ENVIR
ONMENT
ENVIR
ONMENT
DEVEL
OPMEN
T
DEVEL
OPMEN
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Vs
IMPORTANCE OF
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMRNTSUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMRNT
Dr. Jayakara Bhandary M.Dr. Jayakara Bhandary M.
SGLSGL--BotanyBotany
GAS College, Karwar GAS College, Karwar –– 581301581301
Email: [email protected]: [email protected]
WHAT IS DEVELOPMENT…?
Enabling the community to meet
everyone’s basic human needs for
food security, housing, health,
clean water and fuel.
It should lead to a dynamic, just
and prosperous Society
WHAT IS ENVIRONMENT…?
Environment means everything surrounding
us, including something that is tangible
(objects) and intangible (culture, belief,and
norm) which associate to each other as
cycle of system.
Everything that surround us.
Includes Flora (vegetation) and Fauna (animals
and insects), consists of: AIR, SOIL and WATER
DEVELOPMENT ACHIEVEMENTS..
BIG DAMS…
More than 4,000 large dams of over 15 metres
height .
Spent about 919 billion rupees.
Played an important role in increasing farm
productivity, power generation and industrial
water supply.
(Report by World Commission on Big Dams)
AT WHAT COST..?
• On average, each big dam has submerged
nearly 5,000 hectares of forest.
• In the last 20 years, big dams have swallowed
up 9.1 million hectares of forests.
• 16 million Indian people have been forced
from their homes because of these dams.
• ¾ of these people were not ‘rehabilitated’.
GREEN REVOLUTION……..
• 4-5fold increase in food production.
• Yield of wheat increased from 2 to 6 metric
tons per hectare.
• Cereal and calorie availability per person
increased by nearly 30%
• Eliminated the threat of starvation of
exploding population.
GREEN REVOLUTION..
• Per capita incomes doubled in Asia between 1970 - 1995.
• Poverty declined from 3 out of every 5 Asians in 1975 to less than 1 in 3 by 1995.
• The number of poor fell from 1.15 billion in 1975 to 825 million in 1995 despite a 60 % increase in population.
• In India, the % of rural Poor was 50 – 65% in 1960s.
• Declined to about 1/3 of the rural population by 1993.
(Report by International Food Policy Research Institute, USA, 2003)
AT WHAT COST…?
Excessive chemical inputs – Pollution.
• Pesticide use 57, 240 million tonnes (98-99)
• Fertilisers -161.88 lakh tons (98-99)
Increase in water use (75-85% of total water Usage)
• 6 of the 20 major river basins in India suffer
from water scarcity.
Erosion of crop genetic diversity.
The Punjab Story…
4 % land under cultivation ( 42 % for India as a
whole) . Only 4% is “forest”!
oss of soil fertility – decreasing yield.
cute shortage of water (60 out of 118 blocks cannot
ustain any more tube wells).
.5 % total agricultural land in the country, but
Indian Pollution Status…
• 33000MLD waste water generated, only
7000MLD is treated.
• 1,20,000 TPD Municipal Solid waste
generated, 70% collected, only 5% disposed.
• 65 cities and towns – air quality un healthy.
• 112 MT coal ash/annum, 150MT by 2015.
• 40,000 T of e-waste
How many earths needed to support
developmental consumption of
resources, at the present rate? (by 2050)
Energy - 8
Minerals – 2
Metals - 7
Land - 1.5
Wood – 3.5
Mclaren et al 1998
Tomorrow’s World, Earthscan, London
Developmental Activities
in general leads to…
• Depletion of natural
resources
• Depletion of
Biodiversity
• Pollution
• Climate Change
UNSUSTAINABLE!
Global Climate Change…
1.4-5.8 degrees warming by 2100.9-88 cm sea level rise.Heat waves…Heavy rainsFloods…Diseases…
Mumbai, 2005, 100 cm rainfall in less than 48 h, More than 7 ft Water, 1000 death toll
We are Witnessing Unprecedented Climatic Changes
• Over the period of 1995-2004, a total of 2,500
million people were affected by disasters, with
losses of 890,000 dead and costs of US$ 570
billion. Most disasters (75%) are related to
weather extremes that climate change is
expected to exacerbate.
• The 2003 European heat wave — involving
temperatures that were 18°F (10°C) above the
30-year average, killed 21,000 to 35,000
people in five countries.
Diseases.. DENGUE
• The number of months with average
temperatures higher than 18C and the
degree of urbanization were found to
correlate with increasing risk of dengue
fever (Wu et al, 2009). Temperature affects
insect survival time and habitats as well as
maturation and infective periods, and
higher temperatures shorten the incubation
period and viral development rate.
Development Vs Environment –
The Debate
Taking care of
millions of people
who are starving at
present is more
important than
saving natural
resources.
We have already wasted
and destroyed vast
amounts of natural
resources, and in so
doing have put earth at
risk. We must preserve
the earth for our children
and grand children.
Development Vs Environment –
The Debate
•Developed Vs Developing countries
•Rich Vs Poor
•Progress Vs Stagnation
INSPIRING VOICES…….Birsa Munda
Led the people
of Chotanagpur
to assert their
rights over
their Land.
Icon for tribals
struggling for
their land and
forests..
Rachel Carson
Her 1962 book Silent
Springs changed the
way the world saw
pesticides and
industrial chemicals.
Faced a sea of
opposition from
chemical companies
like DuPont, maker of
the deadly DDT.
Chico MendesLabor leader from
Brazil, defended
poor rubber
tappers against
rich ranchers.
Soon, he was
fighting to save
the Amazon
rainforests. Killed
in 1988 by
ranchers.
Lois Gibbs
A housewife from
New York who led
the community to
demand evacuation
and clean up of Love
Canal, a locality
initial built on toxic
waste dump.
Ken Saro-wiwa
Fought Nigerian
Government and
oil companies for
polluting the lands
of Ogoni people.
Hanged in 1995 for
his non-violent
struggle.
Masanobu Fukuwaka
His book The One
Straw Revolution of
1978 inspired
farmers across the
world to go organic.
What is Sustainable Development?
“ Development that meets the needs
of the present without compromising
the ability of future generations to
meet their own needs”
“Our Common Future”
World Commission on Environment and DevelopmentThe Brundtland Report 1987
Gro Harlem Brundtland
“ Sustainable development is a dynamic process,
which enables all people to realise their potential
And to improve their quality of life in ways
which simultaneously protect and enhance the
Earth’s life support systems”
Forum for the Future
OBJECTIVES…
Sustainable development has three
Overarching objectives and essential
requirements:
� Poverty reduction;
� Changing unsustainable patterns of production and consumption;
� Protecting and managing the natural resource base of economic and social development.
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Interacting Systems
Environment Social
Economic
Cultural diversity is as necessary for humankind as
biodiversity is for nature” The Universal Declaration on Cultural
Diversity (UNESCO, 2001) .
Cultural diversity is the fourth policy area of
sustainable development?
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ECONOMIC OBJECTIVES
* Growth
* Equity
* Efficiency
SOCIAL OBJECTIVES
* Empowerment * Participation
* Social Mobility
* Social Cohesion * Cultural Identity
* Institutional Development
ECOLOGICAL OBJECTIVES
* Ecosystem Integrity * Carrying Capacity
* Biodiversity
* Global Issues
The Important Goals of Sustainable
Development
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Emergence of Sustainable Development
1972Limits of Growth (Club of Rome)
1972 Stockholm Conference (Eco-development)
1980World Conservation Strategy (IUCN)
1987Brundtland Commission (our Common Future)
1992 UN Conference on Environment & Development
(Agenda 21) Rio Earth Summit
1992 UN Commission on Sustainable Development
1992 National Sustainable Development Action Plans
1997UNCSD Reviews Progress on Agenda 21
1997 Kyoto Protocol to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change
2002World Summit on Sustainable Development, Johannesburg (Rio +10)
AGENDA 21Action Plan/ Blueprint for Sustainable Development
(40 chapters, 300 pages)
(Global Agreement on Sustainable Development)
• A comprehensive plan of action to be taken up
globally, nationally and locally by organizations of
the United Nations System and Governments in
areas of human impacts on the environment.
• Agreed to at the Rio de Janeiro Summit in 1992.
• Strongly reaffirmed at the World Summit on
Sustainable Development (WSSD) held in
Johannesburg, South Africa, 2002
• A 21 recognises National
governments as the main role
actors.
• Main focus on Local/Regional
governments.
• Promotion of participation at
grassroots levels.
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THE ROAD FROM RIOChanging Paradigms
POST-Rio Rio-PRE
Do more with less Do more with more
3R’s Throwaway society
Best available Control Technology
Regulations as the ceiling
Least riskLeast cost
Environmentally friendly Products
Consumerism
Anticipate / Prevent Mitigate / control
Manage resources Use resources
Integrated planning Planning for profit
Targets for Sustainable
Development in India
• Reduction of poverty by 15 percentage points by 2012 ( 21.8% in 2004-5)
• Reduction in population growth between 2001 and 2011 to 16.2% (21.34% in 2001)
• Increase in literacy rate to 75% by 2012 (65.2%
in 2002)
• Reduction of Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) to 28 by 2012 (72 at 2002)
• Reduction of Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR) to 1 by 2012 (3 in 2002)
• Increase in forest cover to 33% by 2012 (20.60 % or 67.71 million hectares - 2008)
• Cleaning of major polluted rivers by by 2012
Some important Strategies…
• Shifting to renewable/eco-friendly sources of energy (CNG)
• Conservation/ afforestation and sustainable forest management practices (JFM)
• Efficient, fast and reliable public transport systems (Metro railways).
• Cost-effective energy-efficient technologies in electricity generation, transmission distribution, and end-use (CFL).
• Chemical-free Agriculture (IPM, NPM)
• EIA / Environmental Hearing /CDM…
• MOEF/PCBs/Environmental Legislations
2.8 billion livingBelow poverty line
Growing gapbetween rich & poor
6 million children died from hungerIn 10 years
1.1 billion lack clean water
27% coral reefsSeriously threatened (up from 10%)
10 years after Rio
Greenhouse gasemissions up 9%
Extinctionson the rise
2002 The World Summit on Sustainable Development…
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