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THE CONSTITUTION OF THEPEOPLE'S
REPUBLIC OFBANGLADESH
(As modified up to 17 May, 2004)
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CONTENTSPREAMBLE
PART I
THE REPUBLIC
Article:
1. The Republic
2. The territory of the Republic
2A. The State religion
3. The State language
4. National anthem, flag and emblem
5. The capital
6. Citizenship
7. Supremacy of the Constitution
PART II FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF STATE POLICY
8. Fundamental principles
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9. Promotion of local Government institutions
10. Participation of women in national life
11. Democracy and human rights
12. [Omitted]
13. Principles of ownership
14. Emancipation of peasants and workers
15. Provision of basic necessities
16. Rural development and agricultural revolution
17. Free and compulsory education
18. Public health and morality
19. Equality of opportunity
20. Work as a right and duty
21. Duties of citizens and of public servants
22. Seperation of judiciary from the excutive
23. National culture
24. National monuments, etc.
25. Promotion of international peace, security and solidarity
PART III
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
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26. Laws inconsistent with fundamental rights to be void
27. Equality before law
28. Discremination on grounds of religion, etc.
29. Eqality of opportunity in public employment
30. Prohibition of foreign titles, etc.
31. Right to protection of law
32. Protection of right to life and personal liberty
33. Safegards as to arrest and detention
34. Prohibition of forced labour
35. Protection in respect of trial and punishment
36. Freedom of movement
37. Freedom of assembly
38. Freedom of association
39. Freedom of thought and conscience, and of speech
40. Freedom of procession or occupation
41. Freedom of religion
42. Rights of property
43. Protection of home and correspondence
44. Enforcement of fundamental rights
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45. Modification of rights in respect of disciplinary law
46. Power to provide indemnity
47. Saving for certain laws
47A. Inapplicability of certain articles
PART IV
THE EXECUTIVE
CHAPTER I - THE PRESIDENT
48. The President
49. Prerogative of marcy
50. Term of office of President
51. President's immunity
52. Impeachment of the President
53. Removal of President on ground of incapacity
54. Speaker to act as President during absence, etc.
CHAPTER II - THE PRIME MINISTER AND THE CABINET
55. The Cabinet
56. Minister
57. Tenure of office of Prime Minister
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58. Tenure of office of other Minister
58A. Application of Chapter
CHAPTER II A - NON-PARTY CARE TAKER GOVERNMENT
58B. Non-Party Care-taker Government
58C.Composition of the Non-Party Care-taker Government,appointment of Advisers, etc.
58D. Functions of Non-Party Care-taker Government
58E. Certain provisions of the Constitution to remain ineffective
CHAPTER III - LOCAL GOVERNMENT
59. Local Government
60. Powers of local government bodies
61. Supreme Command
62. Recuitment, etc., of defence services
63. War
CHAPTER V - THE ATTORNEY-GENERAL
64. The Attorney-General
PART V
THE LEGISLATURE
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CHAPTER I-PARLIAMENT
65. Establishment of Parliament
66. Qualifications and disqualifications for election to Parliament
67. Vacation of seats of members
68. Remuneration, etc., of members of Parliament
69. Penalty for member sitting or voting before taking oath
70. Vacation of seat on resignation, etc.
71. Bar against double membership
72. Sessions of Parliament
73. President's address and messages to Parliament
73A. Rights of Ministers as respects Parliament
74. Speaker and Deputy Speaker
75. Rules of procedure, quorum, etc.
76. Stading committees of Parliament
77. Ombudsman
78. Privileges and immunities of Parliament and members
79. Secretariat of Parliament
CHAPTER II-LEGISLATIVE AND FINANCIAL PROCEDURES
80. Legislative procedure
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81. Money Bills
82. Recommendation for financial measures
83. Mo taxation except by or under Act of Parliament
84. Consolidated Fund and the Public Account of the Republic
85. Regulation of public moneys
86. Moneys payable to Public Account of Republic
87. Annual financial statement
88. Charges on Consolidated Fund
89. Procedure relating to annual financial statement
90. Appropriation Act
91. Supplementary and excess grants
92. Votes on account, votes of credit, etc.
92A. [Omitted]
CHAPTER III-ORDINANCE MAKING POOWER
93. Ordinance making power
PART VI
THE JUDICIARY
CHAPTER I-THE SUPREME COURT
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94. Establishment of Supreme Court
95. Appointment of Judges
96. Tenure of Office of Judges
97. Temporary appointment of Chief Justice
98. Additional Supreme Court Judges
99. Disabilities of Judges
100. Seat of Supreme Court
101. Jueisdiction of High Court Division
102.Powers of High Court Division to issue certain orders anddirections, etc.
103. Jurisdiction of Appellate Division
104. Issue and ececution of processis of Appellate Division
105. Review of Judgments or orders by Appellate Division
106. Advisory jurisdiction of Supreme Court
107. Rule making power of the Supreme Court
108. Supreme Court as court of record
109. Superintendence and control over courts
110.Transfer of cases from subordinate courts to High CourtDivision
111. Binding effect of Supreme Court judgments
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112. Action in aid of Supreme Court
113. Staff of Supreme Court
CHAPTER II-SUBORDINATE COURTS
114. Establishment of subordinate courts
115. Appointments to subordinate courts
116. Control and discipline of subordinate courts
116A. Judicial officers to be independent in the exercise of theirfunctions
CHAPTER III-ADNINISTRATIVE TRIBUNALS
117. Administrative tribunals
PART VIA-THE NATIONAL PARTY-[OMITTED]
PART VII
ELECTIONS
118. Establishment of Election Commission
119. Functions of Election Commission
120. Staff of Election Commission
121. Single electoral roll for each constituency
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122. Qualifications for registration as voter
123. Time for holding elections
124. Parliament may make provision as to elections
125. Validity of election law and elections
126. Executive authorities to assist Election Commission
PART VIII
THE COMPTROLLER AND AUDITOR-GENERAL
127. Establishment of office of Auditor-General
128. Functions of Auditor-General
129. Term of office of Auditor-General
130. Acting Auditor-General
131. Form and manner of keeping public accounts
132. Reports of Auditor-General to be laid before Parliament
PART IX
THE SERVICES OF BANGLADESH
CHAPTER I-SERVICES
133. Appointment and conditions of service
134. Tenure of office
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135. Dismissal, etc., of civilian public officers
136. Reorganisation of service
CHAPTER II-PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSIONS
137. Establishment of Commissions
138. Appointment of members
139. Term of office
140. Functions of Commissions
141. Annual report
PART IXA
EMERGENCY PROVISIONS
141A. Proclamation of Emergency
141B. Suspension of provisions of certain articles duringemergencies
141C.
Suspension of enforcement of fundamental right during
emergencies
PART X
AMENDMENT OF THE CONSTITUTION
142. Power to amend any provision of the Constitution
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PART XI
MISCELLANEOUS143. Property of the Republic
144. Executive authority in relation to property, trade, etc.
145. Contracts and deeds
145A. International treaties
146. Suits in name of Bangladesh
147. Remuneration, etc., of certain officers
148. Oaths of office
149. Saving for existing laws
150. Transitional and temporary provisions
151. Repeals
152. Interpretation
153. Commencement, citation and authenticity
SCHEDULES
FIRST SCHEDULE -Laws effective notwithstanding other provisions
SECOND SCHEDULE -Election of President [Omitted]
THIRD SCHEDULE -Oaths and affirmations
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FOURTH SCHEDULE -Transitional and temporary provisions
1[BISMILLAH-AR-RAHIMAN-AR-RAHIM(In the name of Allah, the Beneficent,the
Merciful)]
PREAMBLE
We, the people of Bangladesh, having proclaimed ourIndependence on the 26th day of March, 1971 and through 2[ahistoric war for national independence], established theindependent, sovereign People's Republic of Bangladesh;3 [Pledging that the high ideals of absolute trust and faith in theAlmighty Allah, nationalism, democracy and socialism meaning
economic and social justice, which inspired our heroic people todedicate themselves to, and our brave martyrs to sacrifice theirlives in the war for national independence, shall be fundamentalprinciples of the Constitution;]Further pledging that it shall be a fundamental aim of the Stateto realise through the democratic process to socialist society,free from exploitation-a society in which the rule of law,fundamental human rights and freedom, equality and justice,political, economic and social, will be secured for all citizens;Affirming that it is our sacred duty to safeguard, protect anddefend this Constitution and to maintain its supremacy as theembodiment of the will of the people of Bangladesh so that wemay prosper in freedom and may make our full contributiontowards international peace and co-operation in keeping withthe progressive aspirations of mankind;
In our Constituent Assembly, this eighteenth day of Kartick,1379 B.S corresponding to the fourth day of November, 1972
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A.D., do hereby adopt, enact and give to ourselves thisConstitution.
PART I
THE REPUBLIC
1.The Republic.Bangladesh is a unitary, independent,sovereign Republic to be known as the People's Republic of Bangladesh.2.The territory of the Republic.The territory of the Republicshall comprise-
1. The territories which immediately before theproclamation of independence on the 26th day of March, 1971 constituted East Pakistan 4[and theterritories referred to as included territories in the
Constitution (Third Amendment) Act, 1974, butexcluding the territories referred to as excludedterritories in that Act; and]
2. such other territories as may become included inBangladesh.
5 [2A.The state religion.The state religion of the Republic is
Islam, but other religions may be practiced in peace andharmony in the Republic.] 3.The state language.The state language of the Republicis 6[Bangla]4.National anthem, flag and emblem.(1) The nationalanthem of the Republic is the first ten lines of "Amar SonarBangla".
(2) The national flag of the Republic shall consist of a circle,
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coloured red throughout its area, resting on a greenbackground.
(3) The national emblem of the Republic is the nationalflower Shapla (nympoea-nouchali) resting on water, havingon each side and ear of paddy and being surmounted bythree connected leaves of jute with two stars on each side of the leaves.
(4) Subject to the foregoing clauses, provisions relating to
the national anthem, flag and emblem shall be made by law.4A.Portrait.(1) Portrait of the President shall be preservedand displayed at the offices of the President, Prime Ministerand Speaker, and all embassies and missions of Bangladeshabroad.(2) In addition to clause (1), Portrait, of only the PrimeMinister, shall be preserved and displayed at the offices of
the President and the Speaker, and in head and branchoffices of all government and semi-government offices,autonomous bodies, statutory public authorities, governmenteducational institutions, embassies and missions of Bangladesh abroad.5.The capital.(1) The capital of the Republic is 7[Dhaka].
(2.) The boundaries of the capital shall be determined bylaw.8[6.Citizenship.(1) The citizenship of Bangladesh shall bedetermined and regulated by law.
(2) The citizens of Bangladesh shall be known asBangladeshis.]
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7.Supremacy of the Constitution.(1) All powers in theRepublic belong to the people, and their exercise on behalf of the people shall be effected only under, and by theauthority of, this Constitution.
(2) This Constitution is, as the solemn expression of the willof the people, the supreme law of the Republic, and if anyother law is inconsistent with this Constitution and other lawshall, to the extent of the inconsistency, be void.
2.The territory of the Republic.The territory of the Republicshall comprise-
1. The territories which immediately before theproclamation of independence on the 26th day of
March, 1971 constituted East Pakistan 4[and theterritories referred to as included territories in theConstitution (Third Amendment) Act, 1974, butexcluding the territories referred to as excludedterritories in that Act; and]
2. such other territories as may become included inBangladesh.
5 [2A.The state religion.The state religion of the Republic isIslam, but other religions may be practiced in peace andharmony in the Republic.] 3.The state language.The state language of the Republicis 6[Bangla]4.National anthem, flag and emblem.(1) The national
anthem of the Republic is the first ten lines of "Amar SonarBangla".
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(2) The national flag of the Republic shall consist of a circle,coloured red throughout its area, resting on a green
background.
(3) The national emblem of the Republic is the nationalflower Shapla (nympoea-nouchali) resting on water, havingon each side and ear of paddy and being surmounted bythree connected leaves of jute with two stars on each side of the leaves.
(4) Subject to the foregoing clauses, provisions relating tothe national anthem, flag and emblem shall be made by law.4A.Portrait.(1) Portrait of the President shall be preservedand displayed at the offices of the President, Prime Ministerand Speaker, and all embassies and missions of Bangladeshabroad.
(2) In addition to clause (1), Portrait, of only the PrimeMinister, shall be preserved and displayed at the offices of the President and the Speaker, and in head and branchoffices of all government and semi-government offices,autonomous bodies, statutory public authorities, governmenteducational institutions, embassies and missions of Bangladesh abroad.
5.The capital.(1) The capital of the Republic is7[Dhaka].
(2.) The boundaries of the capital shall be determined bylaw.8[6.Citizenship.(1) The citizenship of Bangladesh shall bedetermined and regulated by law.
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(2) The citizens of Bangladesh shall be known asBangladeshis.]7.Supremacy of the Constitution.(1) All powers in the
Republic belong to the people, and their exercise on behalf of the people shall be effected only under, and by theauthority of, this Constitution.
(2) This Constitution is, as the solemn expression of the willof the people, the supreme law of the Republic, and if any
other law is inconsistent with this Constitution and other lawshall, to the extent of the inconsistency, be void.
1. such other territories as may become included inBangladesh.
5 [2A.The state religion.The state religion of the Republic is
Islam, but other religions may be practiced in peace andharmony in the Republic.] 3.The state language.The state language of the Republicis 6[Bangla]4.National anthem, flag and emblem.(1) The nationalanthem of the Republic is the first ten lines of "Amar SonarBangla".
(2) The national flag of the Republic shall consist of a circle,coloured red throughout its area, resting on a greenbackground.
(3) The national emblem of the Republic is the nationalflower Shapla (nympoea-nouchali) resting on water, having
on each side and ear of paddy and being surmounted bythree connected leaves of jute with two stars on each side of
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the leaves.
(4) Subject to the foregoing clauses, provisions relating to
the national anthem, flag and emblem shall be made by law.4A.Portrait.(1) Portrait of the President shall be preservedand displayed at the offices of the President, Prime Ministerand Speaker, and all embassies and missions of Bangladeshabroad.(2) In addition to clause (1), Portrait, of only the PrimeMinister, shall be preserved and displayed at the offices of
the President and the Speaker, and in head and branchoffices of all government and semi-government offices,autonomous bodies, statutory public authorities, governmenteducational institutions, embassies and missions of Bangladesh abroad.5.The capital.(1) The capital of the Republic is 7[Dhaka].
(2.) The boundaries of the capital shall be determined bylaw.8[6.Citizenship.(1) The citizenship of Bangladesh shall bedetermined and regulated by law.
(2) The citizens of Bangladesh shall be known asBangladeshis.]
7.Supremacy of the Constitution.(1) All powers in theRepublic belong to the people, and their exercise on behalf of the people shall be effected only under, and by theauthority of, this Constitution.
(2) This Constitution is, as the solemn expression of the will
of the people, the supreme law of the Republic, and if any
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other law is inconsistent with this Constitution and other lawshall, to the extent of the inconsistency, be void.
3.The state language.The state language of the Republicis 6[Bangla]4.National anthem, flag and emblem.(1) The nationalanthem of the Republic is the first ten lines of "Amar SonarBangla".
(2) The national flag of the Republic shall consist of a circle,
coloured red throughout its area, resting on a greenbackground.
(3) The national emblem of the Republic is the nationalflower Shapla (nympoea-nouchali) resting on water, havingon each side and ear of paddy and being surmounted bythree connected leaves of jute with two stars on each side of
the leaves.
(4) Subject to the foregoing clauses, provisions relating tothe national anthem, flag and emblem shall be made by law.4A.Portrait.(1) Portrait of the President shall be preservedand displayed at the offices of the President, Prime Ministerand Speaker, and all embassies and missions of Bangladesh
abroad.(2) In addition to clause (1), Portrait, of only the PrimeMinister, shall be preserved and displayed at the offices of the President and the Speaker, and in head and branchoffices of all government and semi-government offices,autonomous bodies, statutory public authorities, governmenteducational institutions, embassies and missions of
Bangladesh abroad.
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5.The capital.(1) The capital of the Republic is 7[Dhaka].
(2.) The boundaries of the capital shall be determined by
law.8[6.Citizenship.(1) The citizenship of Bangladesh shall bedetermined and regulated by law.
(2) The citizens of Bangladesh shall be known asBangladeshis.]7.Supremacy of the Constitution.(1) All powers in the
Republic belong to the people, and their exercise on behalf of the people shall be effected only under, and by theauthority of, this Constitution.
(2) This Constitution is, as the solemn expression of the willof the people, the supreme law of the Republic, and if any
other law is inconsistent with this Constitution and other lawshall, to the extent of the inconsistency, be void.
4.National anthem, flag and emblem.(1) The nationalanthem of the Republic is the first ten lines of "Amar SonarBangla".
(2) The national flag of the Republic shall consist of a circle,coloured red throughout its area, resting on a greenbackground.
(3) The national emblem of the Republic is the nationalflower Shapla (nympoea-nouchali) resting on water, havingon each side and ear of paddy and being surmounted by
three connected leaves of jute with two stars on each side of
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the leaves.
(4) Subject to the foregoing clauses, provisions relating to
the national anthem, flag and emblem shall be made by law.4A.Portrait.(1) Portrait of the President shall be preservedand displayed at the offices of the President, Prime Ministerand Speaker, and all embassies and missions of Bangladeshabroad.(2) In addition to clause (1), Portrait, of only the PrimeMinister, shall be preserved and displayed at the offices of
the President and the Speaker, and in head and branchoffices of all government and semi-government offices,autonomous bodies, statutory public authorities, governmenteducational institutions, embassies and missions of Bangladesh abroad.5.The capital.(1) The capital of the Republic is 7[Dhaka].
(2.) The boundaries of the capital shall be determined bylaw.8[6.Citizenship.(1) The citizenship of Bangladesh shall bedetermined and regulated by law.
(2) The citizens of Bangladesh shall be known asBangladeshis.]
7.Supremacy of the Constitution.(1) All powers in theRepublic belong to the people, and their exercise on behalf of the people shall be effected only under, and by theauthority of, this Constitution.
(2) This Constitution is, as the solemn expression of the will
of the people, the supreme law of the Republic, and if any
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other law is inconsistent with this Constitution and other lawshall, to the extent of the inconsistency, be void.
5.The capital.(1) The capital of the Republic is7
[Dhaka].
(2.) The boundaries of the capital shall be determined bylaw.8[6.Citizenship.(1) The citizenship of Bangladesh shall bedetermined and regulated by law.
(2) The citizens of Bangladesh shall be known asBangladeshis.]7.Supremacy of the Constitution.(1) All powers in theRepublic belong to the people, and their exercise on behalf of the people shall be effected only under, and by theauthority of, this Constitution.
(2) This Constitution is, as the solemn expression of the willof the people, the supreme law of the Republic, and if anyother law is inconsistent with this Constitution and other lawshall, to the extent of the inconsistency, be void.
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PART II
FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF STATE POLICY
8.Fundamental principles .9[(1) The principles of absolutetrust and faith in the Almighty Allah, nationalism,democracy and socialism meaning economic and social
justice, together with the principles derived from them as setout in this Part, shall constitute the fundamental principles of state policy.(1A). Absolute trust and faith in the Almighty Allah shall bethe basis of all actions.](2) The principles set out in this Part shall be fundamental tothe governance of Bangladesh, shall be applied by the Statein the making of laws, shall be a guide to the interpretationof the Constitution and of the other laws of Bangladesh, andshall form the basis of the work of the State and of itscitizens, but shall not be judicially enforceable.10[9.Promotion of local Government institutions.The Stateshall encourage local Government institutions composed of representatives of the areas concerned and in suchinstitutions special representation shall be given, as far aspossible, to peasants, workers and women.10.Participation of women in national life.Steps shall betaken to ensure participation of women in all spheres of national life.] Participation of women in national life.]11.Democracy and human rights.The Republic shall be ademocracy in which fundamental human rights andfreedoms and respect for the dignity and worth of the humanperson shall be guaranteed 11 * * * 12[, andin which effective participation by the people through their
elected representatives in administration at all levels shall beensured].
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12.[Omitted] 13* * * * * *13.Principles of ownership.The people shall own or controlthe instruments and means of production and distribution,
and with this end in view ownership shall assume thefollowing forms-
1. state ownership, that is ownership by the State onbehalf of the people through the creation of an efficientand dynamic nationalised public sector embracing thekey sectors of the economy;
2. co-operative ownership, that is ownership by co-operatives on behalf of their members within suchlimits as may be prescribed by law; and
3. private ownership, that is ownership by individualswithin such limits as may be prescribed by law.
14.Emancipation of peasants and workers.It shall be afundamental responsibility of the State to emancipate thetoiling masses the peasants and workers and backwardsections of the people from all forms and exploitation. 15.Provision of basic necessities.It shall be a fundamentalresponsibility of the State to attain, through plannedeconomic growth, a constant increase of productive forcesand a steady improvement in the material and culturalstandard of living of the people, with a view to securing toits citizens-
1. the provision of the basic necessities of life, includingfood, clothing, shelter, education and medical care;
2. the right to work, that is the right to guaranteedemployment at a reasonable wage having regard to thequantity and quality of work;
3. the right to reasonable rest, recreation and leisure; and
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4. the right to social security, that is to say to publicassistance in cases of undeserved want arising fromunemployment, illness or disablement, or suffered by
widows or orphans or in old age, or in other such cases.16.Rural development and agricultural revolution.The Stateshall adopt effective measures to bring about a radicaltransformation in the rural areas through the promotion of aagricultural revolution, the provision of rural electrification,the development of cottage and other industries, and the
improvement of education, communications and publichealth, in those areas, so as progressively to remove thedisparity in the standards of living between the urban andthe rules areas. 17.Free and compulsory education.The State shall adopteffective measures for the purpose of -
1. establishing a uniform, mass-oriented and universalsystem of education and extending free and compulsoryeducation to all children to such stage as may bedetermined by law ;
2. relating education to the needs of society and producingproperly trained and motivated citizens to serve thoseneeds;
3. removing illiteracy within such time as may bedetermined by law.
18.Public health and morality.(1) The State shall regard theraising of the level of nutrition and the improvement of public health as moving its primary duties, and in particularshall adopt effective measures to prevent the consumption,except for medical purposes or for such other purposes as
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may be prescribed by law, of alcoholic and otherintoxicating drinks and drugs which are injurious to health.
(2) The State shall adopt effective measures to preventprostitution and gambling.
19.Equality of opportunity.(1) The State shall endeavour toensure equality of opportunity to all citizens.
(2) The State shall adopt effective measures to removesocial and economic inequality between man and man and to
ensure the equitable distribution of wealth among citizens,and of opportunities in order to attain a uniform level of economic development throughout the Republic.
20.Work as a right and duty.(1) Work is a right, a duty and amatter of honour for every citizen who is capable of working, and everyone shall be paid for his work on the
basis of the principle "from each according to his abilities toeach according to his work".
(2) The State shall endeavour to create conditions in which,as a general principle, persons shall not be able to enjoyunearned incomes, and in which human labour in everyform, intellectual and physical, shall become a fullerexpression of creative endeavour and of the humanpersonality.
21.Duties of citizens and of public servants.(1) It is the dutyof every citizen to observe the Constitution and the laws, tomaintain discipline, to perform public duties and to protectpublic property.
(2) Every person in the service of the Republic has a duty tostrive at all times to serve the people.
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22.Separation of Judiciary from the executive.The Stateshall ensure the separation of the judiciary from theexecutive organs of the State. Separation of Judiciary from
the executive. 23.National Culture.The State shall adopt measures toconserve the cultural traditions and heritage of the people,and so to foster and improve the national language, literatureand the arts that all sections of the people are afforded theopportunity to contribute towards and to participate in theenrichment of the national culture.
24.National monuments, etc.The State shall adopt measuresfor the protection against disfigurement, damage or removalof all monuments, objects or places of special artistic orhistoric importance or interest.25.Promotion of international peace, security andsolidarity. 14[(1)] The State shall base its internationalrelations on the principles of respect for national sovereignty
and equality, non-interference in the internal affairs of othercountries, peaceful settlement of international disputes, andrespect for international law and the principles enunciated inthe United Nations Charter, and on the basis of thoseprinciple shall-
1. Strive for the renunciation of the use of force in
international relations and for general and completedisarmament; 2. uphold the right of every people freely to determine and
build up its own social, economic and political systemby ways and means of its own free choice; and
3. support oppressed peoples throughout the world waginga just struggle against imperialism, colonialism or
racialism.
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15[(2) The State shall endeavour to consolidate, preserve andstrengthen fraternal relations among Muslim countries basedon Islamic solidarity.]
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PART III
FUNDAMENTALRIGHTS
26. Laws inconsistent with fundamental rights to be void.(1) All existing law inconsistent with the provisions of this Part shall, to the extent of such inconsistency,become void on the commencement of this Constitution.
(2) The State shall not make any law inconsistent withany provisions of this Part, and any law so made shall, tothe extent of such inconsistency, be void.
16[(3) Nothing in this article shall apply to anyamendment of this Constitution made under article 142].
27. Equality before law.All citizens are equal before law and are entitled to equalprotection of law.
28. Discrimination on grounds of religion, etc.(1) The State shall not discriminate against any citizen ongrounds only of religion, race caste, sex or place of birth.
(2) Women shall have equal rights with men in allspheres of the State and of public life.
(3) No citizen shall, on grounds only of religion, race,caste, sex or place of birth be subjected to any disability,liability, restriction or condition with regard to access toany place of public entertainment or resort, or admission
to any educational institution.
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(4) Nothing in this article shall prevent the State frommaking special provision in favour of women or childrenor for the advancement of any backward section of
citizens.29. Equality of opportunity in public employment.(1) There shall be equality of opportunity for all citizensin respect of employment or office in the service of theRepublic.
(2) No citizen shall, on grounds only of religion, race,caste, sex or place of birth, be ineligible for, ordiscriminated against in respect of, any employment oroffice in the service of the Republic.
(3) Nothing in this article shall prevent the State from -
1. making special provision in favour of any backwardsection of citizens for the purpose of securing theiradequate representation in the service of the
Republic;2. giving effect to any law which makes provision for
reserving appointments relating to any religious ordenominational institution to persons of that religionor denomination;
3. reserving for members of one sex any class of employment or office on the ground that it isconsidered by its nature to be unsuited to membersof the opposite sex.
17[30. Prohibition of foreign titles, etc.No citizen shall, without the prior approval of thePresident, accept any title, honour, award or decorationfrom any foreign state.]
31. Right to protection of law.
To enjoy the protection of the law, and to be treated in
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accordance with law, and only in accordance with law, isthe inalienable right of every citizen, wherever he maybe, and of every other person for the time being within
Bangladesh, and in particular no action detrimental to thelife, liberty, body, reputation or property of any personshall be taken except in accordance with law.
32. Protection of right to life and personal liberty.No person shall be deprived of life or personal libertysave in accordance with law.
18[33. Safeguards as to arrest and detention.
(1) No person who is arrested shall be detained in custodywithout being informed, as soon as may be of the groundsfor such arrest, nor shall he be denied the right to consultand be defended by a legal practitioner of his choice.
(2) Every person who is arrested and detained in custodyshall be produced before the nearest magistrate within aperiod of twenty four hours of such arrest, excluding the
time necessary for the journey from the place of arrest tothe court of the magistrate, and no such person shall bedetained in custody beyond the said period without theauthority of a magistrate.
(3) Nothing in clauses (1) and (2) shall apply to anyperson-
1. who for the time being is an enemy alien; or2. who is arrested or detained under any law providingfor preventive detention.
(4) No law providing for preventive detention shallauthorise the detention of a person for a period exceedingsix months unless an Advisory Board consisting of threepersons, of whom two shall be persons who are, or have
been, or are qualified to be appointed as, Judges of theSupreme Court and the other shall be a person who is a
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senior officer in the service of the Republic, has, afteraffording him an opportunity of being heard in person,reported before the expiration of the said period of six
months that there is, in its opinion, sufficient cause forsuch detention.
(5) When any person is detained in pursuance of an ordermade under any law providing for preventive detention,the authority making the order shall, as soon as may be,communicate to such person the grounds on which theorder has been made, and shall afford him the earliest
opportunity of making a representation against the order.(6) Parliament may be law prescribe the procedure to befollowed by an Advisory Board in an inquiry underclause (4)].
34. Prohibition of forced labour.(1) All forms of forced labour are prohibited and anycontravention of this provision shall be an offencepunishable in accordance with law.
(2) Nothing in this article shall apply to compulsorylabour.
1. by persons undergoing lawful punishment for acriminal offence; or
2. required by any law for public purpose.
35. Protection in respect of trial and punishment.(1) No person shall be convicted to any offence exceptfor violation of al law in force at the time of thecommission of the act charged as an offence, nor besubjected to a penalty greater than, or different from thatwhich might have been inflicted under the law in force atthe time of the commission of the offence.
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(2) No person shall be prosecuted and punished for thesame offence more than once.
(3) Every person accused of a criminal offence shall havethe right to a speedy and public trial by an independentand impartial court or tribunal established by law.
(4) No person accused of any offence shall be compelledto be a witness against himself.
(5) No person shall be subjected to torture or to cruel,
inhuman, or degrading punishment or treatment.
(6) Nothing in clause (3) or clause (5) shall affect theoperation of any existing law which prescribes anypunishment or procedure for trial.
36. Freedom of movement.Subject to any reasonable restrictions imposed by law inthe public interest, every citizen shall have the right tomove freely throughout Bangladesh, to reside and settlein any place therein and to leave and re-enter Bangladesh.
37. Freedom of assembly.Every citizen shall have the right to assemble and toparticipate in public meetings and processions peacefullyand without arms, subject to any reasonable restrictionsimposed by law in the interests of public order health.
38. Freedom of association.Every citizen shall have the right to form associations orunions, subject to any reasonable restrictions imposed bylaw in the interests of morality or publicorder; 19* * *
* * * * * *
39. Freedom of thought and conscience, and of speech.
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(1) Freedom or thought and conscience is guaranteed.Freedom of thought and conscience, and of speech.
(2) Subject to any reasonable restrictions imposed by lawin the interests of the security of the State, friendlyrelations with foreign states, public order, decency ormorality, or in relation to contempt of court, defamationor incitement to an offence-
1. the right of every citizen of freedom of speech andexpression; and
2. freedom of the press, are guaranteed.
40. Freedom of profession or occupation.Subject to any restrictions imposed by law, every citizenpossessing such qualifications, if any, as may beprescribed by law in relation to his profession,occupation, trade or business shall have the right to enterupon any lawful profession or occupation, and to conduct
any lawful trade or business.41. Freedom of religion.
(1) Subject to law, public order and morality-
1. every citizen has the right to profess, practice orpropagate any religion;
2. every religious community or denomination has theright to establish, maintain and manage its religiousinstitutions.
(2) No person attending any educational institution shallbe required to receive religious instruction, or to take partin or to attend any religious ceremony or worship, if thatinstruction, ceremony or worship relates to a religionother than his own.
42. Rights to property.(1) Subject to any restrictions imposed by law, every
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citizen shall have the right to acquire, hold, transfer orotherwise dispose of property, and no property shall becompulsorily acquired, nationalised or requisitioned save
by authority of law.20[(2) A law made under clause (1) shall provide for theacquisition, nationalisation or requisition withcompensation and shall either fix the amount of compensation or specify the principles on which, and themanner in which, the compensation is to be assessed andpaid; but no such law shall be called in question in any
court on the ground that any provision in respect of suchcompensation is not adequate.
(3) Nothing in this article shall affect the operation of anylaw made before the commencement of theProclamations (Amendment) Order, 1977 (ProclamationsOrder No. I of 1977), in so far as it relates to theacquisition, nationalisation or acquisition of any property
without compensation.]43. Protection of home and correspondence.
Every citizen shall have the right, subject to anyreasonable restrictions imposed by law in the interests of the security of the State, public order, public morality orpublic health-
1. to be secured in his home against entry, search andseizure; and
2. to the privacy of his correspondence and othermeans of communication.
21[44. Enforcement of fundamental rights.(1) The right to move the 22[High Court Division] inaccordance with 23[clause (I)] of article 102 for the
enforcement of the rights conferred by this Part of guaranteed.
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(2) Without prejudice to the powers of the 22[High CourtDivision] under article 102, Parliament may be lawempower any other court, within the local limits of its
jurisdiction, to exercise all or any of those powers.]45. Modification of rights in respect of disciplinary.
Nothing in this Part shall apply to any provision of adisciplinary law relating to members of a disciplinedforce, being a provision limited to the purpose of ensuring the proper discharge of their duties or themaintenance of discipline in that force.
46. Power to provide indemnity.Notwithstanding anything in the foregoing provisions of this Part, Parliament may be law make provision forindemnifying any person in the service of the Republic orany other person in respect of any act done by him inconnection with the national liberation struggle or themaintenance or restoration of other in any area in
Bangladesh or validate any sentence passed, punishmentinflicted, forfeiture ordered, or other act done in any sucharea.
47. Saving for certain laws.(1) No law providing for any of the following mattersshall be deemed to be void on the ground that it isinconsistent with, or takes away or abridge, any of therights guaranteed by this Part-
1. the compulsory acquisition, nationalisation orrequisition of any property, or the control ormanagement thereof whether temporarily orpermanently;
2. the compulsory amalgamation of bodies carrying oncommercial or other undertakings;
3. the extinction, modification, restriction or regulationof rights of directors, managers, agents and officers
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of any such bodies, or of the voting rights of personsowning shares or stock (in whatever form) therein;
4. the extinction, modification, restriction or regulation
of rights of search for or win minerals or mineraloil;5. the carrying on by the Government or by a
corporation owned, controlled or managed by theGovernment, of any trade, business, industry orservice to the exclusion, complete or partial, or otherpersons; or
6. the extinction, modification, restriction or regulationof any right to property, any right in respect of aprofession, occupation, trade or business or therights of employers or employees in any statutorypublic authority or in any commercial or industrialundertaking;
if Parliament in such law (including, in the case of existing law, by amendment) expressly declares that suchprovision is made to give effect to any of the fundamentalprinciples of state policy set out in Part II of thisConstitution.
(2) Notwithstanding anything contained in thisConstitution the laws specified in the First Schedule(including any amendment of any such law) shallcontinue to have full force and effect, and no provision of any such law, nor anything done or omitted to be doneunder the authority of such law, shall be deemed void orunlawful on the ground of inconsistency with, orrepugnance to, any provision of thisConstitution; 24[Provided that nothing in this article shallprevent amendment, modification or repeal of any suchlaw.]
25[(3) Notwithstanding anything contained in this
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27[CHAPTER I-THE PRESIDENT
48.The President.(1) There shall be a President of
Bangladesh who shall be elected by members of Parliamentin accordance with law.
(2) The President shall as Head of State, take precedenceover all other persons in the State, and shall exercise thepowers and perform the duties conferred and imposed onhim by this Constitution and by any other law.
(3) In the exercise of all his functions, save only that of appointing the Prime Minister pursuant to clause (3) of article 56 and the Chief Justice pursuant to clause (1) of article 95, the President shall act in accordance with theadvice of the Prime Minister;
Provided that the question whether any, and if so what,
advice has been tendered by the Prime Minister to thePresident shall not be enquired into in any court.
(4) A person shall not be qualified for election as Presidentif he-
1. is less than thirty-five years of age; or2. is not qualified for election a member of Parliament; or3. has been removed from the office of President by
impeachment under this Constitution.
(5) The Prime Minister shall keep the President informed onmatters of domestic and foreign policy, and submit for theconsideration of the Cabinet any matter which the Presidentmay request him to refer to it.
49.Prerogative of mercy.The President shall have power togrant pardons, reprieves and respites and to remit, suspend
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or commute any sentence passed by any court, tribunal orother authority. Prerogative of mercy.50.Term of office of President.(1) Subject to the provisions
of this Constitution, the President shall hold office for a termof five years from the date on which he enters upon hisoffice;Provided that notwithstanding the expiration of his term thePresident shall continue to hold office until his successorenters upon office.(2) No person shall hold office as President for more than
two terms, whether or not the terms are consecutive.(3) The President may resign his office by writing under hishand addressed to the Speaker.(4) The President during his term of office shall not bequalified for election as a member of Parliament, and if amember of Parliament is elected as President he shall vacatehis seat in Parliament on the day on which he enters upon
his office as President.51.President's immunity.(1) Without prejudice to theprovisions of article 52, the President shall not beanswerable in any court for anything done or omitted by himin the exercise or purported exercise of the functions of thisoffice, but this clause shall not prejudice the right of anyperson to take proceedings against the Government.
(2) During his term of office no criminal proceedingswhatsoever shall be instituted or continued against thePresident in, and no process for his arrest or imprisonmentshall issue from, any court.52.Impeachment of the President.(1) The President may beimpeached on a charge of violating this Constitution or of grave misconduct, preferred by a notice of motion signed by
a majority of the total number of members of the Parliament
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and delivered to the speaker, setting out the particulars of the charges, and the motion shall not be debated earlier thanfourteen nor later than thirty days after the notice is so
delivered; and the Speaker shall forthwith summonParliament if it is not in session.(2) The Conduct of the President may be referred byParliament to any court, tribunal or body appointed ordesignated by Parliament for the investigation of a chargeunder this article.(3) The President shall have the right to appear and to be
represented during the consideration of the charge.(4) If after the consideration of the charge a resolution ispassed by Parliament by votes of not less than two-thirds of the total number of members declaring that the charge hasbeen substantiated, the President shall vacate his office onthe date on which the resolution is passed.(5) Where the Speaker is exercising the functions of the
President under article 54 the provisions of this article shallapply subject to the modifications that the reference to theSpeaker in clause (1) shall be construed as a deference to theDeputy Speaker, and that the reference in clause (4) to thevacation by the President of his office shall be construed asa reference to the vacation by the Speaker of his office asSpeaker; and on the passing of a resolution such as is
referred to in clause (4) the Speaker shall cease to exercisethe functions of President.53.Removal of President of ground of incapacity.(1) ThePresident may be removed from office on the ground of physical or mental incapacity on a motion of which notice,signed by a majority of the total number of members of Parliament, is delivered to the Speaker, setting out
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particulars of the alleged incapacity. Removal of Presidenton ground of incapacity.(2) On receipt of the notice the Speaker shall forthwith
summon Parliament if it is not in session and shall call for aresolution constituting a medical board (hereinafter in thisarticle called "the Board") and upon the necessary motionbeing made and carried shall forthwith cause a copy of thenotice to be transmitted to the President together with arequest signed by the Speaker that the President submithimself within a period of ten days from the date of the
request to an examination by the Board.(3) The motion for removal shall not be put to the voteearlier than fourteen nor later than thirty days after notice of the motion is delivered to the Speaker, and if it is againnecessary to summon Parliament in order to enable themotion to be made within that period, the Speaker shallsummon Parliament.
(4) The President shall have the right to appear and to berepresented during the consideration of the motion.(5) If the President has not submitted himself to anexamination by the Board before the motion is made inParliament, the motion may be put to the vote, and if it ispassed by the votes of not less than two-thirds of the totalnumber of members of Parliament, the President shall vacate
his office on the date on which the motion is passed.(6) If before the motion for removal is made is Parliament,the President has submitted himself to an examination by theBoard, the motion shall not be put to the vote until the Boardhas been given an opportunity of reporting its opinion toParliament.(7) If after consideration by Parliament of the motion and of
the report of the Board (which shall be submitted within
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seven days of the examination held pursuant to clause (2)and if not so submitted shall be dispensed with) the motionis passed by the votes of not less than two-thirds of the total
number of members of Parliament, the President shall vacatehis office on the date on which the resolution is passed.54.Speaker to act as President during absence, etc.If avacancy occurs in the office of President or if the Presidentis unable to discharge the functions of his office on accountof absence, illness or any other cause of Speaker shalldischarge those functions until a President is elected or until
the President resumes the functions of his office, as the casemay be.
CHAPTER II
THE PRIME MINISTER AND THE
CABINET55.The Cabinet.(1) There shall be a Cabinet for Bangladeshhaving the Pri
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