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Reading bank
Electronic money
Weve used home computers and the Internet for banking
since the 1990s. Is the mobile wallet going to replace cash?
Its now possible to pay or things in a shop by standing near the till and tappingan app on your mobile phone. Wave-and-pay technology allows electronic
devices to communicate when they are near each other. Shoppers can add
money to their phones electronically, and shopkeepers devices can take money
in exchange or goods. Soon, some experts say, all mobile phones will have this
technology.
Imagine the convenience. Most o us carry a mobile phone, and with electronic
money, we would never worry about having enough cash. We could top up the
phones wallet online, rom a bank account, and never think about having the
correct change or the bus. Using the phones soware, parents could give their
kids money that could be spent only on certain things books and pencils, or
example, but not sweets or so drinks.But dont give up on cash yet. Very ew phones have the wave-and-pay
computer chip, and most shops dont have wave-and-pay readers. Security is
also an issue. Some experts warn that thieves may be able to steal your money
simply by standing near you. Wave-and-pay doesnt always use a personal
identifcation number (PIN). A hidden reader in a thie s pocket might be able
to take your money without you knowing.
We wont give up cash this year or next, but some experts believe that by 2030,
all money will be electronic.
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The pays not bad and there are opportunities or overtimei you want.
Planning the job, especially in older buildings. Its importantto work out the best routes or the pipes, ducts, and cablesinvolved as this can aect the cost o the work
considerably.
I like being out and about, not stuck in an ofice, and this
job involves a lot o travelling. I also like the contact withcustomers.
I work or a company which installs central heating and air-conditioning systems. We do everything: planning,
installing, testing, and commissioning.
Get the highest qualifications you can when youre at
college. Its better to do it at that stage in lie than try tocatch up later. Keep up your proessional training whenyoure in the job. Move to a company large enough to oer
good promotion prospects.
When you switch on and it all works perectly.
Working in confined spaces, or example under loors or in
roo spaces where there isnt a lot o headroom.
Five years.
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How bioengineers apply biology, physics, chemistry, and
mathematics to real-world problems
Biological engineering (usually shortened to bioengineering) is the practice o
working with, and sometimes changing, the natural world. But what does that
mean? Here are some projects bioengineers are working on today.
Smart medicineWe usually take medicine ater
we realize were ill. Bioengineers
are working on tiny intelligent
capsules (small containers) that can
be placed inside the human body.
At the rst sign o illness usually a
small chemical change a capsule
could release drugs into the human
body and ght the illness. At the
moment, this is very specialized
technology or astronauts. But
one day, smart medicine may be
available to everyone.
Carbon captureClimate change is a big issue, and most experts agree that carbon dioxide
(CO2) in the atmosphere is a major problem. While governments argue
about the best ways to control CO2 production, bioengineers are working
on technological solutions. One solution is to remove CO2 rom emissions as
theyre being produced by cars and actories. This could be done by mixing the
CO2 with other chemicals. Another possibility is to create huge carbon capture
stations. They would look like nuclear power plants, but they would remove
large amounts o CO2 rom the surrounding air.
Super wheat
The worlds population has reached seven billion people and is still growing.Agriculture growing plants and animals to eed people requires huge
amounts o land, water, and other resources. Experts believe that as the
population grows, it will become more dicult to eed everyone. Bioengineers
are working on ways to improve basic ood plants such as wheat. How? They
believe they can improve the eciency o photosynthesis the process o
plants turning the Suns energy into ood or the plant. This increases the grain
yield the amount o edible wheat produced without increasing the area
o land needed. I they can do this, armers will be able to provide more ood
without using more resources.
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Graphene a miracle material
Graphite has been used
in pencils or hundreds
o years. But could it be
the source o the next big
breakthrough in materials
science?
Graphite is made entirely o carbon atoms just as diamonds are. In
diamonds, the atoms are arranged in a crystal structure that makes the
material incredibly hard the hardest substance in the world. By contrast,
carbon atoms in graphite are arranged in at layers. This makes graphite
relatively sot. It also means that graphite can orm very thin layers, such
as when you make a mark on paper with a pencil.
Hanns-Peter Boehm, a German chemist, frst observed layers o graphite
that were only one-atom thick in the 1960s. He named his discovery
graphene. Other scientists studied and tried to produce graphene
throughout the 1970s, 80s, 90s, and into the 2000s. A breakthrough fnally
came in 2004, when two physicists at Manchester University removed a
single-atom-thick layer o graphene rom a piece o graphite using a
piece o ordinary sticky tape. They received a Nobel Prize or their work.
Whats so great about graphene?
Graphene sheets are 200 times harder than steel.
Graphene conducts electricity better than silicon.
Its extremely thin and lightweight.
What will we do with it? Here are some o the experts ideas:
Graphene could be used to replace silicon in computers logic circuits.
Incredibly strong abrics or smart clothing could be made with
graphene.
Screens o gadgets such as smartphones could be made much stronger
with graphene.
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What can you do with adegree in Mathematics?
You probably know about accounting and teaching, but
here are some maths jobs you may not have heard of
Computer securityComputers are everywhere, and they
contain our bank account inormation,
credit card details, medical records,
and other data we want to keep secret.
How can we keep hackers rom stealing
this data? Cryptography is a feld omathematics that involves writing codes
and fnding ways to keep secrets. Governments and private companies
employ cryptographers to keep computer data sae and secure.
Atmospheric science and meteorologyGlobal warming has become a big concern. Scientists use mathematical
models to help them understand how the Earths complex environment
systems might behave in the uture. Meteorologists (weather experts) also
use mathematical models when theyre predicting the weather or the next
weekend or trying to understand what huge storm systems might do next.
BiomathematicsDoctors and medical researchers rely on experiments and observationto understand medication. They also use complex mathematics to
understand drug data and to predict possible responses to medicines.
Biomathematicians also apply mathematics to the understanding o the
interaction o living things in biological systems.
Business analysisBusinesses usually want to improve their efciency. But particularly in
larger, more complicated businesses, it isnt always easy to understand
how systems really work. Mathematical analysis can be applied to many
aspects o business (production processes, transportation and storage o
products, worker efciency) to help identiy places where improvementscan be made.
Petroleum productionFrom exploration to transport, use and environmental impact,
mathematics is an incredibly useul tool in the energy industry. In
addition to understanding the fnancial side o the business, mathematics
is used by geologists (experts in rocks, soil, and other eatures o land)
to predict where oil might be located, how much there is, and how long
it will last. Mathematics is also used to predict what may happen as oil
becomes more difcult to fnd.
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Smart cities
By 2050, 70 per cent of the worlds
population will live in cities. Experts
say that we need to make the best
use of technology to make these cities
good places to live. So fast forward
to 2050, and what do we see?
Green roosMost buildings in the smart city o 2050 have plants on the roo. Plants help
keep the air clean, and they reduce ooding problems when heavy rainalls. They also absorb heat, which keeps cities in warm climates cooler.
Some people grow ruit and vegetables or themselves, too.
Grey waterThe smart city o 2050 wastes nothing. Rainwater is collected and used
on gardens. Grey water water rom showers and rom washing up is
recycled or rootop plants and is also used or ushing toilets. Puriying
water uses a lot o energy, so using grey water saves both water and energy.
Clever waste managementThere are no lorries collecting rubbish in the smart city. This helps reduce
trafc on the roads. All waste travels rom homes and businesses in a
system o pressurised pipes. Some o the waste is used to produce methanegas, which is used or energy production.
Green powerIn addition to the power generated using methane gas, wind and solar
generation also powers the smart city. Computers monitor power use in the
entire city and the electric power grid can respond to the need or power at
any moment. When a lot o power is needed, the system can supply it, but
when little power is needed, parts o the system shut down. This reduces
energy waste.
Intelligent trafc managementEvery car in the smart city o 2050 has a smart
tag number plate. Sensors in the road track everyvehicle and control the ow o trafc. I a road is
completely empty, the trafc signals are turned o
to conserve energy.
Smart homesResearch shows that when people can see how
much energy theyre using, they limit their energy
use. The smart home o 2050 has an energy control
panel. People can monitor their energy use and
control heating and lighting.
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Tech Education and Jobs Fair
The UKs biggest tech
careers fair and its free!
Join us on 910 April
at The London Tech Centre
Employers fair
More than 50 employers will present career opportunities to over 20,000 high
school, college, and university students, as well as recent graduates rom around
the world. Fields represented include: computers and IT, telecommunications,sports technology, manuacturing, transport, entertainment, medical, energy,
robotics, and more.
Workshops
During the event, employers will discuss career development and conduct job
interviews. Experts will oer workshops in CV writing, job interview skills, what
to expect rom a technology career, and stress management. There will also be
hands-on workshops showing the latest computer-aided design technology.
Universities and colleges
About 70 educational institutions rom around the country will attend to provide
inormation about their courses and also provide guidance on what they look or
in an applicant. I youre in high school and considering studying technology, this
is the perect opportunity or you to fnd out about dierent courses.
The future of technology
Tech companies will give presentations on their latest developments and on
where technology may take us in the next fty years.
uuuDont miss it!
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Designing or perormance:
A high-altitude safety suitHow astronauts, pilots, and space tourists dress for success
In 1960, US Air Force pilot Joe Kittinger
used a balloon to travel more than 31
kilometres above the surace o the Earth.
From that altitude, he jumped and ell or
our and a hal minutes, reaching a speed
o 988 kilometres per hour beore opening
his parachute at 5,500 metres above the
Earth. In one day, he set the record or the
highest balloon ight, highest parachute
jump, longest ree all, and astest human
all. As humans were approaching the
possibility o space ight (the frst spaceight was on 12 April 1961) aerospace
doctors wanted to understand the eects o
very high altitudes on the human body, and
wanted to know i people could jump out o
spacecrat high in the Earths atmosphere
in case o emergency. Amazingly, Kittingers
record wasnt broken until 14 October
2012, when an Austrian skydiver, Felix
Baumgartner, made a 39,045 metre jump.
What are the design challenges o making
a suit that can survive a all rom the edgeo space?
PressureIn the stratosphere the part o the
atmosphere where Kittinger began his all
the air pressure is about 1/1,000th o the
pressure at sea level and contains very little
air. To avoid altitude sickness, the saety suit
must have a pressure inside that is similar
to the pressure nearer the Earths surace.
The suit is tightly sealed, and special
containers o gas are used to maintain a
comortable pressure.
Oxygen supplyThe suit has two tanks o 100% oxygen (not
air, which is about 78% nitrogen). Breathing
pure oxygen removes nitrogen gas rom
the skydivers body. This is because during
changes in pressure, nitrogen bubbles in the
body can cause serious medical problems.
Temperature controlThe temperature outside the suit is between
68 C and 38 C. The suit is made o a
super-insulating material that keeps the
inside o the suit comortable even as the
outside temperature changes rapidly.
ParachuteThe main parachute opens automatically,
at about 750 metres above the Earth. A
sensor detects the atmospheric pressure at
that altitude. This means that i the skydiveris injured or unconscious, a sae landing is
still possible.
CommunicationsIn addition to a two-way radio, the suit
includes instruments that measure the
skydivers breathing, heart rate, speed, and
angle o the body as it alls. The suit also
includes a video camera.
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Hh-tch sprtswrSports companies are always trying to develop newsportswear that will allow athletes to perform moreefficiently. Recent developments include:
PReCool veST
Nike has developed a vest which holds ice packs in its lining. It is designed
for athletes who compete in marathons and other long distance races.
Wearing it for one hour before the race will reduce the body temperature
by %, and therefore reduces the risk of heat injury.
faSTSkin
Speedo has designed a swimsuit which it claims is the worlds fastest. The
designers have worked with an expert on sharks famously fast swimmers
of the fish world. The material copies features of Sharkskin and is designed
to reduce drag. The makers say it can increase performance by up to %.PoWeR SoCkS
Adidas produces knee-length socks for runners which are designed to
reduce leg fatigue. The socks save energy by compressing the muscles in
the legs. This prevents the muscles vibrating each time the runners foot
hits the ground. The vibration is a waste of energy.
SWifT SuiT
Adidas has designed an aerodynamic
head-to-ankle suit for sprinters, cyclists,
rowers, and ice-skaters. It keeps athletes
cool and reduces drag. The designer
claims it gives a ten-centimetreadvantage in a -metre sprint.
STRaPleSS goggleSFor swimmers, Nike has developed featherweight carbon goggles without
straps. Each lens is stuck to the eye socket with medical glue. Having no
straps, the goggles produce less drag than ordinary goggles.
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5- 3
The device is called a Dervish. It is amine-detonating vehicle for clearinganti-personnel mines from farmland
in countries of the developing world.It has a very simple design anduses inexpensive parts. The UnitedNations estimates that ,people die each year because ofmines.
The Dervish has three wheels. Eachwheel has steel teeth to create more
pressure. When the teeth pass over amine, it explodes. The wheels canexplode around , mines before
they have to be changed.A motorbike engine powers theDervish. The device rotates. As eachwheel passes a certain point in therotation, it slows down. This makesthe machine advance in tight circles,about mm apart. For this reason,no mine in its path is missed.
rubber shock absorber(inside wheel)
wheel motor
5-metre pole
toothedwheel
hydraulic
hose
125 cc petrol engine
2 layers armour plate
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The iris is the coloured ring round the central part oyour eye. Each one is dierent, which makes it perect
or security systems such as iris scanning.
First, your iris is scanned and the inormation converted
to a digital file which is stored in a database. This
process takes about three minutes. When you go to a
high-security area, you simply look at a camera which
scans your iris. The result is compared with your
database entry. It takes just over a second to complete
the check.
The system is used at airports to speed passengers
through passport control and to control entry torestricted areas. Some banks use it at ATM machines
instead o PINs.
Apart rom the speed, the advantage is that users dont
need to remember a password or key. The system can
handle users wearing glasses, contact lenses, and also
changes to the eye as people age. So ar, its oolproo.
The advanced taser gun is an electric stun gun which allows police to
deal with violent people without causing injury or death. It has a laser
sight to make sure the suspect is properly targeted. It uses a compressed
air cartridge to fire two darts at the suspect. The darts pull behind them
fine electric cable. They can penetrate the thickest clothing, up to 5
centimetres, at a range o 6.4 metres.
When the darts hit someone, the gun delivers a 50,000 volt shock or
five seconds. The shock causes temporary paralysis. Taser waves
electrical signals cause the suspects muscles to contract. The guns
contain a microchip which records the date and time o each firing.
Eyes dont lie
Shock tacticsA
B
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Oender tracking consists o a small
tracking unit worn on the belt or
ankle. It uses global positioning
system (GPS) technology to record the
wearers movements. This data is ed
to a server which matches movements
with places. Some oenders are
restricted to an area around their
home. I they move outside that area,
this is reported by email to the police.
Some oenders are orbidden to enter
certain areas. I they go there, this too
is reported automatically to the police.
The system also contains details o
crimes. I an oender is near the scene
o a crime at the time it takes place, a
report is sent directly to the police.
GPS helps track oendersC
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Hybrid cars
A hybrid-electric vehicle (HEV) has both a petrol engine and anelectric motor. The petrol engine is the main power source. It issmaller and lighter than the engines o conventional cars. Theelectric motor provides extra power when needed. In some HEVs, it isconnected to the wheels by the same transmission. In addition to auel tank, the HEV carries a pack o advanced batteries. There is also a
processor which decides when to use the motor and engine.When the car is running at a constant speed cruising the petrolengine provides all the power required. For overtaking, hill climbing,and accelerating rom a standstill, the electric motor provides extrapower. In some cars, the motor also provides power or low-speedcruising, as petrol engines are least eficient in these conditions.
HEVs use regenerative braking. When the driver brakes, the resistanceo the motor helps to slow down the car. At the same time, the energyrom the wheels turns the motor which then unctions as a generator,producing electricity to recharge the batteries. When the batteries arelow, the petrol engine also drives the generator.
HEVs have automatic start / shuto. The petrol engine shuts owhen the car comes to a stop. When the driver presses the accelerator,
the motor instantly starts the engine again. No energy is wasted romidling when the car is stopped.
HEVs are more eficient and pollute less than cars with only petrolengines. They do not require special uel like hydrogen cars and,unlike electric cars, they do not need to be plugged in overnight torecharge the batteries. However, they are heavy because o the weighto the batteries.
petrol engine
battery
driingwheels
electricmotor
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The development of tall buildings and lifts go together. The first
lifts, or elevators in American English, consisted of a platform
suspended from a rope which passed over a pulley at the
top of the building. If the rope broke, the platform fell to the
ground. In 1852, Elisha Otis invented the first safety lift. If the
rope broke, a brake was applied automatically which locked the
platform in place between guide rails. Today the Otis company
is the largest supplier of lifts in the world.
Most lifts today are roped lifts. The car runs between vertical
guide rails which keep it steady and act as a safety device. Steel
ropes, or cables, attached to the roof of the car pass over apulley, called the drive sheave, which is turned by an electric
motor. The other end of the cable is attached to a
counterweight. This matches the weight of a car with an
average load of passengers.
The counterweight saves energy. Its weight helps to raise the
car. In the same way, the weight of the car when it descends
helps to raise the counterweight. For the most part, the motor
only has to overcome friction.
Lifts are controlled by a microprocessor in the machine room.
This logs all passenger calls and monitors the number ofpassengers travelling from floor to floor, the position of any car
in the system, and its speed. It can direct passengers to the car
which will get them to their destination fastest, and will prevent
any car which is overloaded from moving.
Lifts have many safety devices which make it virtually impossible
for an accident to happen. The cables consist of up to eight
steel ropes wound together. Each one is strong enough to
support the car. If the car starts to run too quickly, a governor,
or safety brake, locks the car to the guide rails. Doors on each
floor ensure that no one can fall down an open lift shaft. Doors
on the car ensure that no passenger can be injured by contact
with the shaft. The car cannot move until both sets of doors
are closed. Finally, at the bottom of the shaft there are large
shock absorbers, or buffers, to cushion the impact of any fall. All
these things combined make travelling in a lift one of the safest
journeys you can take!
How lifts work
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drie sheae goernor, orsaety brake
controller
machine room
lit car guide rails
lit car
saety gear
litwell
counterweightguide rails
counterweight
buers
landing entrance
landing push button
landing indicator
traelling cables
car door
door operator
hoistropes
motor
brake
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Touch screensWith tablets and smartphones, plastic keyboards seem a
bit old-fashioned. So whats next for touch screens?
Todays touch screens are made o glass. Theyre at like glass, and a bit cool like
glass. I youre used to typing on a traditional keyboard, you may think touch screen
typing isnt as nice. You dont eel a click when you press a key (though you can
choose to hear one). Many people say this is a small problem compared with the
great benefts o touch screen keyboards: theyre lightweight, easy-to-clean, and they
disappear when you arent using them.
Touch screens are here to stay, but researchers at a company called Tactus say that
people like to eel things more that while touch screens are beautiul, real buttons
are more user-riendly. These researchers are working to create tactile touch screens
at screens that can create raised buttons that users can temporarily eel. Small
areas o the plastic screen inate and then return to a at surace. This sort o
screen is still probably a ew years away, but research and development teams are
already working hard at producing it.
The eeling o buttons may be just the beginning. Another team o researchers has
announced a technology called REVEL that can create not only the eeling o a raised
area, but also dierent textures, or example rough wood or smooth cloth. At the
moment, this technology works only when the fnger is moved across the screen. In
this case, the screen itsel doesnt change. It works by attaching a small electrical
signal generator to a persons chair, or perhaps the inside o their shoe. When they
touch certain objects, a small electrical signal travels through the body, and a small
electrostatic orce is created where the fnger touches the screen. This creates the
illusion o eeling.
These two technologies will be useul not only in smartphones and tablets, but also in
games, navigation equipment, and controls on electrical appliances.
So, whats the uture o the touch screen? It turns out it may be something you can
eel, like an old-ashioned keyboard.
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Telec mmunications
more than just TV and telephones
TVs and smartphones are getting smarter but
ridges and washing machines now include computers
and are Internet-ready
Many o us are used to getting an
email or a text message saying
Please pick up some milk on the
way home. Soon, that message may
not come rom a riend, roommate,or spouse, but rom the ridge. How
does the Internet-ready ridge
work?
Products in the smart ridge have
radio requency identication (RFID)
tags. These are small computer
chips that store inormation, or
example This is a two-litre carton
o milk. It was manuactured on
22 September. With a built-in RFID
reader, the ridge knows whatsinside it at all times. You can set the
ridge to send you an alert when theres only one carton o milk
let. The smart ridge can also be programmed to keep a list o
products that you need, and place an order with the supermarket
or delivery when certain products are about to run out. An app on
your smartphone allows you to check the contents o your ridge
rom anywhere.
The smart ridge also communicates with the electrical power
company. Some companies charge diferent rates or power at
diferent times o day. The ridge receives signals rom the power
company when electricity rates are higher, and switches to a low-energy mode or brie periods.
Its easy to see the benets o an Internet-ready ridge, but what
about an Internet-ready washing machine? Korean appliance maker
LG already produces one. I theres a problem with the machine, it
sends you a message with a ull explanation. I you need to deal
with particular stains in clothing, you can download a special wash
cycle to solve the problem. The product line also includes an oven
that can download recipes and cooking instructions, and will send
you a message when a meal is cooked and is ready to be taken out
o the oven.
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16 Mdc tchy
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Telemedicine is the application of Information Technology to medical care.Its about providing medical support at a distance to people who have noaccess to a doctor. Using the Internet, satellite phones, video links, and digitalcameras, patients, nurses, doctors, and others can obtain specialist helpquickly.
If passengers fall ill on an aircraft in flight, cabin crew can use a device calledVital Signs to measure blood pressure and other important signs. The datacan then be transmitted to a doctor to interpret and provide advice ontreatment. Medical images, such as X-rays or ultrasound scans, can be takenin one country and sent by broadband to a specialist in another for expertadvice. Using a video link, nurses in a minor injuries clinic can call a specialistto examine difficult cases remotely. This is much cheaper than having aspecialist available in the clinic.
Telecare is a way of looking after vulnerable people, such as the elderly, at adistance. Sensors in their homes can detect falls, lack of activity, or even iffood is removed from the refrigerator. Lack of movement triggers an alarmwhich alerts medical staff or relatives. Patients can wear monitors for
recording their pulse and other signs. This can be sent via a telephonesystem to medical staff without the patient leaving home.
Telesurgery was used in 2001 to allow a surgeon in New York to operate ona patient in France. The operation was carried out using a high-speedcomputer link and robotic tools in the French operating theatre. At thisstage, such procedures are expensive, and a local surgeon has to be presentin case the network link fails. In the future, however, telesurgery could be alife-saver for people living, working, or travelling remote from medical help.
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Robots are very good at doing the same task in the same place over
and over again. In factories and nuclear power stations, more than a
million robots behave in this way every day.
For robots to work with people, for example caring for the elderly, they
need to be much more like humans. They need to be able to move
like humans and adapt to new places. They also need to be more
sensitive to touch and temperature. In humans, it is skin which provides
important information on pressure and heat.
Engineers at the University of Tokyo have developed an artificial skin for
robots which is sensitive to pressure and temperature thanks to a large
number of sensors. In addition, because it uses a mesh or net structure
it can be stretched by up to 25% and still retain its sensitivity. This
means it can be used to cover moving parts like joints.
This E-skin opens the way for much more sensitive robots. For example,
walking robots could use feedback from their feet to adjust to different
surfaces. Robots in the future may be able to grasp different tools and
use them as humans do. Domestic robots could pick up and bathe a
baby without hurting it. They would also be less likely to damagethemselves.
A lot remains to be done. E-skin will provide much more information
than the robot requires at any one time. Human brains can select only
the important information. Before robots can act like humans, they need
to have brains like humans.
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Reading bank 23 Oxford University Press
WAYS IN TO TECHNOLOGY
The World Science and Technology ContestThree participants in the World Science and Technology Contest
explain their projects
The World Science and Technology Contest (WSTC) invites students from around
the world to submit a research project. The winning project is paid for and run by
the WSTC and its partners in industry, and the winning applicant given further
training and an apprenticeship. Here are three of this years entries:
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Name: Abdullah Al Ansari
Country: Saudi Arabia
Course of study: ComputerScience at Saudi ElectronicUniversity
Research question: Are there connections between thesound o a persons voice and the appearance o a personsace?
Where the idea came from: Watching TV, I started to
wonder i people who look alike also sound the same. Insome cases, it seems to be true. For example, my brotherlooks a lot like a amous newsreader, and their voices aresimilar.
Practical application for this research: Some security
systems use ace recognition and voice recognition. I thereare connections between aces and voices, then the systemcould detect people who are trying to ool it.
Name: Lin Lo-Chi
Country: Taiwan
Course of study: Biology atNational Taiwan University
Research question: Why are some noises extremelyunpleasant?
Where the idea came from: When I hear the loud,squealing sound o the brakes on a lorry in the street, I hateit. It gives me a really bad eeling. But thats strange, isnt
it? How can a sound cause a eeling and such a strongeeling?
Practical application for this research: I we understandmore about the way sounds aect people, sounds could be
used to help people have positive eelings. Also, negativesounds could be used to break up crowds without hurtinganyone. People would want to leave the area just becauseo the sound.
Name: Michel Fabi
Country: Belgium
Course of study: IndustrialDesign at Lacambre Visual
Arts School
Research question: How does the colour o industrialmachines aect the people who work with them?
Where the idea came from: My brother recently boughta new car. He had a hard time choosing the colour, becausehe elt it was an expression o his personality. He elt it was
an important decision because we have strong eelingsabout colour. Machines in actories are usually paintedor saety to make them highly visible and also or
protection o the machine, or example against rust.
Practical application for this research: We might fnd
that certain colours o machine paint make workers morealert, or perhaps less stressed. This could be a type o saetyimprovement, and also might improve productivity.
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Reading bank 24 Oxford University Press
What is permaculture?
Permaculture is an approach to
growing ood. It aims to develop
sustainable systems o agriculture.
What are its main objectives?
To take care o the Earth, to takecare o the people, and to share the
surplus the ood we grow beyond
what we need.
How does it meet those
objectives?
It aims to integrate agricultural
systems with natural ecosystems
as much as possible. In the world
today, mainstream agriculture oten
requires the transportation o water
and ertilizers long distances to make
plants grow. Farm produce, in turn,
is transported long distances to the
consumer. Permaculture uses local
resources to grow ood or local
consumers.
Can you give us an example?
Sure Jordan. Jordan is a desert
country with very little water. The
soil is oten poor and requires a
lot o chemicals to grow ruits and
vegetables. More than hal o the
available water in Jordan goes toagriculture, but demand or water
has increased in the past ten to
twenty years. Its an incredibly tough
place to grow ood.
At one arm in Jordan Valley, in the
Karin area near the Dead Sea,
theyre practising permaculture.
The rainall there is usually less than
150 mm per year, and it alls in two
or three big storms. The soil is poor.
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Interview:Farming the desertPermaculture expert Karim Benzid talks
about farming in a land with no water
So frst, lets consider water. On
this arm, theyve set up a system
to harvest rainwater when it does
all. They can store the water, and
they use it in a way that reduces
evaporation. It is ed to the plants in
a steady drip. They also use somewater rom a well on the arm. So
its local ground water. The plants
are arranged so that the ones that
need the most water are nearest to
the source o the water. This reduces
waste.
Second, plants. The arm has olive
trees and date palms they both
love the dry climate. These help
shelter and protect other smaller
plants tomatoes, onions, garlic,
and so on rom the Sun. In act, thevariety o plants is really important. In
this area, armers usually grow just
one type o plant at a time.
Which brings me to my third point,
soil. Growing just one type o plant is
terrible or the soil. Growing a variety
o plants actually helps the soil.
Also, the arm has chickens, sheep,
ducks, and other animals. Waste
rom the animals, plus waste rom
the plants, is used to eed the soil.
All o the energy and chemicals thatthe soil needs come rom this waste
material. Theres no need to use
chemical ertilizers.
Finally, consumption. The ood
grown on this arm is eaten locally.
That means they dont use energy
bringing some oods into the
area, and they dont use energy
transporting arm produce out o the
area. Its very efcient.
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3-D printingTurning computer images into plastic modelsSince the 1990s, engineers have used
3-D printing to make models o complex
designs. More recently, 3-D printing has
been used to make objects or actual use,
not just models. For example, doctors
have used 3-D printing to make articial
body parts such as bones and joints. Te
process called rapid prototyping is
still not widely used. But its becoming
more common and techniques are being
improved constantly.
And now, three-dimensional printing at home is a reality. You buy and bring
home a 3-D printer, download a design rom the Internet, and create plastic
objects in your own home. Heres what you do:
1 Prepare the printer by loading it with plastic wire. Te wire comes in ten
colours. You also have to spread glue on the print platorm.
2 Search the Internet or designs o objects that can be 3-D printed. Printer
manuacturer Cubiy has a wide selection at cubiy.com, and others are
available elsewhere. Designs include toys and games, jewellery, cups,lampshades, and many other things.
3 Using the 3-D printers soware, convert the design to a set o
instructions or building the object. Te soware works out any special
supports that might be needed as the object is printed.
4 Press Print and watch the printer create your design.
5 Let the plastic cool of, and enjoy your creation.
So how does it work? Te printer heats the plastic wire until its so. Te
printer tip is heated to 300 C, so when the plastic passes through it, it
becomes even soer. Te soware tells the tip o the printer where to move
to build up the object line-by-line. Te printer tip can move up, down, and
sideways, so it can go anywhere the soware tells it to.
Te 3-D printer doesnt make solid plastic objects. Instead, they are mostly
hollow, with a kind o grid structure between the two walls o plastic. Tis
makes the object strong and lightweight, and also reduces the amount o
plastic needed to print it.
Teres an important diference between 3-D printing in medicine and
industry and 3-D printing at home: engineers and doctors use it to create
things they really need. But or now, at least, the things you can print in plastic
at home arent especially useul.
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Reading bank 26 Oxford University Press
This North Atlantic island is giving up ossil uelsEl Hierro, an island about 1,400 kilometres o the coast o Arica, is
home to 11,000 people. Until recently, their energy supply relied
on oil that arrived by ship rom the mainland. However, as energy
prices increased, it became harder and harder or them to pay or
the delivery o ossil uels. Lucky, then, that the island has over 3,000
hours per year when the wind blows hard enough to turn large wind
turbines. The islands wind turbines produce about 11 megawatts o
power.
But the wind doesnt always blow on El Hierro, and when the wind
stops blowing, the electricity stops fowing. The power grid doesnt
store electricity it needs to be constantly generated, which is one othe big challenges o wind energy. The solution? El Hierro has created
a 500,000m3 reservoir at an altitude o 700 metres, inside the dormant
volcano at the islands centre. That means that when the wind is slow,
water can be allowed to fow downhill through hydroelectric turbines
that generate the electricity the island needs. The water ends up in a
smaller reservoir near sea level, where it is puried or drinking.
You might imagine that the reservoir would soon drain all o its water
downhill. But youd be wrong. When the wind is blowing and theres
plenty o electricity available, pumps push desalinated seawater back
up to the top o the hill, ready or the next drop in wind speed. The
winds tend to blow the hardest at night, when people are asleep andenergy demand is low, so this is the perect time to rell the upper
reservoir. The system generates enough electricity or two wind-ree
days. I the wind stops or three days, theyll have a problem. But so ar,
that hasnt happened.
The project can generate enough energy to save the 40,000 barrels
o oil they were importing each year, at a cost o 2 million at current
oil prices. The system also provides drinking water and water or
agriculture.
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El Hierro The worldsfirst energyself-sufficientisland
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Is hydrogen the fuel of the future?
Hydrogen uel cells produce electricity
by combining oxygen and hydrogen.
A series o uel cells can provide
enough power to drive an electric
motor. The only waste product is water.
So why arent we using it?
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In act, we are using it. Wheelchairs,
trains, buses, bikes, gol carts,
motorcycles, and a ew other vehicles
can already run on some orm o
hydrogen power. However, all o these
are experimental vehicles.
ChallengesHydrogen doesnt occur naturally on
Earth it must be produced. At the
moment, hydrogen is mostly produced by
using methane (a powerul greenhouse
gas) or other ossil uels, which produce
CO2. Also, the equipment required to
produce and saely store hydrogen is
large and complex too big to t onmost vehicles. Researchers working on
hydrogen power are trying to develop
technology that will make hydrogen
power more mobile or use in vehicles.
Theyre also trying to nd practical ways
to produce it without ossil uels.
Hydrogen trainsResearchers in several countries
have independently announced the
development o hydrogen-powered
trains. Trains are ideal or hydrogen uel
cells because they have a lot o storage
space on board, and they also stop
routinely at stations. Station stops or
hydrogen trains would allow requent
reuelling. This would mean that the
large and complex hydrogen-production
equipment could remain in xed
locations.
The Fuel Cell Bus ClubThis organization is running a trial using
three Mercedes-Benz hydrogen uel cellbuses in eleven cities around the world.
Each bus can carry about 70 passengers
or a range o 300 kilometres and costs
$1.2 million. The aim o the project is
to demonstrate that clean, urban public
transport is possible.
Fuel cell carsMost o the major automotive
manuacturers are carrying out research
into how to power cars with uel cells in
order to ght global warming. However,
critics say that even twenty years in
the uture, a uel cell car may not be
possible, and also that uel cells simply
arent practical or smaller vehicles. Many
believe that ghting global warming
with uel cell car research is a waste o
time and money.
The road aheadHydrogen uel cells have been proven
to be efective ways o powering larger
vehicles. However, theres still the
serious challenge o creating hydrogen inan environmentally riendly way. Experts
are working on using wind, solar and
nuclear energy or hydrogen production.
H H H H
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Shale gas
Energy solutionor environmentalnightmare?
Fracking could solve a lot of
energy problems, but many
people say it isnt safe
In April 2011, a small earthquake shook the English seaside resort of
Blackpool. The following month, there was another. The earthquakes
didnt do a lot of damage, but they worried people. Geologists saidthere was a direct connection between the earthquakes and nearby
gas exploration. The exploration work was stopped for a year, but has
since been allowed to continue.
What is shale gas?Natural gas usually comes out of the ground under pressure it rises
to the surface when a well is drilled. However, shale gas is different.
Its trapped inside a type of rock known as shale, and it doesnt come
out, even when a well is drilled directly into the shale. A technique
called fracking is used to extract shale gas.
What is racking?Fracking is short for hydraulic fracturing. Water under pressure is
used to create cracks in shale the rock that contains the gas. The
water, containing sand and a mixture of chemicals, is forced into steel
pipes that have been placed into the ground.
Why do we need shale gas?Because theres a lot of it. Experts believe that most countries that
currently produce natural gas have huge reserves of shale gas. If they
can use that shale gas, many of the worlds energy problems would be
temporarily solved.
Whats the problem with racking?There are three main worries. First, fracking sometimes causes
earthquakes, and earthquakes can hurt or even kill people, as well
as damage buildings and other property. Second, the water used in
fracking contains chemicals, and they can leak into drinking water
under the ground. There are hundreds of chemicals used in gas
drilling, and many of them can cause serious health problems for
people and animals. Finally, fracking uses a lot of water. In some
cases, fracking has used so much water that is has affected local water
supplies and taken water that was needed for drinking and farming.
Despite the potential problems, fracking continues today all over the
world, and shale gas may soon be an important part of the worlds
energy supply.
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Can man-made volcanoes
solve our climate problems?The Earths atmosphere the layer o air around
the planet helps control the Earths temperature.
CO2 in the atmosphere can cause problems
because it allows sunlight to come through, but it
tends to trap heat. Since the 1800s, people have
added a lot o CO2 to the atmosphere, mostly
through industrial activities. This is causing our
planet to become warmer.
Most experts agree that we should reduce
the amount o CO2 in the air to reduce globalwarming. But some scientists think we may need
to do more. Researchers in Britain would like to
nd a way to cut down the sunlight that passes
through the atmosphere. They believe that i we
could achieve this, we could stop global warming.
They are trying to nd a chemical that would
reduce the amount o sunlight coming through
the atmosphere i sprayed into the air.
Researchers have known or years that large
volcanic eruptions can cool the planet. The
smoke rom volcanoes contains sulphur dioxide.
Chemical reactions in the atmosphere change the
sulphur dioxide into tiny particles o sulphuric
acid. The acid particles refect the Suns radiation.
This cools the planet. Scientists are not suggesting
that we should spray sulphuric acid into the
atmosphere its a strong chemical that can
damage people, plants, animals, and property.
However, they do want to nd a chemical that
behaves in the same way.
Not everyone thinks this is a good solution. I
something unexpected happened, placing large
amounts o chemicals into the atmosphere could
cause serious changes in the weather or create
other problems. Even the scientists who are
working on the project agree that it might be too
dangerous to try. But i global warming becomes a
lot worse, we may have to consider it.
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6 S v f .
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How one natural
disaster might
help save us
rom another
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The future of robots
Three very diferent approaches to machinesthat work like living things
The robot that eatsThe Ecobot III produces its own energy by eating unwanted human ood, such as rotten
ruit, and also water rom the environment around it. The robot contains uel cells that
work like a cows stomach. The cells contain bacteria that consume the ood. The
resulting chemical reaction creates energy that powers the robot. O course, everything
that eats also produces waste in the case o the Ecobot III, this is CO 2. However,
scientists point out that this isnt the same as releasing CO 2 by burning ossil uels. The
CO2 produced by the Ecobot III would have been produced by the ood biodegrading
anyway. In experiments, the Ecobot III has managed to stay alive and eed itsel or up toseven days. It moves around slowly on small wheels.
The robot that runsThe cheetah is the astest land animal in the world. Thats why scientists at robotics rm
Boston Dynamics chose it as the model or their our-legged, running robot. By looking
closely at how a cheetahs running body unctions, they were able to create a robot that
can run. The secret is in the fexibility o the robots back. The back bends so that the
robots back eet can move as ar orward as its chin as it sprints. This allows its eet
to stay on the ground longer, making it ast like a real cheetah. Currently, the cheetah
robot can move at 45 kilometres per hour. Thats impressive, but at the moment, it can run
only on a treadmill in the laboratory, with support. It also requires a power cable to an
outside battery. Scientists are working hard to improve the robots balance and develop anonboard power source.
The robot that looks like a personEarlier robots like ASIMO had a human shape but moved in a mechanical way. The
Eccerobot has a body that uses systems and structures that are similar to the human
body: articial bones, muscles, and tendons. Where traditional robots have rigid joints and
very mechanical movements, the Eccerobots movements are strangely human. Why? The
robots bones are connected by rubber bands and pieces o sot rubber tissue. When the
robot moves, motors pull on the rubber bands, which
in turn move the bones. The movement o the bones
causes other parts to move slightly, rather than
creating an isolated, mechanical motion. The robotsbrain is, o course, a computer. At the moment,
the main unction o the computer is to receive
inormation input rom the robots body and react
appropriately. For example, i you hand the robot a
ball, it can gently take it rom you.
At the moment, the Eccerobot only has an upper
body it has no legs, and it cant move itsel. But
as scientists perect the robots movement and
thinking ability, it will be able to perorm more and
more activities.
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Te secret of
invisibilitySince ancient times, people have used
camouage body paint or other
coverings to hide while hunting or
fghting. These simple techniques are still
used today, but technology oers many
more sophisticated ways o hiding.
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Invisible clothesWho wouldnt want an invisibility
suit? This isnt yet possible, but
researchers have discovered that
they can create a type o optical
camoufage. Heres how: the person
who wants to disappear wears
clothing in a solid, light colour.
Cameras lm the area behind the
person, and this background image
is projected onto the ront o the
person. When you look at the person
rom the ront, you can see the
background projected on the person,and they becme dicult to see.
Hidden submarines
Sea creatures such as the octopus
and cuttlesh can change the colour
o their skin to blend in with the
background. Their skin contains
chemicals that make this possible.
Marine biologists are now working
with the military to understand
exactly how some sh can change
colour in an attempt to gure out
how navy submarines could be madeto do the same thing. This research is
still in the very early stages.
Disappearing buildings
Architects and town planners oten
talk about the visual impact o a
structure will a new building
make the city more beautiul, or will
people complain because its ugly?
Optical science researchers have
discovered that some tiny crystals
can bend and refect light. In theory,
i you covered an entire building in
these crystals, they could refect the
light in such a way that the building
would be very dicult to see. Thats
probably not practical or city-
centre buildings, but the military is
denitely interested.
Transparent people
Brain scientists have created a
chemical that makes brain tissue
transparent. Researchers have made
small pieces o mouse brain tissuecompletely see-through, which aids
their research. Would it be possible
to turn an entire living creature
transparent? At the moment, were
not even close. The chemical used
on mouse brains is toxic, and not
used on living creatures. However,
scientists have already discovered a
milder chemical that may have the
same eect.
Good old-ashionedcamoufage
Technology can do a lot to help the
military hide people and things, but
most soldiers still use grease paint on
their aces, camoufage clothing, and
some leaves when they need to hide.
Soldiers are trained to use plants
and other natural materials to hide
or disguise military equipment, or to
create decoys things used to attract
an enemys attention away rom
certain objects.
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[FACS: email ]
Cc:
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Dear Mr Schwandner3
I was interested to read the article in the Engineering and
Technology Journal last month about the revolutionary
earplug you have developed.4
I work or a woodworking company in central Sweden and
I would be grateul i you could let us have technical
details o this product as well as price and minimum order
requirements.5
I look orward to hearing rom you.6
Carol Larque
Health and Saety Oficer 7
Carol Larque1
Hartmut Schwandner
Earplug2
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Dscrb rphs
1 C
.
2 L F. 4.
1 W f ?
2 W z (X) ?
3 W fi v (Y) ?
4 W f ? W 1978 1983 fi? W v f ? W f fi f 1970?
3 R f F. 4.
1 W f fi?
2 W f ?
3 W v approximately?
Fig.
rose slightly.
Thetemperature
Fig.
fell significantly.Riceproduction
Fig.
Therewas a
in solarenergyproduction.
dramatic rise
The graph in Fig. 4 shows how much
energy from different sources was
used between 1950 and 2005. We
can see that over this period the
amount of energy used increased
sharply, and the largest amount of
energy came from petroleum. In
1950, just over 13,000 million billion
Joules were used, but this figure rose
sharply to reach a peak of roughly
40,000 million billion Joules in
1978. There was a dramatic fall to
just over 30,000 million billion in the
following five years, before
rising rapidly to reach 42,000 million
billion Joules by 2005. The second
and third largest sources of energy
were natural gas and coal, which each
accounted for about 25,000 million
billion Joules in 2005. The graph
shows that insignificant amounts of
energy came from renewable sources
during this time, but there was a
growth in the amount of nuclear
electric power after 1970, reaching
approximately 8,000 million billion
Joules in 2005. The fall in energy
consumption in the years around
1980 was probably due to the world
oil crisis.
Fig.
WORLD ENERGY CONSUMPTION
MILLIONBILLIONJOULES
coal
natural gas
petroleum
nuclear electricpower
conventionalhydroelectricpower
wood, waste,alcohol
geothermal
solar
wind
45,00
40,00
35,00
30,00
25,00
20,00
5,00
0,00
5,000
0
950 960 970 980 990 2000 200 year
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4 L F. 5.
1 W ?
R f
.2 W respectively?
3 T while ff. F v f.
5 U .
A line graph / pie chart v. T v X f . W line
graph / pie chart .
A line graph / pie chart v f . W
line graph / pie chart .
The pie charts compare the use of different modes of passenger and cargo
transportat ion in Croatia. It can be seen that more than half of all
passengers choose to travel by road, accounting for 58%, while just underhalf of all cargo is carried by road. About a third of all passengers use rail
transport but only 11% of Croatias cargo goes by rail. Croatia has a long
coastline, and just under a third of Croatias cargo is transported by sea.
However, only 9% of passengers use this form of transport. This is probably
because sea transport is cheaper for cargo but too slow for passengers.
Pipeline and inland water transportation account for 8% and 1% of cargo
transportation, respectively.
Fig. PASSENGER TRANSPORTATION IN CROATIA
CARGO TRANSPORTATION IN CROATIA
48% ROAD
32% SEA AND COASTAL
11% RAILWAY
8% PIPELINE
1% INLAND WATER
58% ROAD
32% RAILWAY
9% SEA AND COASTAL
1% AIR
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6 1 U f Clipboard f F. 6. I fi ,
, X, Y . I , v vv f .T . W 80100.
2 W f F. 7. W 80100.
7 C v f f . D
.
Cpbrd
Language for describing graphs
The graph shows
The graph provides inormation
about
The chart compares
Between and
From to
Over this periodIn 5
During this time
Reach a peak
Account or
34% TO AND FROM WORK
3% WORK RELATED
13% SHOPPING11% FAMILY / PERSONAL BUSINESS
13% SCHOOL / CHURCH
5% MEDICAL / DENTAL
2% VACATION
8% VISIT FRIEND
11% SOCIAL RECREATIONAL
WHY PEOPLE USE PUBLIC TRANSPORT
Fig.
CONSUMPTION
PRODUCTION
4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
0
1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
BARRELSPERDAY(100
0)
YEAR
UK OIL CONSUMPTION AND PRODUCTION
Fig.
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Cv (Crrcm vt)
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2 W j ?
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8 W ?
9 W f ?
2 W CV f f. I CV v f. U 2 S B v f ff . O v CV, v .
Marc FosterD.O.B. ..Email: [email protected]
Tel: home mobile Nationality: British
ProfileI am a highly-motivated and hard-working young graduate with excellentacademic qualifications and appropriate work experience in the field ofecology. I work very well in a team, have excellent communication andorganizational skills, and enjoy encouraging and motivating others,including children.
Education and qualifications University of Leeds
BSc (Hons) . Environmental BiogeoscienceMy personal research project on collecting biodata in the river
Danube floodplain is to be published by the Worldwide Fundfor Nature in their quarterly magazine.
Modules studiedEnvironmental Risk: Science, Policy, and ManagementAir quality: Science and PolicyEarth System Science: Biochemical CyclesSoils and Environmental ChangeSustainable Development: Challenges and Practice
Polam Hall School, DarlingtonA level: Chemistry (B), Mathematics (A), Biology (B)AS level: Business Studies (C), General Studies (B) GCSE grades: A*, A, B, C
Work ExperienceJuly/August , Worldwide Fund for Nature, Germany
Total of weeks spent assisting with speciesand habitat management, surveying andmonitoring activities, and the collection ofbiodata. This provided valuable experienceof ecosystems as well as working in aninternational team.
Summer , The Eden Project, CornwallSummer assistant with responsibility for sellingtickets, guiding visitors around the centre, andassisting with educational activities for children.
This helped me develop my skills in working withchildren and members of the public, as well asexplaining issues related to the environment.
InterestsI take great pleasure in travelling to experience different cultures, meet newpeople, and learn from new experiences. I enjoy playing the piano andsinging. I have been a member of the university operatic society for the lastthree years.
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Mms
1 R f q.
1 W f ?
2 H ?
3 W M D ?
122 128 Highland Street
Newby
Tel: 0044 547 222234
email: [email protected]
Memo
To Maintenance Department
From Training Manager
Subject Six apprenticeship places startingSeptember 20
Date 14 May 20
A decision has been made by senior management that
apprenticeships for six Maintenance Technicians will be
made available to start in September 20. Advertisements
inviting applicants will be placed in national newspapers
in June. Interviews will be arranged for the week beginning
3 July.
The apprenticeships will be for three years and will consist
of on-the-job training under supervision in the Maintenance
Department and day release one day a week to the local
college.
Would team leaders please attend a meeting in Room D on
Thursday 17 May at 9 a.m. to discuss possible skilled
supervisors for the apprentices and the apprentices work
rotation.
Cpbrd
A memo f .I f z . I :
f
v
,
f .
K E Y S T O N E E N G I N E E R I N G
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2 C f f .
v fi
GPS v q
S fi
W v
M
v ffi f v v
f T D
3 1 W ff F
D BS. U A. Pv , , . W 80100.
2 S E v G , P AG, f . A f S M f
v S E. W ff B . W 7090.
visit 10 13 April
be prepared to answer technical questionsbe helpful
be prepared to explain production procedures
be informative
arrange lunch and rest breaks so there isalways someone available to answer anytechnical questions
Change in fruit and vegetable packaging will stop using plastic trays
New trays compostable, starting next month
Less attractive so staff need to reassurecustomers
Company advertising campaign to promotethem as environmentally-friendly next month
Everyone to attend short training sessionFriday 1p.m., Room D
Those unable to attend, speak to line manager
1
To 2
From General Manager
Subject GPS vehicle navigation system for all delivery vehicles
Date 24 November 20
As part of the company efficiency programme, 3
over the next few weeks. This equipment will allow drivers to find their
way to delivery addresses more quickly and 4.
5 on how to operate the equipment will be run
on Monday 4, Tuesday 5 and Thursday 7 December at 8.30 a.m.
6 for one of these dates with their group
manager.
A B
Kirby North Industrial EstateKirby
Kirby Components
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istrcts
1 M v.
LMv fMv RS
2 W v?
example
A Do not smoke.
W v ,
fiv f v. T v do not.
3 Hv v fi? W f fi f fi? W? /W ?
F fi ffi f.
U f fi.
A PB P C RC SqzF SH
A B
CD E
A B
E F G H
C D
Do not 1 a fire if there is
a) considerable heat
b) significant smoke or fumes
c) a possibility you will be trapped.
2 the fire emergency services
3 the correct extinguisher
4 the pin
5 the nozzle away from you
6 the locking mechanism
7 low
8 the extinguisher upright
and aim at the base of the fire
9 the trigger
10 prepared for the force and
noise of the extinguishing agent
11 the nozzle from side to side
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4 L v. W f v
. I f :
flv f
W 5070 .
Cpbrd
Useful verbs
Place Attach
Connect Cut
Paint Measure
Cover Use
Estimate Fix
Calculate Try to
1
2
4
3
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Hth d sty
1 L f f.
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4 W v ?
Name of injured person Abdul Azizi
Address Flat 267, Block 65, New City,
BirminghamPhone number 0121 121212
Age 9
Female/Male Male
Job title Not applicable
Who was the injured person?
Employee
On training scheme
On work experience
Employed by someone else
Self-employed
Member of the public
Kind of accident
Contact with moving machinery
Hit by moving object
Hit by moving vehicle
Hit something fixed
Injured while handling, lifting,carrying
Slipped, tripped, fellTrapped
Drowned
Exposed to harmful substances
Exposed to fire
Exposed to electricity
Injured by animal
Physically assaulted by a person
Description of what happened Abdul was hit by a moving dumpertruck which was carrying earth
on the construction site in MainRoad. The truck driver did not seeAbdul, who had entered the site.Jolan Balog, Site Foreman, saw theaccident and called an ambulance.Jolan and two other workers stayedwith Abdul until the ambulancearrived. At hospital, Abdul wasX-rayed and found to have a brokenleg and bruised arms.
W .
Jolan Balog saw .. . P S
Abdul was hit . . . P S
(Pv)
Abdul had entered .. . P Pf
Cpbrd
Language of injuries
He cut his hand and needed
stitches.
She broke her leg / had a broken leg.
He was knocked unconscious.
He burnt his arm.
She has a bruised ace.
He was knocked down by a car.
He slipped on / tripped over . ..
He sufered a major injury /
a broken neck.
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Site had not been securely
fenced off. Temporary fencinghad fallen over in two places and
had not been put back up.
A
B
C
D
About you, the person filling in About the person who had thethe report accident
Name Name
Address Address
Occupation Occupation
Signature Report number Date
About the accident
When did it happen? Date Time
Where did it happen?
How did it happen and why?
Give details of any injury suffered and treatment given
_____________________________________________________________
Give any recommendations to avoid similar accidents occurring
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
7.0 Recommendations
7.1
7.2
6.0 Findings
6.1
6.2
2 D S, 22, vv . L
, fi f. U f D. U Clipboard .42 P S j. W 6080 .
Health and safetyreport3 A A Iv
I H f fA . M AD f 6.17.2.
4 W fi f f D .W 6080 .
Vehicle access points to the site
should be manned during
construction work to prevent
persons accessing the site
when gates are open.
Vehicle access points to thesite were constantly open and
unmanned.
Site should be securely fenced
off to prevent unauthorized
access by members of the
public. Any breaks should be
fixed immediately.
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Rprts
1 C f f .
A ,
v, j. I
v
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2 R f .M 17. T v f .
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1 The treadle pump uses simple technology to raise water from
underground sources. Fuel is not .. .
On the other hand, the diesel pump has the advantage of beingable to pump larger quantities of water (see Appendix 1.1). It .. .
2 Because rain only falls during certain months of the year and
there is only limited finance available, it is essential to find an
irrigation system that is cost-effective.
The aim of this report was to find the most suitable method of
raising ground water, with the main criteria being cost, low
maintenance, and ease of use.
This report presents two irrigation systems: the treadle pump
and the diesel pump.
A description and an analysis of operational efficiency for each
pump are followed by a comparison of the two designs. Finallythe most effective pump is recommended.
3 Appendix 1.1 table showing comparative figures
4 2.0 Treadle pump
2.1 Operation
The treadle pump is operated by a person using his/her body
weight and leg muscles in a walking movement to pump the
water. ...
The pump consists of two pistons positioned inside two
cylinders. ...
5 Summary
1.0 Introduction2.0 Treadle pump
2.1 Operation
2.2 Costs
3.0 Diesel pump
3.1 Operation
3.2 Costs
6 In conclusion, two alternative designs have been presented: a
low-cost treadle pump and a diesel-generated pump. Each is
low in basic cost and easy to .. . , however, the treadle pump is
recommended as it presents lower maintenance costs and . . .
7A comparison of two irrigation systems for small farmers inrural Africa
By Frank Burton and Ailsa MacLeod
24 July 20__
4.0 Comparison
5.0 Recommendation
and conclusions
6.0 References
Appendices:
Appendix 1.1
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3 T /
T f v .
A v :
.
A fv :
f .
L fv A. M v .
example
A the most eective way to reduce
the costs o heating an average
home in Britain and reduce
carbon emissions
4 U B f . W , f
, , , f . U f Clipboard.
Two possible bridge designsSteel beam bridge and composite girder bridge
Background: Dual carriageway total 4 lanes to crossRiver Dee, north ScotlandSpan 132 metres between man-madecompacted fill embankmentsSoil conditions uncertain16 metres above water level
Gradient 0.07m/mCriteria: Method of construction
Costs of construction and maintenanceAestheticsDurability
Include: Sketches of elevations and cross-sectionsCosting calculationsTime scale
Comparison: Both bridges need piers on piled foundationsdue to soil
Design 2 made of steel so longer spans but werecommend design 1
Recommend: Design 1 minimal framework inconstructionEasy to erectCheaperMore durable
Cpbrd
Language for reports
Introduction
The aim o this report is to .. .
The purpose o this report is to .. .
This report presents ...
In this report we review .. .
Recommendations and conclusions
In conclusion,
. . . A is recommended as it . . .
We recommend . . .
Based on the research, we
recommend that
A
B
This report compares fourteen different practical measures that can
be taken in order to find the most effective way to reduce the costs
of heating an average home in Britain and reduce carbon emissions.
To achieve this, the research compares the cost of installation, the
number of years required to pay back the investment cost, and the
amount of carbon saved each year. The study shows that the cost of
insulating loft and walls is recovered within three years but saves
only a small amount of carbon. Although it takes approximately
thirteen years to pay back the cost of installing a ground source heat
pump, it saves the maximum amount of carbon and is, therefore, the
best long-term solution. Based on the research, we recommend that,
where possible, new homes are fitted withground source heat
pumps.
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