The Beginnings of Modernization, Nationalism and Mass SocietyChapters 18 and 19
Industrial Revolution Defined The greatly increased output of machine-
made goods that began in the mid 1700’s
A time of great technological advances in Europe and North America
Characterized by new inventions, styles of production and ways of life
Agricultural Rev. paves the way
Changes in agriculture helped lead to changes in the way goods were producedEnclosuresSeed drillCrop rotation• Results= population growth, increased demand and larger work
force
in needed farm labor = in urban work force
1636 1830
1905
Today
Images: LOC & Discover Edu.
Why England? Politics
Stability No wars on their soil Laws to protect businesses
Economics Investments Bank loans
Factors of production- resources needed to produce goods and services Land= natural resources
Water power and coal Iron ore for machine construction Rivers for inland transportation Harbors for merchant ships
Labor= people to work Capital= wealth ($$$)
1810 Early British Canals
Expansion of British Canals
More Inventions Transportation
Steam New roads (turnpikes) Railroads- steam locomotives
Effects Cheap way to transport materials and finished
productsJobs for miners and RR workersTransportation for fishing and agricultural
productsTravel to and from cities for work and pleasure
Inventions Spur Industrialization
Textile industry Cotton gin Fly shuttle (doubled weaving output) Spinning Jenny (used 8 threads at a time to weave cloth) Water frame (power source) Spinning Mule (combined the jenny with water frame) Power loom
* Factories emerged b/c these machines were HUGE!
Images from LOC and Discover education
Positive Effects of Industrialization
Higher wages in factories than farms Higher standard of living Technological advancement and inventions Hope for improvement in lives among poor More jobs in cities- Urbanization (city building) movement of
people to cities London and Manchester
A typical English Factory (c. 1800)
A Manchester Factory
1840'S view of mills 2) Same view in 1976
www.conservationtech.com/x-MILLTOWNS/RL-Photo...
Negative Effects of Industrialization
Cities grew too quicklyNo development plans for sanitation, building codes, no police
protection, not enough education or housingPoor factory conditionsEpidemics due to no sanitation and close living quarters
Life span= 17 yrs in cities, 38 yrs in rural areas
Female Factory Workers
Child Labor was common
Young Bobbin Doffers
Industrial Age Class Structure
Landowners- “old money people” or Noblility Middle Class- skilled workers, professionals, business people,
wealthy farmers, bankers, factory owners, etc. Upper and lower middle class emerged
Upper- govt workers, doctors, lawyers, factory managers, etc. Lower- Skilled workers (mechanics, toolmakers, printers, etc) Both enjoyed a comfortable standard of living
The Working Class
Those who simply worked in factories and businesses Eventually saw loss of jobs due to machines
Working Conditions Long hours Injuries No government protection Women and children were cheap labor
The Spread of Industrialization
Industrialization of Continental Europe Belgium = 1st to industrialize
Had resources and a “borrowed” design
Next were France and German Statesencouraged by the governments- set up tech schools for
training and built roads, canals and railroads.
US Industrial Age
Land, Labor and Capital +++++ Began in the textile industry
1789- Samuel Slater emigrated to the US and built a spinning machine from memory and a “borrowed” partial design plan
Most factories were in the northeast until after the Civil War Expanded
Railroads Inventions- telephone, electrical expansion, light bulb
Others Industrialize… Those that did….
Were hampered by politics, and scattered resources
Industrialized in regions or based on resources Copied British models & even sent kids to
England RR linked the industrial regions Had many social and economic problems
… Or Don’t (limits to industry)
Those that did not…. Had few resources to work with Were mountainous (Austria and Spain) and RR could not be used
for transportation and expansion Had social structures that did not support it (Russia) Were controlled by industrialized nations (India)
British colony Encouraged to export raw materials (remember mercantilism)
Impact of Industrialization
Global inequality- powerful industrialized nations hold more power over less-developed nations
Imperialism- policy of extending one country’s rule over many other lands
US and Western Europe industrialized, Asia and Africa remained agricultural
Revolutionized every aspect of daily life!
Mass Society
Definition- modern industrialized urbanized society : the society of the mass man especially when held to be marked by anonymity, high mobility, lack of individuality, and a general dominance of impersonal relationships
Philosophers of Industrialization
Laissez faire- “let-do” economic policy that favors free markets by letting industry and business set working conditions w/out govt interference Came out of the Enlightenment Adam Smith A Wealth of Nations economic
liberty guaranteed economic progress through 3 natural laws of economics
Self interest Competition Supply and demand
Capitalism & Laissez Faire
Economic system in which factors of production (land, labor, capital) are owned by private individuals 1798 population growth>food supply
w/out war and epidemics to kill people off, they would be poor and miserable
1917 permanent under class = poverty When resources and labor are cheap, wages and prices would be low Believed wages would decrease as pop. Increased
Core Belief of laissez faire philosophy Government should not help poor workers Creating minimum wage laws = upset to free market system
Lower profits and undermine production of wealth
Contrasting Views
Utilitarianism- Jeremy Bentham and John Stewart Mills. ideas, institutions, and actions should be based on their
usefulness and Government should promote the greatest good for the greatest number of people
People free to pursue their self interestProfits should be equally regulated
Utopia- a reform approach in which factory owners “took care of” workers’ needs
Socialism- Charles Fourier
F.O.P are owned by the public (government) and operate for the good of all
Grew out of beliefs in progress, concern for social justice and that government should plan the economy
Government control would eliminate poverty and social injustices
Radical Socialism and Pure CommunismKarl Marx and Frederich Engels
3-Step PlanWar between the classes Temporary dictatorshipEventual classless, more equal society
Karl Marx- Communist Manifesto Haves and Have NotsHaves and have “nots”Predicted worker revolts leading to workers (proletariat)
controlling the government and then a class-less society
Reform Movements
Labor Unions- fought for better working conditions, higher wages, and government regulation of businesses Believed workers had a right to have a say in their particular trade /
occupation Strike- refusal to work Government response – laws to outlaw unions that were later appealed
(England) Laws- government investigations
Factory Act of 1833- no workers under age 9, 8 hrs. for 9-12 year olds and 12 hours for 13-17 year olds
Mines Act 1842- no women or children in mines Ten Hours Act of 1847- 10 hr. days for women and children
Spread of Reforms US government also set labor laws, but the Supreme Court disagreed and
left them up to states Abolishment of Slavery
England 1833- William Wilberforce USA 1865 Ended in all Colonies in 1888 (Brazil was last)
Women’s rights Push for equal pay and voting rights began
Reforms also occurred in education (Free, public for all) and prisons (protections for criminals) Benefit to society- opportunity for jobs, educated labor- Politically-
educated electorate, patriotism and national integration
More on Women’s Rights Property rights were gained in Britain 1870,
Germany in 1900, and France in 1907Divorce?
Jobs Education, Nursing
Suffrage British women’s movement- divided on tactics
(same is true in the US) Moderates- be “calm” and demonstrate responsible
use of power Radicals- use publicity, hunger strikes and open
protest
Benefits of Reforms
Industrial systemLeisure hours- nights,
weekends, etc New technology= subways,
street cars, Ferris wheels and amusement parks
New amusements- dance halls, athletic games- team sports
Purpose= distraction ?
Sea-Lion Park on Cony Island America’s 1st Amusement park opened in 1895
Ferris Wheel 1893 World’s Fair in Chicago
Nationalism and Unification
The Rise of the Nation-State
Blurring the lines….
Nationalism- loyalty to the nation of people sharing a common culture, language, religion, ancestry, territory…
Nation-state: a nation with an independent government that represents itself to the world and defends it’s territory
Political Thoughts
Conservative- protecting the national monarchies, traditions, and social stability- Involved intervention into politics of others to crush revolutions and maintain monarchies (Britain disagreed)
Liberal- people should be free of government restraints as much as possible- power to elected parliaments, religious toleration, Bill of Rights- Generally power by upper class
Radical- drastic changes- democracy for all
Types of Nationalist Movements
State-building: culturally distinct groups form a new state and single culture (USA)
Unification: Mergers of politically divided, but culturally unified lands (Germany and Italy)
Separation: culturally distinct groups resist unification or break away (Greeks)
Effects of Nationalism
Positive Overcome differences for
common good Overthrow of colonial rule Democratic govts Competition leading to
advancements
Negative Forced assimilation Ethnic cleansing Extreme movements Competition leading to war
CASE STUDIESThe Rise of Italy and Germany as Nations
Rewind to the defeat of Napoleon Congress of Vienna-
European leaders met to restore deposed monarchs and balance power Russia lost territory to Prussia
and Austria Nations at the time= Britain,
France, Spain, Portugal and England
Empires= Russia, Prussian, Ottoman and Austrian
Italy- divided among Spain, Austria, and the Papal States
Germany- federation of provinces
Italian Unification
Mazzini 1832 “Young Italy” (Risorgimento)•End of foreign rule- unification based on language•1848- driven into exile by former rulers of Italian states
Cavour- 1852 Prime Minister Piedmont, Sardinia •Economic expansion- Piedmont made an army- conflict with Austria- joined with France and WON•Other Italian states joined with Piedmont to overthrow their government
Garibaldi 1861 “Red Shirts” Army•From Sicily into Italy took over the kingdoms and they marched north•March 17, 1861= New Kingdom of Italy•Franco Prussian war (1870)- French troops left Rome
Prussian Advantages• Mostly German Population• Industrialized faster• Strongest army in Europe
German Confederation and Prussia formed a close alliance
1848- Revolutions for Democracy throughout Europe- Prussia created a liberal Constitution- limited king’s power
Steps to German Unification
King Wilhelm II- 1861Supported by the Junkers- wealth land
owners who opposed liberalismConflict with Parliament over $-
appointed a new prime minister- Otto Von Bismarck
Known as the Iron Chancellor- “leave them no room for idealism”
The Path to German Unification… WARS
1864-66 Prussia and Austria join to gain land from DenmarkWin and divide the land- Schleswig and Holstein
1866-67 Seven Weeks WarBismarck purposefully stirs up trouble in Schleswig and Holstein-
border dispute- Austria declared war on PrussiaAustria was quickly defeated- won Venetia and gave it to Italy
BTW- This was a prearranged, secret agreement with Italy They also gained control of all of Northern Germany
Franco Prussian War
1870-1871
Bismarck the (manipulator) Diplomat Wanted to unite Southern Germany too
Southern provinces were too independentMaybe an outside threat would force them to unite
ALTERED a telegram from Kaiser Wilhelm II and published itSeemed that he insulted the French King- war broke out July 9, 1870Prussians poured into France- surrounded Paris- 80,000+ even
Napoleon III were surroundedHunger= surrender
Nationalism bug bit Southern Germany- all was unified
A United Germany
A Shift in Power
How did the years between 1815 and 1870 see a change in the balance of power established by the Congress of Vienna?
Changes in Culture
Romanticism- challenge to Enlightenment (reason= truth) 1800 to 1850
Balance emotion, feeling and imagination with reason
Literature- feeling understood by the person- lit characters were misunderstood or rejected- interest in the past and nature
Art- expression to reflect inner feelings- reject classicism- beauty not timeless, but depends on culture and age
Music-Beethoven- studied under Mozart (classic) but broke through with the Third Symphony (for Napoleon) very emotional.
Realism in Art & Literature 1860(ish) – Early 1900s
Rejected romanticism- around 1850 in art and spread to literature
Characteristics- (make a guess?)Close observationMore novels and less poems that Romantic Period
Everyday life, real people and natural environment
Science Renewed interest in basic scientific research New discoveries
Louis Pasture- germ theory of disease Dalton- atoms have different weight and density Rutherford- Radioactivity- led to nuclear physics Mendeleev- classified all natural elements
Scientific method Charles Darwin- Origin of the Species by Means of Natural Selection (1859)
and the Descent of Man (1871) Basis- all species- plants and animals have evolved (organic evolution) Struggle for existence/natural selection Descent of Man- animal origin of human beings- we are not an exception
to the rules of other species
Towards a Modern Conscience
Enlightenment and Sci Rev- people could better themselves- higher standard of living, education, comforts- proved this ideal true.
Science- offered certainty of belief View of the universe- giant machine that exist
independently of people- matter believed to be composed of invisible atoms
New Advancements in Science
Marie and Pierre Curie- discovered element radium- radiation from within the atom
Max Planck- Quantum theory- not a steady stream of released energy
Einstein- theory of relativity- space and time don’t exist independently of observer- matter is energy
Social Sciences Freud- psychoanalysis
Human behavior is not rational- unconscious mind and behavior is instinctual- Repression
Social Darwinism- Extreme nationalists applied his theories to societyHouston Stewart Chamberlain in Germany- modern-day
Germans were the only pure ancestors of the ARYANS- the founders of western culture- prepare to save it from “inferior races” (Jews, Negroes, and Orientals
Anti-Semitism Long history in Europe- Enlightenment and French
Revolution helped in gaining equality Assimilated into the cultures- bankers, lawyers, scientists,
etc. Germany and Austria (1890s)- Anti Jewish political parties Eastern Europe- worse treatment- quota systems and
forced segregation Zionism- call for a Jewish nation in Palestine became in the
early 1900s- immigration began
Turn of the Century Arts Modernism- Symbolists- literature and art should exist for its own
sake- not to criticize, serve or reflect society Impressionism- Artistic style- paint directly Post- Impressionism- Vincent van Gogh and Picasso
Top Related