Download - The Cultural Landscape by Rubenstein Chapter 10: Agriculture · The Cultural Landscape by Rubenstein Chapter 10: Agriculture 3 11. What are the three main features that separate commercial

The Cultural Landscape by Rubenstein

Chapter 10: Agriculture

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KeyIssue1:WhereDidAgricultureOriginate?Pages346-351***AlwayskeepyourkeytermpacketoutwheneveryoutakenotesfromRubenstein.Asthetermscomeupinthetext,thinkthroughthesignificanceoftheterm.

1. Defineagriculture:

2. Definecrop:

3. Usingthechartbelow,defineeachofthefollowingeconomicactivitiesandprovideanexample.

TERM DEFINITION: EXAMPLE:

PrimaryEconomicActivities

SecondaryEconomicActivities

TertiaryEconomicActivities

QuaternaryEconomicActivities

QuinaryEconomicActivities



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4. Whatarethecharacteristicsofahunter-gatherersociety?

5. Howmanyhunter-gatherersaretheretoday?

6. Wheredotheylive?

7. Whatwastheagriculturalrevolution?

8. UsingFigures10-3and10-4,indicatethecrophearthsandanimalhearthsonthemapbelow.

9. Definesubsistenceagriculture:

10. Definecommercialagriculture:



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11. Whatarethethreemainfeaturesthatseparatecommercialagriculturefromsubsistenceagriculture?

12. Readpgs.350-351andcompletethechartbelowwithimportantinformation.Thetextwillgenerallyexplaincommercialagriculture,andyouwillneedtodeducethesituationofsubsistenceagricultureonyourown.

SubsistenceAgriculture(MostlyinLDCs)

CommercialAgriculture(MostlyinMDCs)

%ofFarmersinLaborForce

UseofMachinery

FarmSize



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KeyIssue2:WhyDoPeopleConsumeDifferentFoods?Pages352-355

1. Definefoodsecurity:

2. Howmuchoftheworlddoesnothavefoodsecurity?

3. Defineundernourishment:

4. Howmuchoftheworldsuffersfromundernourishment?Wherearethoseplaces?



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KeyIssue3:WhereIsAgricultureDistributed?Pages356-373

1. Whatispastoralnomadism?

2. Inwhattypeofclimateisitusuallyfound?

3. Whatregionsoftheworldarecurrentlyoccupiedbythispractice?

4. Howdopastoralnomadsobtaingrain(severalways)?

5. Whatanimalsarechosen,andwhere?

6. Describeterritorialityamongpastoralnomads.

7. Whatistranshumance?

8. Inwhatwaydomoderngovernmentscurrentlythreatenpastoralnomadism?

9. Inwhatclimatedoesshiftingcultivationpredominate?

10. Identifythetwodistinctivefeaturesofshiftingcultivation.



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11. Whatisaswidden?

12. Whatispotash?

13. Howlongareswiddensused?

14. CaseStudy:AKayaposwiddenfieldinBrazil’sAmazonregion.Makenotesanddrawanddiagramtoillustratethedescriptiongiveninthetextonpages360-361.

15. Howislandownedinatypicalvillagethatpracticesshiftingcultivation?

16. Whatpercentageoftheworld’slandareaisdevotedtoshiftingcultivation?

17. Whatpercentageoftheworld’speopleworkit?



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18. DescribethePROSandCONSofshiftingcultivation,ortheargumentsmadeforitandcriticismsleveledagainstitinthespacebelow.

Pros(Argumentsagainstreplacingshiftingcultivation)

Cons(Howisshiftingcultivationbeingreplaced?)

19. Whatismeantby“intensive”?

20. Whereisintensivesubsistenceagriculturepracticed?Whythere?

21. Whatis“wetrice”?

22. Whatis“sawah”?Whatisa“paddy”?

23. Whatisdouble-cropping?

24. Whereisdouble-croppingpossible?Whereisitnot?

25. Inareasofintensivesubsistenceagriculturewherewetriceisnotdominant,whatisthemajorcrop?

26. Howaremultipleharvestsmadepossibleintheselessmildregions?Explain.



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27. MakesomeimportantnotesaboutintensivesubsistencefarmingincommunistChina.

AgricultureinCommunistChinaAgriculturefollowingthecommunistrevolution,communes.

AgricultureincommunistChinatoday,post-commune.

28. Defineanddescribeplantationfarmingbyfillingoutthechartbelow.

PlantationRegions:SituatedIn: OperatedBy: Workers:

TypesofCrops: Definition:

29. Whereismixedcropandlivestockfarmingcommon?

30. Describetheironybetweentheamountoflanddevotedtocropsvs.animalsandtheincomegeneratedbyeachinthisregion.

31. Howdoesthistypeofagricultureallowfarmerstomoreevenly“distributetheirworkload”?



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32. Inwhatdifferentwaysisthecornused?

33. WhereistheU.S.CornBelt,andwhatcropsaregrownthere?

34. Definefallowanddescribehowitrelatestocroprotation.

35. Definecerealgrainsanddescribehowitrelatestocroprotation.

36. Definerestcropanddescribehowitrelatestocroprotation.

37. WhatthreeconditionsmakethesoutheastU.S.anideallocationforthiscommercialgardeningandfruitfarming?

38. Whatis“truckfarming”andwherehasitspreadintheU.S.?And,giveexamplesofspecialtycrops.

39. Whatisamilkshed?

40. Whydosomeregionsspecializein“milkproducts”likecheeseandbutterratherthanfluidmilk?Identifysomeoftheseimportantregions.



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41. Whatcountryistheworld’slargestproducerofdairyproducts?

42. Whatproblemsdodairyfarmerscurrentlyface?

43. Whatistheprincipaldifferencebetweengrainsgrownin“commercialgrainfarming”regionsandgrainsgrownin“mixedcropandlivestock”regions?

44. Completeabulletlistthatdetailsthesignificanceofwheatasacrop.

45. Howdofarmersandcombinecompaniesmakeuseofthefactthatthewheatmaturesatdifferenttimesinthespringandwinterwheatbelts?

46. Identifythethreeregionsoflarge-scalegrainproductioninNorthAmerica.

47. DescribetheconditionsofMediterraneanclimateandagriculture.

48. MostcropsinMediterraneanlandsaregrownfor_______________________________ratherthanfor_______________________________________.

49. Whatishorticulture?

50. ListthetwomostimportantcashcropsofMediterraneanregions.



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51. Defineranching:

52. Whattypeofclimateislivestockbestadaptedto?And,whereisranchingpracticed?

53. WhydidcattleranchingexpandintheU.S.?

54. Whydidcattleranchingdecline?

55. Wheredoescattleranchingtakeplacetoday?

56. WhatwerethethreeU.S.andworldstagesofranching?



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KeyIssue4:WhyDoFarmersFaceEconomicDifficulties?Pages374-387

1. Accordingtothe“BoserupThesis”,inwhatwayscansubsistencefarmersincreasefoodsupply?

2. Lookatthegraphicbelow.Whatisbasicallyhappening?ForrestFallow<---------- ---------------------------------

Time---------->Multicropping

3. WhatisthedilemmathatisfacedbyLDCsastheyseektoincreasetheamountofexportcropstoselltoMDCs?

4. SummarizeAfrica’sfood-supplystruggle.

5. SomeLDCsturntotheproductionofdrugcropsforexport.Thegeographyofthesecropsisdistinctive.Identifythecountriesassociatedwiththecropsbelow.

Cocaine(CocoaLeaf)

Heroin(Opium)

Marijuana

6. Whyhavefoodpricesbeenamoreseriousproblemthanfoodsupply?



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7. Howhaveefficientagriculturalpractices,fertilizersandmechanicalequipment,etc.createdaproblemforcommercialfarmers?

8. CreatethreebulletedpointsthathighlightcurrentwaysinwhichtheU.S.governmentcurrentlydealswithexcessagriculturecapacity,andexplaineach.

9. AnswerthefollowingsixquestionsaboutvonThunen’smodelusingpages378-379andFigure10-52.

a. WhowasvonThunen?

b. Accordingtothismodel,whattwofactorsdoesafarmerconsiderwhendecidingwhattoplant?

i.

ii.

c. DrawasketchofagriculturallanduseaccordingtovonThunen.



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d. Howdoescostdeterminewhatfarmersgrow?

e. Howdoestransportationcostinfluenceprofitabilityofgrowingwheat?

f. HowcouldvonThunen’smodelbeappliedataglobalscale?

10. Fourstrategieshavebeenproposedtoincreasetheworld’sfoodsupplyinplaceswherepopulationsareunderfed.Explaineachofthem.

a.

b.

c.

d.

11. Listthelargestregionsandcountriesexportingagriculturalproducts.

12. Whatcountriesaretheleadingimportersoffood?

13. Whatcountryexportsthemostgrain?Whatkindandhowmuch?

14. Thereislittlenewlandactuallyavailableforfarming.Infact,thecurrenttrendistoreduceagriculturallandratherthanincreaseit.Identifyandbrieflydescribethreereasonswhylandiscurrentlybeingremovedfromagriculturaluse.

15. Defineaquaculture(oraquafarming):

16. Whatcountriesaretheleadingfishingcountries?



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17. HaveMDCsorLDCsconsumedmorefish?

18. WhatarethetwomainpracticesoftheGreenRevolution?

19. BecauseoftheGreenRevolution,agriculturalproductivityataglobalscalehas_____________________________than________________________________.

20. Describethecharacteristicsofthe“miraclewheatseed”.

21. Describethecharacteristicsofthe“miraclericeseed”.

22. WhatspecificproblemsdofarmersinLDCshavewhichmightpreventthemfromtakingfulladvantageoftheGreenRevolution?

23. Whatthreecropsareoftengeneticallymodified?

24. ApproximatelyhowmuchofmajorcropsintheUSaregeneticallymodified?

25. Discusstheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofgeneticallymodifiedfoods.

26. Definesustainableagriculture:



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27. Whataretheprincipalpracticesthatdistinguishfarmerspracticingsustainableagriculturefromthoseoperatingconventionally?

28. Listtheadvantagesofridgetillage.

29. Inwhatwaysareanimalstreateddifferentlyinsustainableagriculture?And,howisthisabenefit?



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In order to complete the following pages, you will need to go online to www.santoroaphg.com | go to chapter 10 | you will find the PDF of the pages you will need to read under “Additional Assignments”. It will be titled – “Agriculture Learning

Guide Extension”.

1.Usethechartbelowtodistinguishthevarioustypesoflandownershipbasedonthecadastralsystem.

GlobalLocation/WhereItIsCommon

Definition

Rectan

gularS

urveySystem

Township&Ran

geSystem

Metes&Bou

ndsS

urvey



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Long

-LotSurveySystem

Prim

ogen

iture

2.Onthemapbelow,identifythedominantlandsurveypatternsintheUnitedStates.Usefig.11.11onpg.382.Includeakey.



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VILLAGES

3.Inthechartbelow,pleasedescribethevariousvillageformsthatexistintheworld.Describethetypeofvillageandwhereitismostcommonlylocated.

VILLAGEForm Description CommonGlobalLocation

DISPERSEDVILLAGE/LINEARVILLAGE

NUCLEATEDSETTLEMENT/

CLUSTERVILLAGE

ROUNDVILLAGE/RUNDLING



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WALLEDVILLAGE

GRIDVILLAGE

4.Whatare(atleast)2examplesoffunctionaldifferentiationwithinvillagesaroundtheworld?