The CellCell Types
&Cell Parts
Cell Types
P lan t A n im a l F u n g i P ro tis ta
E u karyo teH ave N u c leu s
B ac te riaK in d g om M on era
P rokaryo teN o N u c leu s
C e ll Typ es
Prokaryotic Cells orProkaryotes
The Bacteria
Capsule
• A protective covering
• Made up of polysaccharides
• Keep the bacterium from drying out & to protect it
• The capsule is a major virulence factor in the major disease-causing bacteria,
• E.g. Escherichia coli and Streptococcus pneumoniae.
Cell Wall• Gives the cell its shape
• Surrounds the plasma membrane, protecting it from the environment.
• Helps to anchor appendages (pili and flagella)
• Responsible for keeping the cell from bursting when there are large differences in osmotic pressure between the cytoplasm and the environment.
Nucleoid• A region of cytoplasm where the
chromosomal DNA is located.
• It is not a membrane bound nucleus
• Most bacteria have a single, circular chromosome
• Small circular DNA strands, called plasmids, are also found in the cytoplasm.
Pili
• Small hairlike projections emerging from the outside cell surface.
• Assist the bacteria in attaching to other cells and surfaces, such as teeth, intestines, and rocks.
• Without pili, bacteria lose their ability to infect
because they're unable to attach to host tissue.
Prokaryotic Ribosomes
• Site of protein synthesis
• Bacterial ribosomes are never bound to other organelles
Bacterial Shapes
Bacterial Arrangements
Eukaryotic Cells Or Eukaryotes
Nucleus & Membrane Bound
Organelles
Animal Cell
Cell Membrane
VacuoleCytoplasm
Nucleus
Nucleolus
RibosomeRough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Nuclear Membrane
LysosomeGolgi Apparatus
Mitochondria
SmoothEndoplasmic Reticulum
Centriole
Plant Cell
Cell Membrane
Vacuole
Cytoplasm
NucleusNucleolus
Ribosome
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Nuclear MembraneGolgi Apparatus
Mitochondria
SmoothEndoplasmic Reticulum Chloroplast
Cell Wall
Cell Membrane• Controls what enters and leaves cell
• Protects and supports the cell
• Made of a Phospholipid Bi-layer
• Proteins – act as channels, carriers, or pumps to pass molecules into or out of the cell
• Cholesterol molecules prevent phospholipids from sticking to each other
• Fluid Mosaic
Phospholipid Bilayer
Cell Membrane
Cell Membrane
• Carbohydrate chains
• Act like chemical ID cards – allows cells to recognize each other.
Cell Wall• Plants, algae, some bacteria • Helps support and protect cell• 2 or more layers thick
– Outer layer is where cells meet – gluey substance – pectin
– Primary cell wall is next – made of cellulose
Nucleus• large dark structure• Not all cells have a nucleus
– Eukaryotes– Prokaryotes
• Information center and holds DNA (genetic code)
• Chromosomes – DNA and Proteins – Genetic code
Nucleolus
• Inside Nucleus• Made of RNA• Makes Ribosomes
– Ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis
Cytoplasm• Jelly like substance• Holds organelles• Most chemical reactions happen
here
Cytoplasm• Made up of
* Proteins including enzymes * Vitamins * Ions * Nucleic acids and their precursors * Amino acids and their precursors * Sugars, carbohydrates and their derivatives * Fatty acids and their derivatives
• These are all part of continuous chemical reactions.
Mitochondria• Powerhouse of the cell• Break down sugars for energy
– Convert ADP to ATP
• 2 Membranes– Outer surrounds mitochondria– Inner increases surface area – more
efficient
Mitochondrion
Chloroplast• Only in plant cells• Have Chlorophyll• Convert Sun energy into chemical
energy
Chloroplast
Ribosome• Composed of RNA and protein • some attached to membranes, some
free • smallest organelles
· 25 nanometers (1 billionth of a meter)
Endoplasmic Reticulum• Network of channels – ER
• Transports materials through the inside of the cell
• Rough ER – Has Ribosomes covering it
• Smooth ER – NO RIBOSOMES ON IT (Detoxifies)
• Synthesized proteins are moved to Golgi Apparatus for modification
Golgi Apparatusor Golgi body
• Looks like flattened stack of pancakes • Modifies, collects, packages, and
distributes proteins
Lysosomes The Cleanup Crew
• Lysosomes help digest particles – contain enzymes and chemicals necessary for digestion
• Break down organelles that have outlived their usefulness
• Formed by Golgi Apparatus
• Only in Animal Cells
Cellular Junctions
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