Telecommunications (extra notes to go with Ch.6) 2013
IBE250
Slide 2
Visualization from the Opte Project of the various routes
through a portion of the Internet http://upload.wikimedia.
org/wikipedia/commons /thumb/d/d2/Internet_ map_1024.jpg/300px-
Internet_map_1024.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.
org/wikipedia/commons /thumb/d/d2/Internet_ map_1024.jpg/300px-
Internet_map_1024.jpg
Slide 3
Infrastructure change Circuit switching versus Packet
switching
Slide 4
FTTH stats
Slide 5
Year Organiza tion Effective speed WDM channels Per channel
speed Distance 2009 Alcatel- Lucent [7] 15 Tbit/s155 100 Gbit/s 90
km 2011KIT [8] 26 Tbit/s1 50 km 2010NTT [9] 69.1 Tbit/s 432 171
Gbit/s 240 km 2011NEC [10] 101 Tbit/s 370 273 Gbit/s 165 km 2012
NECNEC, Corning [ 11] Corning [ 11] 1.05 Petabit/s 12 core fiber
52.4 km Fiber Optics - Record speeds Each fiber can carry many
independent channels, each using a different wavelength of light
(wavelength-division multiplexing).wavelength-division multiplexing
While the physical limitations of electrical cable prevent speeds
in excess of 10 Gigabits per second, the physical limitations of
fiber optics have not yet been reached.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiber-optic_communication
)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiber-optic_communication
Slide 6
Radio spectrum
http://ec.europa.eu/information_society/policy/ecomm/radio_spectrum/_document_storage/studies/shared_use_2012/scf_stu
dy_shared_spectrum_access_20120210.pdf Interesting pages: 45, 51,
79, 107 Shared spectrum access includes all situations in which two
or more users or wireless applications are authorized to utilize
the same span of frequencies on a non- exclusive basis in a defined
sharing arrangement. (Ref. Forge, et al, p.7) Wireless Broadband
Alliance predicts, and streaming video continues to expand its
presence in licence-exempt bands, many more parts of Europe will
experience congestion in the bands for shared access. Thus there
will be a need for more shared access spectrum. We consider an
additional 300-400 MHz should be made available, including at least
100 MHz in new licence-exempt bands. (Ref. Forge, et al, p.9)
Slide 7
Cisco's VNI Forecast Projects the Internet Will Be Four Times
as Large in Four Years - Annual Cisco VNI Forecast Expects
Worldwide Devices & Connections to Grow to Almost 19 Billion
Nearly Doubling From 2011 to 2016
(http://newsroom.cisco.com/press-release- content?articleId=888280
)http://newsroom.cisco.com/press-release-
content?articleId=888280
Slide 8
Forge, et al, p. 76
Slide 9
Significant traffic growth is due to: An increasing number of
devices: The proliferation of tablets, mobile phones, and other
smart devices as well as machine-to-machine (M2M) connections are
driving up the demand for connectivity. By 2016, the forecast
projects there will be nearly 18.9 billion network
connectionsalmost 2.5 connections for each person on earth,
compared with 10.3 billion in 2011 More Internet users: By 2016,
there are expected to be 3.4 billion Internet users about 45
percent of the world's projected population according to United
Nations estimates. Faster broadband speeds: The average fixed
broadband speed is expected to increase nearly fourfold, from 9
megabits per second (Mbps) in 2011 to 34 Mbps in 2016. More video:
By 2016, 1.2 million video minutesthe equivalent of 833 days (or
over two years) would travel the Internet every second. Wi-Fi
growth: By 2016, over half of the world's Internet traffic is
expected to come from Wi-Fi connections.
Slide 10
Forge, et al, p. 77
Slide 11
By 2016, annual global IP traffic is forecast to be 1.3
zettabytes
Slide 12
Forge, et al, p. 45 We are used to thinking of the radio
spectrum as a linear span of frequencies. But the spectrum has
other dimensions as well, making it possible to share frequencies
geographically, temporally, through the use of economic mechanisms,
code modulation, polarization, directionality, etc. (Forge, et al,
p. 29)
Slide 13
Policy: Europe wants operators to share their spectrum Wireless
spectrum is running out, and those who own it must play nicely with
others who want it. At least, thats according to the European
Commission, which is hoping to avoid a spectrum crunch. The blocs
digital agenda commissioner on Monday published a number of ideas
under which existing license holders would have to share some of
their spectrum
http://gigaom.com/2012/09/03/europe-wants-operators-to-share-their-spectrum/
Slide 14
Visual Networking Index VNI hub
http://www.cisco.com/en/US/netsol/ns827/networking_solutions_sub_solution.html#
VNI Mobile Forecast Highlights, 2012- 2017 (highlight tool)
http://www.cisco.com/web/solutions/sp/vni/vni_mobile_forecast_highlight/index.html
VNI Mobile Forecast Video
http://www.cisco.com/en/US/netsol/ns827/networking_solutions_sub_solution.html#
(start at 2:00)
http://www.cisco.com/en/US/netsol/ns827/networking_solutions_sub_solution.html#
VNI Forecast widget http://ciscovni.com/vni_forecast/wizard.html
http://ciscovni.com/index.html
Slide 15
Cisco Global Internet Speed Test (GIST) most recent test