Sustainable Use of Sustainable Use of
Steel Slag in the Steel Slag in the
European UnionEuropean Union
Dr. Jens ApfelDr. Jens Apfel
Vice President ConsultingVice President Consulting
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Sustainable Use of Steel Slag in the European Union.ppt
AGENDA
Steel Slag in Europe
Legal Status of Slag in Europe
Applications for Steel Slag
Treatment Process
Product Certification and Quality Control
Marketing Strategy
Conclusion
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Sustainable Use of Steel Slag in the European Union.ppt
Slag use for various applications has a long tradition in Europe
Cement production
Road construction
Hydraulic engineering
Fertilizer
GENERAL APPLICATIONS FOR SLAG
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Sustainable Use of Steel Slag in the European Union.ppt
15,2 Mio tons of steel slag have been produced in Europe in 2004
PRODUCTION OF DIFFERENT KINDS OF STEEL SLAG
Source: Euroslag, The Legal Status of Slags; Position Paper January 2006
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Sustainable Use of Steel Slag in the European Union.ppt
72 % of steel slag were recycled in Europe in 2004
USE OF STEEL SLAG IN EUROPE 2004
Source: Euroslag, The Legal Status of Slags; Position Paper January 2006
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Sustainable Use of Steel Slag in the European Union.ppt
AGENDA
Steel Slag in Europe
Legal Status of Slag in Europe
Applications for Steel Slag
Treatment Process
Product Certification and Quality Control
Marketing Strategy
Conclusion
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Sustainable Use of Steel Slag in the European Union.ppt
EU Waste Framework Directive includes steel slag in the corresponding list of wastes
Substance or object that the holder tends to
discard,
intends to discard or
is required to discard.
Treated slag can be seen as a product not waste.
DEFINITION OF WASTE
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Sustainable Use of Steel Slag in the European Union.ppt
European Waste Catalogue does only name unprocessed slag as a waste
Granulation
Pelletisation
Foaming
Proper solidification connected with a specified heat treatment
Separation, crushing, screening, milling
EXAMPLES OF SLAG PROCESSING
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Sustainable Use of Steel Slag in the European Union.ppt
European Waste Shipment Regulation exclude processed slag from the waste list
“Slags arising from the manufacture of iron and steel (including low alloy steel) excluding those slags which have been specifically produced to meet both national and relevant international requirements and standards.”
Green list substances shall be generally excluded from control procedures of the regulation since such waste should normally not present a risk to environment.
EUROPEAN WASTE SHIPMENT REGULATION (NO 259/93)
GREEN LIST, GC 070:
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Sustainable Use of Steel Slag in the European Union.ppt
Principles of European Waste management say that steel slag has to be recycled
WASTE MANAGEMENT HIERARCHY
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Sustainable Use of Steel Slag in the European Union.ppt
AGENDA
Steel Slag in Europe
Legal Status of Slag in Europe
Applications for Steel Slag
Treatment Process
Product Certification and Quality Control
Marketing Strategy
Conclusion
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Sustainable Use of Steel Slag in the European Union.ppt
Main application for steel slag is road construction
ELECTRIC ARC FURNACE SLAG AS SUB BASE LAYER
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Sustainable Use of Steel Slag in the European Union.ppt
Steel slag can even be used for asphalt layers
TEST ROAD ON GERMAN HIGHWAY
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Sustainable Use of Steel Slag in the European Union.ppt
Steel slag is an excellent material for bank reinforcement of rivers
HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING IN RHINE RIVER, GERMANY
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Sustainable Use of Steel Slag in the European Union.ppt
Secondary metallurgy slag with high lime content can be used as self-binding construction materialCART TRACKS MADE OF LF SLAG
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Sustainable Use of Steel Slag in the European Union.ppt
Various other applications are possible
Earth works (dams, walls)
Paving bed
Fertilizer (only secondary metallurgy slags)
Internal recycling (only secondary metallurgy slags)
Additive for concrete
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Sustainable Use of Steel Slag in the European Union.ppt
AGENDA
Steel Slag in Europe
Legal Status of Slag in Europe
Applications for Steel Slag
Treatment Process
Product Certification and Quality Control
Marketing Strategy
Conclusion
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Sustainable Use of Steel Slag in the European Union.ppt
Main slag processing is mechanical treatment of cold slag
Hot slagfrom EAF
Cooling by waterspraying
Raw slagwith steel
Iron separation
Raw slag
Crushingand screening
Slag products
Road aggregatesrip rapchippings
PRINCIPLE OF SLAG PROCESSING
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Sustainable Use of Steel Slag in the European Union.ppt
Quick cooling is important for technicaland environmental properties
COOLING AREA WITH WATER SPRAYING
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Sustainable Use of Steel Slag in the European Union.ppt
Steel recovery pays for the slagtreatment
IRON SEPARATION STEP
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Sustainable Use of Steel Slag in the European Union.ppt
Crushing and screening gives different products
SCREENING PLANT FOR ASPHALT
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Sustainable Use of Steel Slag in the European Union.ppt
Products differ only in grain sizedistribution
50-150 mm 2-5 mm
SLAG PRODUCTS
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Sustainable Use of Steel Slag in the European Union.ppt
AGENDA
Steel Slag in Europe
Legal Status of Slag in Europe
Applications for Steel Slag
Treatment Process
Product Certification and Quality Control
Marketing Strategy
Conclusion
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Sustainable Use of Steel Slag in the European Union.ppt
Steel slag has to undergo a quality control process like any other process
LIST OF TECHNICAL TESTS
1. Bulk density according to DIN 52110
Average value: 2,06 g/cm3 for grain size mixture 0/32 and 0/45
2. Proctor density according to DIN 18127
Average value: 2,47 g/cm3 for grain size mixture 0/32 and 0/45
3. Fines In grain size range 0,0 – 0,063 mm from 0,2 to 0,4 weight.-%.
4. Destruction by beating SZ 8/12
Desired value 18,0 weight-% for chippings
5. Destruction by beating SD 10
Desired value 26,0 weight-%
6. Polished stone value (PSV)
PSV 60, chippings for asphalt
7. Frost resistance Limit value 3,0 weight.-%
8. Volume stability Limit value 5,0 vol.-%
9. Inner angle of incline
Average value 40 °
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Sustainable Use of Steel Slag in the European Union.ppt
Volume stability is main test to prove usability as construction material
Content of FREE lime and FREE MgO
CaO + H2O Ca(OH)2
MgO + H2O Mg(OH)2
Total content of Ca and Mg is not crucial
Volume increase should be below 5 vol.-%
REASONS FOR VOLUME INCREASE
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Sustainable Use of Steel Slag in the European Union.ppt
Volume stability is tested with water steam
TESTING DEVICE FOR VOLUME STABILITY TEST
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Sustainable Use of Steel Slag in the European Union.ppt
Volume increase with this test should not be higher than 5 Vol.-%
RESULT OF VOLUME STABILITY TEST OF BSW SLAG
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Sustainable Use of Steel Slag in the European Union.ppt
For environmental reasons the leaching properties of slag have to be tested
Leaching of slag with defined grain size (solid matter-water ratio: 1:10) for 24 h (European standard)
Most important limiting values for eluate are:
pH value: < 12.5
Conductivity: < 100 mS/m
Chromium: < 0,05 mg/l
STANDARDISED EUROPEAN LEACHING TEST
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Sustainable Use of Steel Slag in the European Union.ppt
Germany has strict regulation on leaching properties
Parameter Unit Ø value 2005 Limiting value
pH-value 11,3 <12,5Conductivity mS/m 62,2 100As mg/l 0,026 0,1Pb mg/l <0,005 0,1Cd mg/l <0,0005 0,005Cr mg/l 0,017 0,05Cu mg/l <0,005 0,1Hg mg/l <0,0001 0,001Zn mg/l 0,012 0,5Cl- mg/l 3,04 100Mo mg/l 0,032 -V mg/l 0,106 -CaO mg/l 96,5 -
RESULT OF LEACHING FROM BSW EAF SLAG
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Sustainable Use of Steel Slag in the European Union.ppt
AGENDA
Steel Slag in Europe
Legal Status of Slag in Europe
Applications for Steel Slag
Treatment Process
Product Certification and Quality Control
Marketing Strategy
Conclusion
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Sustainable Use of Steel Slag in the European Union.ppt
Selling slag as a product is not an easy task because:
Steel mill slags are assumed to be hazardous wastes.
Public and authorities normally have only little knowledge about those materials, its formation and properties.
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Sustainable Use of Steel Slag in the European Union.ppt
Marketing Strategy should cover the following aspects
Analysis of each kind of slag to find special properties.
Looking for customers in different industries for different products.
Establishing longterm relationship with customer.
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Sustainable Use of Steel Slag in the European Union.ppt
Marketing strategy should emphasize the advantages of slag products against natural materials
High specific weight
High strength
Good weather resistance
High resistance against polishing
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF EAF SLAG
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Sustainable Use of Steel Slag in the European Union.ppt
Longterm relationship with customers is the key to success in slag marketing
Information about slag products and how to use it for special applications.
Yearly report published with the newest projects and applications of slag as a building material.
Open day for the public to visit the plant and to know better about slag and ist products.
MEASURES FOR LONGTERM RELATIONSHIP WITH CUSTOMERS
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Sustainable Use of Steel Slag in the European Union.ppt
AGENDA
Steel Slag in Europe
Legal Status of Slag in Europe
Applications for Steel Slag
Treatment Process
Product Certification and Quality Control
Marketing Strategy
Conclusion
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Sustainable Use of Steel Slag in the European Union.ppt
Use of steel slags is absolutely necessary in Europe to reduce costs and to comply with environmental laws
Slag use in Europe has a long tradition.
European law asks for recycling of steel slag.
European legislation makes it sometimes difficult to bring slag products to the market.
Process technology is known and proven.
Slag products can be certified and have to undergo a quality control procedure.
Marketing of slag should focus on slag properties and longterm relationship with customers.
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