The 1st Research Coordination MeetingReference Database for PIGE
Van de Graaff Lab in Tehran activities
This presentation includes:
Introduction of group Research activities of groupPIGE activities in Van de Graaff Lab
Main facility of the laboratory
3 MV Van de Graaff electrostatic acceleratorproducing energetic beams of H+, D+, He+ up to
3 MeV for IBA analysis techniques
TECHNIQUE ION BEAMENERGY
(MeV)REMARK
PIXE and
microPIXEH+ 1 - 3
Type and concentration of elements Z>11
Lateral map of elements
RBS 4He+, H+ 1-3Type, element concentration and depth profile Z> 4
RBS-channeling
4He+, H+ 1-3Crystal structure, surface damaged layer, crystal interface mismatch, dopant, …
ERDA 4He+ 2-3
4He+ are used only for the measurement of H.
NRA H+, D+ 0.4 - 3Type and concentration of light elements from H upwards
TYPICAL ION BEAMS AND INCIDENT ENERGIES USED IN VARIOUSIBA TECHNIQUES:
Proton Scanning
Microscopy Analysis of an Archeological
Sample
Elemental Maps in sample 1, Scan area: 2.5×2.5 mm2
K Cu Cl
Sn Optical microscope
image
P
X-Ray Spectrum
1
10
100
1000
10000
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Energy(keV)
Co
un
ts
Center
EdgeP
Cu(L)
S
Cl K Sn
Fe
Cu(Ka)
Cu(Kb)
X-ray spectra of external region (blue) and
Target
VACUUM CHAMBER
Si (Li)x-ray detector
(for PIXE)
Ge(Li)-ray detector
(for PIGE)
Annular particledetector
(for ERDA)
Annular particleDetector
(for RBS)
Faraday cup
COLLIMATORS
Ion beam
CONVENTIONAL IBA EXPERIMENTAL SETUP:
Experimental facilities
Conventional IBA reaction chamber
Proton Microprobe
RBS-Channeling system
Research activities of group via publications since 1972
The number of publications exceeds 150, categorized as follows:
Fundamental ResearchEnvironmental ResearchMaterials ScienceHuman Health Archaeology
Fundamental ResearchPublication Titles Authors
Juillet-Aout ,No. 172, 1972 Le Van de Graaff de 3 MeV du Centre Nucléaire de Téhéran
S.Farrokhi , D.Moghemi , R.Nahavande , M.Pichevar , B.Delaunay
Zeitschrift-fuer-Physik,-A(1978), Vol.288(2) Page133-137.
Proton induced LX-ray cross-sections for In ,Sn,Nd,Dy,Pt and Au
M.R Khan , A.G Hopkins, D Crumpoton , (Aston Univ)
X-ray Spectrometry, Vol.9,No.1,1980
Kβ/Kα Ratios in Energy dispersive X-Ray Emission
Md.R.Khan and M.Karimi
Nuclear instruments and Methods in Physic Research B (1996)15-18
M-Shell X-ray production Cross sections of Tb, Ho, Tm and Lu for protons of Energy 2-6 MeV
F. Shokouhi, S. Fazinic, I. Bogdanovic, M. Jaksic, V. Valkovic, H. Afarideh
J. Phys. B:At. Mol. Opt. Phys.30(1997)863-872 .
L subshell and total M shell x-ray production cross sections of Hg for protons of energy 0.7-2.9 MeV
A.Amirabadi , H.Afarideh,S.M.Haji-Saeid , F.Shokouhi and H.Peyrovan
Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B 247 (2006) 217-222
L-sub shell and total M-shell X-ray production cross sections of Ta, W, Pt, Au, Pb and Bi by 0.7-2.4 MeV protons
M.Goudarzi , F.Shokouhi, M.Lamehi-Rachti, P.Oliaiy
PIGE activities in VDG labNa, Mg, Al and Si excitation
function through
(p,p'γ) ، (p,γ) ، (p,α γ) reactions
PIGE activities in VDG labNa, Mg, Al and Si excitation function through
(p,p'γ), (p,γ) & (p,α γ) reactions
(p,p'γ) Reaction mechanisms
X
X*
p p'
γ
γ
(p,γ) Reaction mechanisms
X*
p
X
Y
Ƃ ƴĩřƹŻřƾůźƏ(p, γ)
γ γ
γ
γ
γ
p
(p,αγ) reaction mechanisms
γ
γ
γ
γ
γ α
p
X
X*
Y
Investigation of 23Na by PIGE
23Na + p
23Na* + p 23Na + p 24Mg* 24Mg* + γ
4He + 20Ne
4He + 20Ne*
23Na and 20Ne energy levels
Mg: 24Mg 78.8%, 25Mg 10.01%, 26Mg 11.23Likely nuclear reactions
24Mg + p
24Mg* + p 24Mg + p 25Al* 25Al* + γ
4He + 21Na
4He + 21Ne
25Mg + p
25Mg* + p 25Mg + p 26Al* 26Al* + γ
4He + 22Na
4He + 22Na*
26Mg + p
26Mg* + p 26Mg + p 27Al* 27Al* + γ
4He + 23Na
4He + 23Na*
Investigation of Mg by PIGE
27Al energy levels
Investigation of Al by PIGE
27Al + p
27Al* + p 27Al + p 28Si* 28Si* + γ
4He + 24Mg
4He + 24Mg*
28Si Energy levels
28Si 92.23%, 29Si 4.67%, 30Si 11.23%
Likely nuclear reactions between proton and Si
28Si + p
28Si* + p 28Si + p 29P* 29P* + γ
4He + 25Al*
4He + 25Mg*
29Si + p
29Si* + p 29Si + p 30P* 30P* + γ
4He + 26Al*
4He + 26Mg*
30Si + p
30Si* + p 30Si + p 31P* 31P* + γ
4He + 27Al
4He + 26Al*
29Si Energy levels
Overlap of γ-ray emission by different targets
Target Reaction Eγ (keV) Overlap with :
Mg
25Mg(p,p'γ)25Mg 392 25Mg(p,p'γ)25Mg 585
26Mg(p,γ)27Al 846 27Al(p,p'γ)27Al 25Mg(p,p'γ)25Mg 974
26Mg(p,γ)27Al 1014 27Al(p,p'γ)27Al 30Si(p,αγ)27Al 24Mg(p,p'γ)24Mg 1368 23Na(p,γ)24Mg 27Al(p,αγ)24Mg
Na
23Na(p,p'γ)23Na 442
23Na(p,γ)24Mg 1368 24Mg(p,p'γ)24Mg 27Al(p,αγ)24Mg
23Na(p,αγ)20Ne 1634
23Na(p,p'γ)23Na 1636
Al
27Al(p,p'γ)27Al 846 26Mg(p,γ)27Al
27Al(p,p'γ)27Al 1014 26Mg(p,γ)27Al 30Si(p,αγ)27Al
27Al(p,αγ)24Mg 1368 24Mg(p,p'γ)24Mγ 23Na(p,γ)24Mg
27Al(p,γ)28Si 1779 28Si(p,αγ)28Si
27Al(p,γ)28Si 2838
Si
30Si(p,αγ)27Al 1014 26Mg(p,γ)27Al 27Al(p,p'γ)27Al
30Si(p,γ)31P 1268 29Si(p,p'γ)29Si 1274 28Si(p,αγ)28Si 1779 27Al(p,γ)28Si
Q-Values for different (p,γ) reactions
p + 23Na 24Mg* Q = 11.693 MeV
p + 24Mg 25Al* Q = 2.271 MeV
p + 25Mg 26Al* Q = 6.306 MeV
p + 26Mg 27Al* Q = 8.271 MeV
p + 27Al 28Si* Q = 11.585 MeV
p + 28Si 29P* Q = 2.279 MeV
p + 29Si 30P* Q =4.394 MeV
p + 30Si 31P* Q = 7.297 MeV
Employed reaction chamber
Experimental setup for PIGE
Si excitation function measurements
Energy range: 1.5-2.6 MeVCharge: 40 µC Target: Al, Si, NaCl, MgScattering Angle: 135 degreeDetector: HPGe
Si thick target γ-ray yield at different proton energies
Ep=1.5 MeV
Ep=2.0 MeV Ep=2.5 MeV
γ-ray yield due to excitation levels of Si isotopes at different proton energies
Eγ (kev)
Ep (MeV)Y=N/
40(Count/µc)Eγ
(keV)Ep
(MeV)Y
Eγ (keV)
Ep (MeV)
Y
1014
1.5 0.18
1274
1.5 0.00
1779
1.5 0.05
1.6 0.30 1.6 0.00 1.6 0.05
1.7 0.35 1.7 0.00 1.7 0.08
1.8 0.35 1.8 0.50 1.8 0.15
1.9 0.39 1.9 0.50 1.9 0.15
2 0.55 2 0.63 2 0.20
2.1 0.58 2.1 1.10 2.1 0.20
2.2 0.64 2.2 1.43 2.2 0.20
2.3 0.65 2.3 3.03 2.3 0.68
2.4 0.68 2.4 5.20 2.4 0.75
2.5 0.69 2.5 12.65 2.5 0.78
γ-ray yield excitation functions due to natSi+p reactions
Y(E0) = εabs(Eγ) . Np . Fm . Fi . Nav . A-1 . ∫0
E0σ(E) / ε( E) dE
εabs(Eγ) absolute efficiency of the detection system Eγ emitted energyNp number of incident protons fm mass fraction (concentration) A-1 inverse of the atomic mass of the element fi abundance of isotope i Nav Avogadro’s numberσ(E) nuclear reaction cross-section ε( E) stopping cross-section of the sample in units of energy area per mass.
γ-ray yield of a thick target bombarded by a proton beam of energy E0 may be written as:
Calculated excitation yields using published resonance widths at different levels
Ep (MeV) Ep (keV) dE/dx yield yield * Isotope concen. Ntotal = C×∫σ(E) × dx/dE 326.80 0.2678 0.2 0.010
369.900 0.2600 4.1 3.781370.700 0.2600 2.7 2.490371.000 0.2598 1.8 1.660415.80 0.2520 0.7 0.033698.40 0.2098 0.9 0.040724.000 0.2064 0.2 0.148724.200 0.2064 0.4 0.397731.00 0.2055 0.5 0.021917.00 0.1840 0.5 0.0231094.60 0.1667 0.2 0.0051175.40 0.1498 0.3 0.0091203.40 0.1575 1.1 0.0341213.10 0.1567 0.1 0.0021288.80 0.1509 0.2 0.0071297.70 0.1503 0.9 0.0281301.00 0.1500 0.7 0.0221302.00 0.1499 1.5 0.0701321.90 0.1485 1.6 0.0501330.70 0.1479 0.2 0.0071348.10 0.1466 0.1 0.0021380.200 0.1444 63.0 58.1051381.000 0.1444 16.0 14.7571389.70 0.1438 2.5 0.0781398.20 0.1432 3.1 0.0961470.00 0.1386 0.6 0.0261480.50 0.1380 3.4 0.1051482.00 0.1378 2.3 0.071
1.5 1489.70 0.1374 1.4 0.043 542.8761505.00 0.1364 4.4 0.2051506.50 0.1364 0.1 0.0021509.70 0.1362 2.5 0.0781515.90 0.1358 0.6 0.019
1.6 1595.10 0.1312 0.3 0.009 545.1701652.000 0.1282 5200.0 4795.9601660.20 0.1277 0.6 0.0191667.20 0.1274 0.6 0.0191669.000 0.1273 4.6 4.2431680.000 0.1267 2.8 2.5731686.00 0.1264 9.1 0.425
1.7 1694.20 0.1260 1.7 0.053 38012.864
×104
Calculated Excitation Function of Si
Other Si excitation functions
γ-ray yield of Al thick target at different proton energies
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000E (kev)
co
un
ts
1779 keV27Al(p, γ)28Si
1460 kev40K
1369 kev27Al(p,αγ)24Mg
1016 keV27Al(p,pγ)27Al
843 keV27Al(p,pγ)27Al
Measured Al excitation function
Calculated γ-ray yield excitation function at different energies
γ-ray yield of Na thick target at different proton energies
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1000000
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000Eγ (keV)
cou
nts
Ep=1.5 MeV Ep=2.0 MeV
Ep=2.5 MeV
440 keV23Na(p,p'γ)23Na
1369 keV23Na(p, γ)24Mg
1633 keV23Na(p,αγ)20Ne
1635 keV23Na(p,p'γ)23Na
Measured excitation function for Na
Calculated Na excitation function
γ-ray yield of Mg thick target at different proton energies
390 kev25Mg(p,p'γ)25Mg
585 keV25Mg(p,p'γ)25Mg
844 keV25Mg(p,p'γ)25Mg
974 keV25Mg(p,p'γ)25Mg
1014 keV25Mg(p,p'γ)25Mg
1369 keV25Mg(p,p'γ)25Mg
1460 keV40K
Ep=1.5 MeV
Ep=2.0 MeV
Ep=2.5 MeV
Measured excitation function of Mg
Estimated excitation function of Mg
γ-ray spectrum of a typical sample
Thank you very much
for your attention
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