Sustainable development of fish supplies to meet food and nutrition security needs
Michael Phillips, Malcolm Beveridge and Stephen Hall
Overview
• Fish and food and nutrition security
• Fish as food
• Fish, food and nutrition security scenarios in ASEAN
• Key messages
Fish, food and nutrition security and livelihoods
Fish – producers, value chains, livelihoods
• Globally,120 million people engaged in capture !sheries and 40 (?) million in aquaculture:
– 90% small-scale (>30% below poverty line)
– Production generates food and income
– Value chain employment (e.g. Vietnam, Bangladesh)
– Women and men
Fish - consumption
• Fish consumption important in many cultures
• Main source of animal protein for > 1 billion people
• Particularly important for the poor
• Demand globally is growing
Year
Pro
duct
ion
(milli
on to
nnes
)
20
40
60
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030
80
100
120
Pig
Chicken
Fish
Production targets (national data)
Production forecast (this study)
Year
Pro
duct
ion
(milli
on to
nnes
)
20
40
60
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030
80
100
120
FAO (2004)Wijkstrom (2003)
IFPRI (2003)Ye (1999)
Fish
•Baseline scenario
•Technological advances in aquaculture
•Ecological collapse of fisheries
• Global consumption remains at1996 levels (15.6 kg/y)
• Global consumption rises to 22.5 kg/y
Growing fisheries (0.7% per annum)
Stagnant fisheries
Year
Pro
duct
ion
(milli
on to
nnes
)
20
40
60
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030
80
100
120
FAO (2004)Wijkstrom (2003)
IFPRI (2003)Ye (1999)
Fish
•Baseline scenario
•Technological advances in aquaculture
•Ecological collapse of fisheries
• Global consumption remains at1996 levels (15.6 kg/y)
• Global consumption rises to 22.5 kg/y
Growing fisheries (0.7% per annum)
Stagnant fisheries
Fish as food
so … what’s in fish? – protein
source: h$p://www.fish-‐4-‐ever.com/fish4health.htm
so.. what’s in fish? - lipid
g per 100 g;
modified from: Hambraeus (2010)
Species Total Saturated Mono-unsaturated
Poly-unsaturated
Omega-3 Omega-6 Cholesterol*
Carp 5.5 1.1 2.3 1.4 0.7 0.5 66 Eel 12 2.4 7.2 0.9 0.7 0.2 126 Salmon 6 1.0 2.1 2.5 2.0 0.2 55 Flounder 1 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.008 448 Cod 1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.008 43 Grouper 1 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.01 37 Herring 9 2.0 3.7 2.1 1.7 0.1 60 Tuna 5 1.3 1.6 1.4 1.3 0.05 38 Mackerel 14 3.3 5.5 3.3 2.7 0.2 70 Shark 5 0.9 1.8 1.2 1.0 0.08 51
Meat 3 2.0 0.8 0.1 Tr
Milk 18 4.5 4.5 0.5 0.06
* mg per 100 g
essential fats in some food fishes
Micronutrients – dried fish, Lake Mweru
plant fish
other animal protein
from Kawarazuka & Béné (2011); data from FAO (2011)
Availability – nutrients and importance of fish
* *
*
*
* *
*
*
* = ASEAN countries
Nutritional Status
Physiological Demands
Dietary Intake
Health Status
Household Food Access
Maternal and Child Care Services
Health Services and the Environment
information/education/communication/marketing/lifestyle/beliefs
Resources and Control human, economic and organizational
political and ideological factors economic structure
Potential Resources
Outcomes
Immediate causes
Underlying causes
Basic causes
modified from UNICEF (1991), Kawarazuka & Béné (2010)
Stability
availability
access
use and utilization
Determinants of nutritional status
modified from UNICEF (1991), Kawarazuka & Béné (2010)
Fish and food and nutrition security scenarios in ASEAN
Changes in global fish supplies and utilization
utilization tonnes x 106
population (billion)
per capita supply (kg)
from FAO (2011)
Wild fisheries – critical for the poor, food and nutrition, but…
Growth in demand for fish – 2007-2015
source: Cai (2011)
Annual growth rate of aquaculture 2007-2015 to satisfy fish demand
source: Cai (2011)
Availability – ASEAN aquaculture
Cambodia - scenarios show growing fish demand
• population and wealth driving demand
• scenario setting for 2030 shows significant new supply required
• even more aquaculture will be required if capture fisheries are not well managed
• new investments will be needed to support that
Aquaculture is substituting for declining capture !sheries 1996 2006
Changes in farmed and wild fish consump:on among 957 households in 4 districts, 1996-‐2006 (Bangladesh, IFPRI survey data)
Aquaculture is essential, but there are consequences for the fish we eat
source: Beveridge et al. (in press)
Aquaculture and economic access
courtesy: Hong Meen Chee, WorldFish
… what farmers want to produce? … what people want to eat?
Farmed tilapia prices, Bangladesh 2011
source: Thilsted & Roos (1999)
per 100 g edible portion
Micronutrients – selected fish, Bangladesh
Small, oily fish eaten whole are best
Aquaculture and small fish species, Bangladesh
Intensification of production is inevitable
Intensive :lapia ponds, Egypt
Farmed fish are generally fattier than wild
wild
farmed
fat (
g) p
er 1
00 g
serv
ing
2
4
6
0
8
10
source: USDA nutrient database
.. and the fatty acid profiles differ too
source: Karapanagiotidis et al.(2006)
Wild
Extensive Semi-intensive polyculture Semi-intensive, wi poultry/pigs
Intensive mono- culture
Key messages
(1) Fish is important for ASEAN food & nutrition security
• Fish is a preferred item in the diets of many, especially poor, people
• It is an important source of quality and highly bioavailable protein, but more importantly of essential fatty acids and micronutrients
— at key life stages (e.g. the first 1000 days)
— importance should be measured in relation to consumption of other foods, intra-household food distribution
• The species we eat are changing, as is the method of production
— the rise of aquaculture
— intensification of culture methods
• Changes impact nutrient content; implications for food and nutrition security
Nutritional Status
Physiological Demands
Dietary Intake
Health Status
Household Food Access
Maternal and Child Care Services
Health Services and the Environment
information/education/communication/marketing/lifestyle/beliefs
Resources and Control human, economic and organizational
political and ideological factors economic structure
Potential Resources
Outcomes
Immediate causes
Underlying causes
Basic causes
from FAO (2011) modified from UNICEF (1991), Kawarazuka & Béné (2010)
Stability
(2) Increasing availability by aquaculture is important, but is not enough
(3) Gender plays an important role
• Intra-household assets and food allocation
• Workloads • Technologies • Access to inputs and
knowledge
(4) Emerging lessons from integrating fish, with horticulture systems, and nutrition
• Integrated systems • Promotion of nutrition education • Interventions can improve
income as well as nutrition • Growing experiences in
Bangladesh and Cambodia with partners (HKI, USAID etc)
Key recommendations
• Recognize – value of !sh in human nutrition – !sh demand will grow
signi!cantly – wild !sheries and aquaculture
are different and we need interventions in both
– Aquaculture interventions required for food and nutrition
– availability is only part of the solution
– opportunities for better integration of !sheries for human nutrition and health
(1) Dialogue and partnerships
• Fish has a role, but ensuring positive nutrititional outcomes is about more than !sh supply
• Inter-sectoral dialogue • Public, civil society, private
sector partnerships • Opportunities for sharing of
experiences, within and outside ASEAN
(2) Research – new CGIAR Research Programs
(3) Policy
• National – R&D investment that sustain
!sheries and grow aquaculture – nutrition –oriented investment/
incentives for aquaculture – value chains and markets – intersectoral, integrated
interventions based on understanding of pathways to positive nutritional outcomes
• Regional
– Fish as an integral part of the ASEAN food and nutrition security framework
Thankyou
Top Related