The Economics of Developing Countries
Chapter 39W
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39W-2
Classifications
• Industrially advanced countries• High income nations• Well-developed market economies• Per capita income $38,745 in 2010
• Developing countries• Middle income nations • Low income nations• Wide variation in income per capita
LO1
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Comparisons
• U.S. GDP $14.6 trillion• Combined GDP of DVCs $20 trillion• U.S. has 4.5% of population but produces
23.1% of world’s output• U.S. per capita GDP is 127 times that of
Democratic Republic of the Congo• Walmart’s annual revenue is greater than all
but 23 nations’ GDP
LO1
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Growth, Decline and Income Gaps
• Some developing countries have grown considerably• China, Malaysia, Chile, Thailand
• Some developing countries have become high-income• Singapore, Greece, Hong Kong
• Income gap has widened• Developing countries must grow faster to
reduce the gapLO1
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Human Realities of Poverty
Selected Socioeconomic Indicators of Development
LO1
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• The path to economic development• Use existing resources more efficiently• Expand available supplies of resources
• Simple generalizations are not possible
Obstacles to Development
LO2
• Natural Resources• Shortage of land, resources, power• Tropical climates hinder labor, lead to
disease• Difficult to solve
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Obstacles to Development
• Human resources• Large populations• Reduced standard of living• Less saving and investment• Lower productivity• Overuse of land resources• Urban problems• Qualifications
• Unemployment and underemployment LO2
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Obstacles to Development
• Capital accumulation• This is key for economic development• Domestic capital formation• Savings potential• Capital flight• Investment obstacles• Lack of infrastructure
LO2
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• Technological advance• Borrowed technology
• Socio-cultural obstacles• Institutional obstacles• Land reform
Obstacles to Development
LO2
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The Vicious Circle of Poverty
RAPIDPOPULATION
GROWTH
LOW LEVELOF DEMAND
LOWPRODUCTIVITY
LOW LEVELS OFINVESTMENT INPHYSICAL AND
HUMAN CAPITAL
LOWPER CAPITA
INCOME
LOW LEVELOF SAVING
LO3
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Role of Government
• A positive role• Establishing the rule of law• Building infrastructure• Embracing globalization• Building human capital• Promoting entrepreneurship• Developing credit systems• Controlling population growth• Making peace with neighbors
LO4
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Role of Government
• Public sector problems• Misadministration• Bribery• Corruption
LO4
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• Expanding trade• Admitting temporary workers• Discouraging arms sales• Foreign aid• Direct aid• The World Bank group
Role of Advanced Nations
LO5
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Role of Advanced Nations
• Foreign harm?• Dependency and incentives• Bureaucracy and centralized government• Corruption and misuse
• Current level of foreign aid• Flows of private capital
LO5
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Famine in Africa
• Root causes – natural and human • Droughts – Lack of rainfall• Civil strife – Rebellions and civil wars• Population growth• Ecological degradation• Public policies• External debt
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