8/14/2019 The Effects of Environment
1/17
THE EFFECTS OFTHE EFFECTS OFENVIRONMENTENVIRONMENT
PRESENTED BY,PRESENTED BY,
VIJAYAN.M.GVIJAYAN.M.GRAJEEV KUMAR BARNWALRAJEEV KUMAR BARNWAL
IV th YEAR MECHANICAL,IV th YEAR MECHANICAL,
VMKV ENGG. COLLEGE,VMKV ENGG. COLLEGE,
8/14/2019 The Effects of Environment
2/17
PRINCIPLE OF ENVIRONMENTALPRINCIPLE OF ENVIRONMENTAL
CONTROLCONTROLNature has provided two almost inexhaustibleNature has provided two almost inexhaustiblesumps for maintaining a steady statesumps for maintaining a steady stateenvironment on earth. The first of these is theenvironment on earth. The first of these is the2.7 K background temperature of absolute2.7 K background temperature of absolutespace, which nature uses for heat rejection tospace, which nature uses for heat rejection toclose its heat balances.close its heat balances.
The second is the oceans, which serve to The second is the oceans, which serve to
close the material balances of its cyclicclose the material balances of its cyclicprocesses by accepting the combined runoffsprocesses by accepting the combined runoffsof the continents.of the continents.
8/14/2019 The Effects of Environment
3/17
AN OVERVIEW OF ECOLOGYAN OVERVIEW OF ECOLOGY
Ecology is the study of the biosphere, aEcology is the study of the biosphere, ahypothetical system comprising the surfacehypothetical system comprising the surfaceof the earth and all the subsystemsof the earth and all the subsystems
necessary to maintain a steady-state life-necessary to maintain a steady-state life-support system.support system.
The thermal cycle is open, isenthalpic, and The thermal cycle is open, isenthalpic, andirreversible.irreversible.
Solar energy is utilized, becomes degraded,Solar energy is utilized, becomes degraded,and is finally rejected into outer space byand is finally rejected into outer space bymeans of long-wave radiation through themeans of long-wave radiation through theoptical window of the earths atmosphere.optical window of the earths atmosphere.
8/14/2019 The Effects of Environment
4/17
MAJOR QUASI CYCLICMAJOR QUASI CYCLIC
PROCESSESPROCESSES
HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE,HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE,
CARBON CYCLE,CARBON CYCLE,
NITROGEN CYCLE,NITROGEN CYCLE,
POTASSIUM CYCLE,POTASSIUM CYCLE,PHOSPHOROUS CYCLE,&PHOSPHOROUS CYCLE,&
SULFUR CYCLE.SULFUR CYCLE.
These are almost closed cycles, which are These are almost closed cycles, which areoccasionally interrupted and renewed byoccasionally interrupted and renewed by
tech tonic geological upheavals.tech tonic geological upheavals.
8/14/2019 The Effects of Environment
5/17
THERMAL DISCHARGESTHERMAL DISCHARGES
The total solar flux reaching the earth isThe total solar flux reaching the earth is
182 trillion kW; 32.4 trillion kW is utilized182 trillion kW; 32.4 trillion kW is utilizedin the hydrological cycle, wherebyin the hydrological cycle, wherebyfreshwater distilled from the oceans isfreshwater distilled from the oceans is
utilized on the continents by the plant andutilized on the continents by the plant andanimal kingdoms and finally drains backanimal kingdoms and finally drains back
into the ocean to complete the cycle.into the ocean to complete the cycle.
FIRST ASPECTFIRST ASPECT
8/14/2019 The Effects of Environment
6/17
The second largest thermal dischargeThe second largest thermal discharge
is from industry. Because of keenis from industry. Because of keen
marketplace competition, thermalmarketplace competition, thermalprocesses have been selected to provideprocesses have been selected to provide
the most favorable cost/benefit ratio forthe most favorable cost/benefit ratio for
the consumer.the consumer.
SECOND ASPECTSECOND ASPECT
8/14/2019 The Effects of Environment
7/17
8/14/2019 The Effects of Environment
8/17
Transportation is the third largestTransportation is the third largest
contributor to the heat island effect and thecontributor to the heat island effect and the
one with the worst side effects. Thermalone with the worst side effects. Thermaldischarge to city streets could be reduced todischarge to city streets could be reduced to
one-third its present value and petroleumone-third its present value and petroleum
stocks conserved if all-electric transportationstocks conserved if all-electric transportation
could be substituted economically for thecould be substituted economically for the
internal combustion engine.internal combustion engine.
THIRD ASPECTTHIRD ASPECT
8/14/2019 The Effects of Environment
9/17
PRINCIPLES OF AIRPRINCIPLES OF AIR
POLLUTANTSPOLLUTANTS
8/14/2019 The Effects of Environment
10/17
8/14/2019 The Effects of Environment
11/17
POLLUTIONPOLLUTION
How long does it take?How long does it take?Various articles in the household garbage take vastly different times to bio-degrade.Various articles in the household garbage take vastly different times to bio-degrade.
Banana peelBanana peel - 3-4 weeks.- 3-4 weeks.
Paper bagPaper bag - 1 month.- 1 month.
Plastic bagPlastic bag - 1 million years.- 1 million years.
Cotton rag -Cotton rag - 5 months.5 months.
Wool sockWool sock
- 1 year.- 1 year.
Aluminum canAluminum can - 200-500 years.- 200-500 years.
Leather shoeLeather shoe - 40-50 years.- 40-50 years.
Styrofoam cupStyrofoam cup - For ever- For ever
Tin canTin can - 50-100 years- 50-100 years
WoodWood - 10-15 years- 10-15 years
Glass bottleGlass bottle - Unknown- Unknown
8/14/2019 The Effects of Environment
12/17
Ambient Air Quality StandardsAmbient Air Quality Standards
8/14/2019 The Effects of Environment
13/17
AIR STANDARD ACTSAIR STANDARD ACTS
Clean Air Amendments, 1965Clean Air Amendments, 1965 Authorized federal control of newmotor vehicle emissions. Extended federal control to coverinternational Pollution originating.
Clean Air Act of November 21, 1967Clean Air Act of November 21, 1967 Under Public Law 90-148the states are held responsible for establishing local air quality
standards consistent with federal criteria.
Clean Air Act Amendments of 1977Clean Air Act Amendments of 1977 New plants and newadditions to old ones must have the best available pollutioncontrol technology, and meet emission standards, including zerolevels for hazardous substances. A 90 percent reduction from
baseline in automotive emissions is required.
Clean Air Act of 1990Clean Air Act of 1990 its major requirements are to reduce SO2emission by 50 percent and to set emission standards for anumber of chemicals.
8/14/2019 The Effects of Environment
14/17
Low-Emission AutomotiveLow-Emission Automotive
Propulsion SystemsPropulsion Systems
The automobile is a major source of air pollution andThe automobile is a major source of air pollution anda significant contributor to photochemical smog (causeda significant contributor to photochemical smog (causedby the products of photoreactions in the atmosphereby the products of photoreactions in the atmosphereorganic peroxides, peracids, hydroxy peracids,organic peroxides, peracids, hydroxy peracids,
peroxyacyl nitrate, and other Compounds). For everyperoxyacyl nitrate, and other Compounds). For every1,000 gal of gasoline consumed by an automobile1,000 gal of gasoline consumed by an automobileengine, there are discharged the following air pollutants,engine, there are discharged the following air pollutants,in pounds: carbon monoxide, 3,000; hydrocarbons, 200in pounds: carbon monoxide, 3,000; hydrocarbons, 200to 400; nitrogen oxides, 50 to 150; aldehydes, 5;to 400; nitrogen oxides, 50 to 150; aldehydes, 5;
sulphurcompounds, 5 to 10; organic acids, 2; ammonia,sulphurcompounds, 5 to 10; organic acids, 2; ammonia,2; solids, 0.3.2; solids, 0.3.
8/14/2019 The Effects of Environment
15/17
Conventional Gasoline EnginesConventional Gasoline Engines
A major thrust aimed at the reduction of air pollutionA major thrust aimed at the reduction of air pollution
from automotive exhausts resulted in enactment offrom automotive exhausts resulted in enactment of
legislation to increase the fuel economy obtained bylegislation to increase the fuel economy obtained by
passenger cars. Commonly known as thepassenger cars. Commonly known as the corporatecorporate
average fuel economy (CAFE)average fuel economy (CAFE) program, theprogram, the
legislation sought to increase average fuel economylegislation sought to increase average fuel economy
from 18 mi/gal (1978) to 27.5 mi/gal (1985). Currentfrom 18 mi/gal (1978) to 27.5 mi/gal (1985). Current
average fuel economy for passenger cars is slightlyaverage fuel economy for passenger cars is slightly
above 28 mi/gal (1995).above 28 mi/gal (1995).
8/14/2019 The Effects of Environment
16/17
CONCLUSION...?CONCLUSION...?
8/14/2019 The Effects of Environment
17/17
THANK YOUTHANK YOU
Top Related