.
.
Wear
Viscosity
Surface activity
Oxidation stability
Chemical activity
VolatilitySolvency
Corrosion properties
Acid & sludge formation
Residue formationSeal compatibility
Additive compatibility
Foaming tendency
Friction reduction
Low temperature behaviour
Demulsifying abilityBase Oil
Properties
Base Oil Properties Affecting Lubricant Characteristics
CONVENTIONAL MINERAL BASE OILS Group I & II
UNCONVENTIONAL BASE OILS Group III
• hydrocracked, hydroisomerised
SYNTHETIC BASE OILS• PAO: hydrogenated poly alpha olefins Group IV
• Esters
• Other Group V
Base Oil Categories
Base Oil70 - 99%
Pour Point Depressant0 - 2%
Visco Modifier0 - 15%
Performance Package1- 30%
Anti-wear
Composition of an Engine Oil
Antioxidant
Other
Detergent
Dispersant
What does it all mean?
SAE - Viscosity American International Gasoline and Diesel Specifications
Fuel Economy Product
Oil Grade
Product Category
Total Engine Oil Range (petrol/diesel)
Product Category
There are 3 different types of base oils which are used in lubricants
manufacturing process:
Mineral oils are made from petroleum-based products and undergo no
transformation.
Synthetic oils consist of chemicals compounds. Synthetic oils are
preferred to lubricants refined from petroleum when operating in extremes
of temperatures, as it provides superior mechanical and chemical
properties than those found in mineral oil.
Semi-synthetic oils which are blends of minerals and synthetic oils
(no more than 30%)
Engine Oil SAE Viscosity Classification
Viscosity grade provides information on oil viscosity when submitted
to temperatures variations. Multi-grade oil indicates a viscosity
grade at low and high temperatures.
EXAMPLE:
5W stands for viscosity grade at low temperatures.
W= Winter not weight
The lower the index is, the more fluid motor oil will be at low
temperatures, which ensures optimal lubrication when starting the
engine.
30 stands for viscosity grade at high temperatures.
The higher the grade is, the more viscous motor oil will be at high
temperatures, which enables better lubricating at high temperatures.
-30-25-20-15-10
-5
Starting Temp Summer Grade
The lower the winter grade, the lower temperature are accepted by the oil.
The higher the Summer Grade the higher the temperature the oil can accept (protect the engine at high temp).
Start up oil flow is very important!
Engine Oil SAE Viscosity Classification
0W5W10W15W20W25W
6050403020
International Specifications / OEMs
Total Lubricants meet international specifications as ACEA, API, JASO and ILSAC to ensure high technical performances.
In addition, some OEMs (Original Equipment Manufacturers) set up quality certifications to protect and optimize their engines' performances. These homologations are more stringent than international standards.
The OEMs recommend the use of specific motor oil requirements (see your car maintenance guide)
International Specifications
ACEA (Association des Constructeurs Européens d’Automobiles)
API (American Petroleum Institute)/ILSAC
JASO (Japan Automobile Standards Organization)
OEMs Specifications
Ex: DC, PSA, VOLVO, MAN, CAT, Ford, GM, Mack etc
Homologation
Performance Specs of Automotive Lubricants
API – America Petroleum Institute
ILSAC – International Lubricant Standardization and Approval Committee
International Specifications API/ILSAC
.
Engines API classifications are characterised by 2 letters.
Latest specifications
Gasoline
Diesel
SJ / SL / SN
CF-2 2 stroke engines) / CG-4 < CH-4 < CJ-4
API Classification
SN/CF
Application Type: Service Level
S: Gasoline C: Industrial Diesel
1st letter indicates the type of service2nd letter indicates the performance level
API DONUT
S A...
S G
S H
S J
S L
S N
Gasoline Severity
1945
1988
1993
1996
2001
2011 Current
API/ILSAC Specifications
C A.....
C D
C F
C J
1945
1965
1995
Diesel Severity
API SJ Oxidation Control (IIIG)
More severe chemical limits
P & S limits
+ FE Oxidation Control (IIIF, TEOST)
Deposit control (IIIF)
More severe oil consumption (Noack)
API/ILSAC Evolutions
API SL API SM
ILSAC GF-2 FE (VIB) FE (VIB)
P : 600 à 800 ppm
ILSAC GF-3 ILSAC GF-4 ILSAC GF-5
200420011997 2011
API SN
For example
AECA 2004/2008 Specifications
The letter refers to the type of service and the number the performance level.
Generally, European specification are more severe than American specifications.
Engine type:
A: Gasoline
B: Light Diesel
E: Heavy Duty Diesel
C: Catalyst Compatible Oil
Technical performance level:
1, 2, 3, 4, 5
A 3
A 1
A 5
A 2
A 3
/
/
B 1
B 5
B 2
B 3
B 4
/
DIRECTInjection
High performance oils
Standard quality oils
A single category for gasoline and diesel
Fuel Economy categories maintained
Standard level not maintained
After-treatmentsystems
« C » Catalyst Compatible Category
Chemical limits for new categories(P, S, Ash )
Standard quality oils
High performance oils
FUEL ECONOMY
DIRECT Injection
High performance level maintained
Diesel direct injection performances required
ACEA Evolutions: A, B and C Categories
ACEA 2004ACEA 2002
gasoline diesel
Product Specs OEM Main Selling Point
API ACEA
Quartz 9000
5w40
SM/CF A3/B4 Peugeot Citroen B71 2296
MB 229.3
VW 502.00/505.00
BMW LL01
Porsche
- Withstand harshest operating
condition
- Maximum oxidation protection for
Gasoline and Diesel engines
Quartz 9000
SM 5w30
SM/CF For all vehicles requiring
SM/CF or ILSAC GF-4
specifications
- Fuel Economy
- Maximum protection under severe
driving conditionsILSAC GF-4
Quartz Ineo
MC3 5w30
SM/CF C3 MB 229.31, 229.51
BMW LL04
VW 502.00/505.00/505.01
- Euro IV vehicles
- Low SAPS, C3
API / ACEA & OEM
21
Product Specs OEM Main Selling Point
API ACEA
Rubia TIR 7900 15W40
CJ-4/SM E7/E9 Mack EO-O Premium Plus 07
Cummins CES 20081
Volvo VDS-4
Caterpillar ECF-3
Mercedes 228.31
Detroit Diesel DDC 93K218
Man M3275
- Latest engine technology- Designed for Low-Sulphur, Low-Emission engines and most severe operating conditions
Rubia TIR 8900 10W30
E4/E6/E7 Mercedes 228.51
MAN M 3477/M3277-CRT
Volvo VDS-3
Renault RLD-2
- Fuel Economy, Long Drain interval- Low SAPS
Rubia TIR FE 7200 15W30
CI-4 E5/E7 Renault RLD-2
Mercedes 228.3
Volvo VDS-3
Man M3275
Cummins CES 20071/72/77/78
Mack EO-M+
- Fuel Economy- Euro 2, Euro 3 and most Euro 4 engines
Global DHD-1
Rubia FE 20W30 CF-4/CF
- Reduce fuel consumption
- Superior protection
TOTAL – Featured Products
22
Sulphur NOx Trap
Sulphated ash
PF
Development of new lubricants called “Low Saps”
PhosphorousTWCSCROxycat
Why Low SAPS Oil?
A single lubricant
required for all post-treatment
systems
1. Turbocharger and EGR Valve
2. EGR Transfer Pipe (Hot)
3. EGR Cooler
4. EGR Transfer Pipe (Cool)
Source: Detroit Diesel
Impact on Lubricants:
High operating temperature;
EGR => more NOx & PM in oil => increase of nitro-oxidation & necessity of higher dispersant performance
EGR System (Exhaust Gas Recirculation)
Reduction of pollutant emissionsParticulate filter (DPF)
Particulate filter: Operating principle
Stage One: Filtration
Particulates accumulate in the silicon carbide filter medium.
Stage Two: Regeneration of the clogged filter
Combustion of accumulated particles in
the particulate filter.
DPF – Particulate Filter
CRT = DOC + DPF
DCO reduce CO & HC
DPF burns particulates
Require use of ULSD
( max 50ppm)
Source: Johnson Matthey Website
CRT® (Continuous Regenerating Technology)
Particulates Reduction of 30%
NOx Reduction of 80-90%
UREA = AdBlue (DIN 70070)
Use of approximately 5 - 6% UREA compared to fuel consumption
Reduction of fuel consumption by 4–8% reference to EURO III engines
Require a distribution networks for UREA (AdBlue)
The SCR System
Source: Johnson Matthey Website
SCRT® (Selective Catalytic Reduction Technology)
SCRT = CRT + SCR
CRT reduce CO,HC & PM & enhance low temp NOx reduction
SCR provides high temperature NOx reduction with in the presence of aq. urea
2NH3+ NO + NO2 2 N2 + 3H2O
FE (Fuel Economy Lubricants)
Fuel Economy lubricants are designed to provide maximum protection to vehicles' engines and enable major savings.
TOTAL Fuel Economy range is used today in numerous types of vehicles (cars, heavy duty, etc.) and industrial machinery (agriculture, public works, etc.).
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