminate the Problem
Passive Parallel Resonant Circuit
Resides in the Neutral
Does Not Allow the Creation of the 3rd Harmonic
Resolves the Harmonic Issue by Elimination
TRANSFORMER ENCLOSUREPHASE C
PHASE A
PHASE B
60Hz ANDNON-TRIPLENHARMONICCURRENTS
COMPUTER COMPUTER COMPUTER
HSS
NO 3rd HARMONIC CURRENTSTO CIRCULATE IN DELTA WINDING
60Hz CURRENT & HARMONIC-CURRENTS OTHER THAN 3RD
60Hz IMBALANCE CURRENT ONLYIN COMBINED NEUTRAL
PRIMARY CIRCUITBREAKER
TO BUILDING STEEL
X0
HSS ENCLOSURE
Wye distribution system with HSS
With HSS Without HSS
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 190
102030405060708090
100
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19
% o
f Fu
ndam
enta
lPhase harmonic currents with & without harmonic suppression
With HSS Without HSS
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 190
255075
100125150175200225250
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19
Cur
rent
in a
mps
Neutral harmonic currents with & without harmonic suppression
Standard Transformer (with HSSwith HSS)
A = 19.6 Amps; B = 18.7 Amps; C = 19.4 Amps; N = 4.2 Amps
Each Phase 50% Loaded
Change:
A = -4.4 amps
B = -5.3 amps
C = -4.3 amps
N = -35.8 amps
15kVA transformer / 10 loads per phaserated 42 amps per conductor
K-13 Transformer (with HSSwith HSS)
A = 20.8 Amps; B = 20.4 Amps; C = 20.4 Amps; N = 7.7 Amps
Each Phase 50% Loaded Change:
A = -4.5 amps
B = -4.5 amps
C = -4.8 amps
N = -34.7 amps
15kVA transformer / 10 loads per phaserated 42 amps per conductor
Zig-Zag Transformer (with HSSwith HSS)
A = 20.9 Amps; B = 20.6 Amps; C = 20.6 Amps; N = 6.9 Amps
Each Phase 50% LoadedChange:
A = -4.7 amps
B = -4.5 amps
C = -5.1 amps
N = -36.9 amps
15kVA transformer / 10 loads per phaserated 42 amps per conductor
% kW REDUCTION WITH VARYING WIRING OPTIONSAND LOADING, STANDARD TRANSFORMER
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
% TRANSFORMER LOADING
% k
W R
EDU
CTIO
N
50' 50'+100'SN 50'+100'CN 50'+100'SN+100'CN
Power saved by removing harmonic currents varies with system loading and wiring methods
The Energy Savings Estimator
The Energy Savings Estimator (I2R waste heat savings)
The Energy Savings Estimator (avoided air conditioning)
Our products provide a continuous Our products provide a continuous Return on Investment (Return on Investment (ROIROI) )
month after month month after month through a model of through a model of
sustainedsustained energyenergy savingssavings
The Bottom LineThe Bottom Line
A Harmonic Suppression System can be supplied as aA Harmonic Suppression System can be supplied as a
•• SysteMaxSysteMax unit for use with any existing transformer
•• TransMaxTransMax unit which is an HSS solution with a TP1 transformer
•• GenMaxGenMax unit designed for paralleled generators with pitch problems
The TransMaxTransMax combines a high quality TP-1 transformer (formerly EnergyStar) with the Harmonic Suppression System all in a single easy to install enclosure
The SysteMaxSysteMax is an add on Harmonic Suppression system retrofit solution added to your present transformers to remove harmonic currents
The GenMax GenMax is for resolving paralleling generators that due to pitch differences cause 3rd harmonic currents to be generated.
GenMax mounted on top of Parallel Switchgear
The California The California Energy Commission Energy Commission
PIER case study PIER case study report report
This published case This published case study is an study is an
independent 3independent 3rdrd
party validation of party validation of the technology and the technology and our our 44--8%8% energy energy
savingssavings
Case Study # 1 CA State Franchise Tax BoardCA State Franchise Tax BoardCalifornia California EnergyEnergy Commission Commission PIERPIER Program & EPRIProgram & EPRI
•• The CEC Pier Program and EPRI conducted a study, independently vThe CEC Pier Program and EPRI conducted a study, independently validating the harmonics alidating the harmonics suppression system performance claims of sustainable energy savisuppression system performance claims of sustainable energy savings of ngs of 44--6%.6%.
•• The case study was conducted at the CA State Franchise Tax BoardThe case study was conducted at the CA State Franchise Tax Board’’s, Sacramento facility Bldg s, Sacramento facility Bldg #1. #1.
•• The building is approximately 450,000 sq.ft., containing a largeThe building is approximately 450,000 sq.ft., containing a large data center area equipped with data center area equipped with over 2,500 computer workstations. By installing our TransMax proover 2,500 computer workstations. By installing our TransMax products the State of California ducts the State of California saved saved over $500,000 over $500,000 on this application alone on this application alone (Please see attached documentation) (Please see attached documentation)
•• The US Army Corp of Engineers reviews this option for new electrThe US Army Corp of Engineers reviews this option for new electrical construction specifications ical construction specifications and when updating facilities to reduce oversizing their electricand when updating facilities to reduce oversizing their electrical distribution systems. al distribution systems.
•• The California Lottery Commission intends to upgrade its transfoThe California Lottery Commission intends to upgrade its transformers based on the this case rmers based on the this case study data as well. study data as well.
•• The CA State Insurance Compensation Fund has recently designed aThe CA State Insurance Compensation Fund has recently designed and purchased our products nd purchased our products for their 18 locations, statewide.for their 18 locations, statewide.
Case study 4Case study 4. . An Internet Hosting FacilityAn Internet Hosting Facility
Application DetailsApplication Details
•• 88--150 kVA k150 kVA k--13 transformers13 transformers
•• Combined neutral current reduced by 76% from 1940 to 451 Combined neutral current reduced by 76% from 1940 to 451 ampsamps
•• 3rd harmonic current reduced by 98% from 1890 to 44 amps3rd harmonic current reduced by 98% from 1890 to 44 amps
•• rms phase current reduced by 21%rms phase current reduced by 21%
•• Using energy savings estimator, Using energy savings estimator, ROI = 14.5 monthsROI = 14.5 months
Case Study 5. Pacific Stock Exchange Trading Floor Pacific Stock Exchange Trading Floor •• 22--112 kVA & 175 kVA, K20 transformers. The average transformer was112 kVA & 175 kVA, K20 transformers. The average transformer was loaded at loaded at
64% of rated capacity64% of rated capacity•• We reduced the combined neutral current by 75%, from 750 amps toWe reduced the combined neutral current by 75%, from 750 amps to 186 amps186 amps•• The 3The 3rdrd Harmonic neutral was reduced by 98%, from 712 amps to 15 ampsHarmonic neutral was reduced by 98%, from 712 amps to 15 amps•• RMS phase current was reduced by 9%RMS phase current was reduced by 9%•• Using the energy savings calculator their expected Using the energy savings calculator their expected ROIROI was was 19 months19 months•• They were able to remove 3 portable A/C units saving them They were able to remove 3 portable A/C units saving them $54,000.00 a year$54,000.00 a year
Conclusion
•• There is a difference between transformer There is a difference between transformer efficiency and HSS energy savingsefficiency and HSS energy savings
•• Employing HSS technology can help earnEmploying HSS technology can help earnLEEDLEED pointspoints
Our products provide a continuous Our products provide a continuous Return on Investment (Return on Investment (ROIROI) )
month after month month after month through a model of through a model of
sustainedsustained energyenergy savingssavings
The Bottom LineThe Bottom Line
Marketing Initiatives - 2008
I. Some of the Industries we serve ::
•• Universities & CollegesUniversities & Colleges•• Primary & Secondary SchoolsPrimary & Secondary Schools•• GovernmentGovernment•• Hospitals / MedicalHospitals / Medical•• Financial, Internet Services, etc.Financial, Internet Services, etc.•• High Tech and IndustrialHigh Tech and Industrial•• Entertainment & Media Entertainment & Media •• BioTech / PharmaBioTech / Pharma•• Gaming / CasinosGaming / Casinos•• REITS REITS
Some of the customers we serveSome of the customers we serve
•• Stanford University, Scripps, Univ. of CA Santa Cruz, Yale, ColuStanford University, Scripps, Univ. of CA Santa Cruz, Yale, Columbia, MIT, mbia, MIT, Univ. of PA, Penn State, Cornell Univ., Univ. of NevadaUniv. of PA, Penn State, Cornell Univ., Univ. of Nevada--Reno, Cal State Reno, Cal State Monterey, San JoseMonterey, San Jose’’ City College, Merced College, San Joaquin Delta City College, Merced College, San Joaquin Delta College, Folsom Lake College, Butte Community College, Newark, CCollege, Folsom Lake College, Butte Community College, Newark, CA A County School district, dozens of high schools within CaliforniaCounty School district, dozens of high schools within California..
•• Kaiser PermanenteKaiser Permanente’’, Johns Hopkins, Yale New Haven Clinic, The Cleveland , Johns Hopkins, Yale New Haven Clinic, The Cleveland Clinic, Abbott Labs, Gilead Sciences, Pfizer, Amgen, Merck, UnitClinic, Abbott Labs, Gilead Sciences, Pfizer, Amgen, Merck, United Health, ed Health, Wyeth Astra Zeneca, Wyeth Astra Zeneca, ……
•• NYSE, Pacific Stock Exchange, Bank of America, HSBC, Citicorp, ANYSE, Pacific Stock Exchange, Bank of America, HSBC, Citicorp, American merican Express, Fannie Mae, John Hancock, GE Capital, Chase, Arthur AndExpress, Fannie Mae, John Hancock, GE Capital, Chase, Arthur Andersen, ersen, JP Morgan, Bloomberg, UBSJP Morgan, Bloomberg, UBS
•• Apple Computer, Intel, IBM, Nvidia, NetApps, Sandisk, Cisco, AT&Apple Computer, Intel, IBM, Nvidia, NetApps, Sandisk, Cisco, AT&T, Hewlett T, Hewlett Packard, Sun Micro, Intuit, Brocade, Lockheed, Boeing, Raytheon,Packard, Sun Micro, Intuit, Brocade, Lockheed, Boeing, Raytheon, Sikorsky, Sikorsky, Dupont, ChevronDupont, Chevron……
•• Creech AFB, Edwards AF Base, CALStrs Bldg, Sacramento, CA State Creech AFB, Edwards AF Base, CALStrs Bldg, Sacramento, CA State Franchise Tax Board, CA State Insurance Comp Fund, FAA, Pacific Franchise Tax Board, CA State Insurance Comp Fund, FAA, Pacific Energy Energy Solutions, Roseville City Govt., Federal GSA Bldg. Los Angeles, Solutions, Roseville City Govt., Federal GSA Bldg. Los Angeles, San San Bernardino CountyBernardino County
•• Metro Media, CBS, NBC, Bloomberg, Reuters, AP, CNET, Fox StudiosMetro Media, CBS, NBC, Bloomberg, Reuters, AP, CNET, Fox Studios, MTV, , MTV, Facebook, Time Warner, ESPN, CSPAN, Food Network, Scripps NetworFacebook, Time Warner, ESPN, CSPAN, Food Network, Scripps Networks, ks, Ceasars Palace CCTV, Canary Casino, LaughlinCeasars Palace CCTV, Canary Casino, Laughlin’’s Riverside Casino Resorts Riverside Casino Resort……..
Some of the customers we serveSome of the customers we serve
Thank You for your timeThank You for your time
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