The Cardiovascular System

DIAGRAM OF THE HEART

Right Atrium

Right Ventricle

Left Ventricle

Inferior Vena Cava

Superior Vena Cava

Left Atrium

Pulmonary Artery

Pulmonary Vein

To Lungs

From Lungs

Aorta

Mitral Valve

Aortic Valve

Pulmonary Valve

Tricuspid Valve

Blood Flow in Pulmonary & Systemic Systems

Lungs(Pulmonary)

Heart(Cardiac)

Digestive Tract(Mesenteric)

Liver(Hepatic)

Kidneys(Renal)

Brain

Carotid Artery

Jugular Vein

Pulmonary Artery

Superior Vena Cava

Inferior Vena Cava

Hepatic Vein

Aorta

Pulmonary Vein

Mesenteric Artery

Renal Artery

Renal Vein

To the Heart Away from The Heart

3 Layers of the Heart & Pericardium

Pericardial Cavity

MyocardiumMuscle of Heart

EndocardiumSmooth Inner Lining of Heart

Visceral Pericardium

Tough Outer Lining of Heart

Parietal Pericardium

Part of Outer Sack

#1

#2

#3

Fibrous Layer of Outer Sack

Phases of Diastole & SistoleDiastole Phase:

-Atria & Ventricles are relaxed-The Tricuspid and Mitral Valves are open-Atrial Contraction occurs -This pumps blood into the Ventricles

Sistole Phase:-The Tricuspid and Mitral Valves Close-The Pulmonary and Arotic Valves Open-The Ventricles Contract -This Pumps Blood to the Lungs & Aorta

How is this related to Blood Pressure?

Cardiac OutputStroke Volume:

-The amount of blood pumped in one contraction of the heart

Heart Rate:-How many times the heart pumps in one

minute

CARDIAC OUTPUT=STOKE VOLUME X HEART RATE“The more blood pumped in each contraction (Stroke

Volume), the more beats the heart has in a minute (Heart Rate) the greater the Cardiac Output.”

What happens when you do Cardio Work?

What is the difference between: (Veins, Venules, Arteries & Capillaries)

Veins Move blood to the heart from the rest of the

bodyValves prevent deoxygenated blood from

travelling backwardsVenules

Transfer waste products including CO2 from the body to the veins for transport back to the lungs

Transfer occurs at the single cell level through osmosis and diffusion

Arteries:Transport oxygen & energy in the blood from

the heart to the bodyBlood is kept moving by the elastic and

muscular construction of the arteriesCapillaries:

Transfer oxygen & energy to the bodyTransfer occurs at the single cell levelExercise increases the amount of capillaries

at the muscular level

Why is the last statement important when performing cardio exercises?

Arteries and Veins

“Arteries are more muscular”

Major Constituents of BloodBlood Plasma (55%)

Mostly water (95%)Contains nutrients, gases, hormones,

wastes, ions & proteinsRed Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)

Act as transport for O2 & CO2Most of the 3 types of blood cells

White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)Crucial to our defense against disease &

infectionBlood Platelet Cells (Thrombocytes)Important for clotting (when wounds

scab)

What Blood Type Are You?What are the different Blood Groups?

Differences in human blood are due to the presence of proteins called antigens located on Red Blood Cells and antibodies located in your blood plasma

Individuals have different types & combinations of these depending on what you inherited from your family

If your blood has the same Antibodies as your donor’s Antigen then the transfusion will not work

Blood Group: Type AYou have Group A antigens on your red blood cells &

B antibodies in your blood plasma

Blood Group Type BYou have Group B antigens on your red blood cells &

A antibodies in your blood plasma

Type O: The Uneversal DonorBlood Group: Type O

You have no Group A or B antigens on your red blood cells & both A and B antibodies in your blood plasma

As a result your blood is easily accepted by the other Types of Blood

The bad news is you only accept your blood type or else you A and B antibodies will react with the other types blood Antigens

Blood Group Type ABYou have no A or B antibodies in your plasma so

you can receive blood from almost any blood typeYou have both A and B antigens on your Red

Blood Cells so your blood is the least accepted blood by others

You are known as the Universal Receiver

Blood Pressure/Heart Rate & Health What does Blood Pressure

Measure?Systolic Pressure

Measures the amount of pressure required to collapse an artery during the Systole Phase (When the ventricles contract to move blood out of the heart)

This is the top number and is higher because the greatest pressure is created by the Pump of the ventricle trying to push blood through the body

Diastolic PressureMeasures the amount of pressure required to

collapse an artery during the Diastole Phase (When the Atria and Ventricles are relaxed)

This is the bottom number and is lower because this is when pressure is lowest because the heart is relaxed

Blood Pressure/Heart Rate & Health What is Good Blood Pressure

Measure?

120/80 + or – 10

110-130/70-90

Systolic Pressure

Diastolic Pressure

Blood Pressure/Heart Rate & Health What if my Blood Pressure is

High?Your Arteries are too tense

(Hypertension)This can be as a result of StressThis can be a result of clogging or

hardening of the arteries from a poor dietYour Heart will have to work harder to

move the same amount of bloodRemember your arteries are supposed to

be elastic and muscular so they help your heart but when your blood pressure is high your heart has to do more work

This over works your heart wearing it out sooner

Blood Pressure/Heart Rate & Health What if my Blood Pressure is

Low?Hypotension

Your Arteries are not providing enough tensionThis means not enough blood is moved

through your body (to your brain and other organs)

This can result in poor performance of these vital organs

You can become faint easilyYou will have poor circulation

Always cold

What is your blood pressure?

Blood Pressure/Heart Rate & Health What do I need to know about my

resting heart rate?Resting Heart Rate measures the hearts

efficiency (Measure of Cardiac Output at rest)The lower the Resting HR the better

This means the heart has a high stroke volume and can therefore move a lot of blood without much work (Efficient)

After hard Cardio Work my Heart Rate should return to resting within 5 minutes of finishingYour heart rate should rise quickly as you work

hard but should also return to your resting quickly (Efficient)

A great Resting HR is <60. Good is 60-80. >80 needs work

What is your Resting Heart Rate?

Diseases

“Hardening of the arteries is silent and not just for the overweight”

“Results in enlarged hearts, strokes and heart attacks”

Blood Supply to the MusclesAll muscles contain vessels that branch into a

fine network of tiny vessels called capillaries and venules

Capillaries- supply oxygen rich blood to the muscles

Venules- remove deoxygenated blood & wasteThe blood required by contracting muscles at

times can be 100 times greater than at rest

“Training increases the amount of capillaries at the muscular level”

Training Increases CapillariesAerobic and Weight Training increase the

capillary network at the muscular levelIncreased blood flow to the muscle brings

more Oxygen, Energy & Building material to the muscle

Increased blood flow away from the muscle removes more waste products from the muscle allowing for Quicker Recovery

This means you will have greater Cardiac Output (Higher stroke volume)

3 Energy Systems We Work in ClassFast Twitch Type X Muscle Fibers

(Anaerobic Glycolytic System)Also called the Phosphagen System

Creatine Supplements try to help this systemUses the most powerful muscle fibers in the body

These fibers can exert the most force but fatigue quicklyAll out for up to 45 seconds

Shorter time for less fit athletes Typically all out sprints or heavy lifts in weight training

It takes 6:1 Rest to Work to recoverGets energy from the food we eat [Glycolytic]Is performed without oxygen [Anaerobic]

Therefore can only be performed for short time periods

Fast Twitch Type 2a Muscle FibersAlso Called: Fast Twitch Oxidative Glycolytic System

Also called: Lactic System When we work so hard that we do not get enough O2 Lactic Acid forms {The point where this

happens is our Lactate Threshold}Uses Oxygen [Oxidative]

When not enough O2 is present Lactic Acid forms Lactic acid is the burning feeling we get in our muscles

Gets energy from food we eat [Glycolytic] Energy is formed from food we eat (from carbs in our diet)

Can perform at almost full out for up to 2 minutesIt takes 6:1 Rest to Work to recoverWe uses this a lot in Sports [High end aerobic activity]We use this a lot in the Weight Room [Hypertrophy]

Slow Twitch Aerobic Muscle FibersLow force output

Lowest force output of the muscle fibersFatigue resistant

Can use these fibers forever Athletes run death races

Used in low intensity activities & in recoveryUsed while recovering from hard work from fast twitch

muscle fibersPower walks or light jog in Wellness CenterMuscle Activation Program at the beginning of the year

Uses energy indirectly from food we eatWe convert byproducts of the Fast Twitch Systems and

convert it into large amounts of energy

FUEL USE DURING EXERCISE