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FHWA Condensed Superpave
Asphalt Specifications
Lecture Series
SUPERPAVE
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Aggregates
Usually refers to a soil that has in some ay!een processed or sorted"
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A##re#ate Si$e %efinitions
& Nominal Maximum A##re#ate Si$e' one si$e lar#er than the first sieve to retain
more than ()*
& MaximumA##re#ate Si$e' one si$e lar#er than nominal ma+imum
si$e
100100
1001009090
7272
6565
4848
3636
2222
1515
99
44
100100
99998989
7272
6565
4848
3636
2222
1515
99
44
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100100
00.075.075 .3.3 2.36 2.36 4.75 4.75 9.59.5 12.5 19.012.5 19.0
Percent PassingPercent Passing
control pointcontrol point
restricted zonerestricted zone
max density linemax density line
maxmax
sizesize
nomnom
maxmax
sizesize
Sieve Size mm! "aised to 0.45 Po#erSieve Size mm! "aised to 0.45 Po#er
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Superpave A##re#ate ,radation
100100
00.075.075 .3.3 2.36 2.36 12.512.5 19.019.0
Percent PassingPercent Passing
Design Aggregate StructureDesign Aggregate Structure
Sieve Size mm! "aised to 0.45 Po#erSieve Size mm! "aised to 0.45 Po#er
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Superpave -i+ Si$e
%esi#nationsS$%er%aveS$%er%ave &om 'ax Size&om 'ax Size 'ax Size'ax Size
(esignation(esignation mm! mm! mm! mm!
37.5 mm37.5 mm 37.5 37.5 50 50
25 mm25 mm 25 25 37.5 37.5
19 mm19 mm 19 19 25 25
12.5 mm12.5 mm 12.5 12.5 19 19
9.5 mm9.5 mm 9.5 9.5 12.5 12.5
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Gradations
* Considerations:- Max. size < 1/2 AC lift thickness
- Larger max size
!ncreases strength
!m"ro#es skid resistance
!ncreases #ol$me and s$rface area of agg
%hich decreases re&$ired AC content !m"ro#es r$t resistance
!ncreases "ro'lem %ith segregation of "articles- (maller max size
)ed$ces segregation
)ed$ces road noise
ecreases tire %ear
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Percent Crushed Fragments in
Gravels
& .uarried materials alays ())* crushed
& -inimum values depended upon traffic
level and layer /lift0
& %efined as * mass ith one or more
fractured faces
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Percent Crushed Fragments in
Gravels
+, Cr$shed 1++, %ith 2 or MoreCr$shed aces
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Coarse Aggregate Angularity
Criteria
raffic e"th from ($rfaceMillions of (ALs < 1++ mm 0 1++
mm< +.
< 1
< < 1+
< +
< 1++
1++
/--
3/--
4/--5/5+
6/6+
1++/1++
1++/1++
--/--
--/--
+/--3+/--
5+/4
6/6+
1++/1++
irst n$m'er denotes , %ith one or more fract$red faces
(econd n$m'er denotes , %ith t%o or more fract$red faces
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Asphalt Cements
1ac2#round
History of Specifications
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1ac2#round
& Asphalt' Solu!le in petroleum
products
' ,enerally a !y3product ofpetroleum distillationprocess
' Can !e naturallyoccurrin#
& 4ar'Resistant to
petroleum products
',enerally !y3productof co2e /from coal0
production
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Penetration 4estin#
& Sein# machine needle
& Specified load5 time5 temperature
1++ g
!nitial
7enetration in +.1 mm
After seconds
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Penetration Specification
& Five ,rades
& 6) 3 7)& 8) 3 9)
& :7 3 ())
& (;) 3 (7)
& ;)) 3
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%uctility
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Viscosity ,raded Specifications
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4ypes of Viscosity 4u!es
As"halt !nstit$te $'eietf$chs Cross-Arm
$'e
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4a!le ( E+ample
AC 2.AC 2. AC 8+AC 8+
=isc9 3+C=isc9 3+C 2+2+ + 89++++ 89+++ 5++5++
=isc9 1C=isc9 1C 5+ 5+ ++++
7enetration7enetration 2++2++ 2+ 2+
=isc9 3+C=isc9 3+C
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8+
+
3+
4+5
1++
12+
1+
2++++
7enetration >rades
AC 8+
AC 2+
AC 1+
AC
AC 2.
1++
+
1+
=iscosit:9
3+C?
18+-@
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Asphalt Cements
;e% ($"er"a#e 7erformance >raded ("ecification
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P, Specifications
& Fundamental properties related to
pavement performance
& Environmental factors
& =n3service > construction temperatures
& Short and lon# term a#in#
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Hi#h 4emperature 1ehavior
& Hi#h in3service temperature
'%esert climates
'Summer temperatures& Sustained loads
'Slo movin# truc2s
'=ntersections
Viscous Liquid
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Pavement 1ehavior
/Warm 4emperatures0
& Permanent deformation /ruttin#0
& -i+ture is plastic& %epends on asphalt source5 additives5 and
a##re#ate properties
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Permanent %eformation
$nction of %arm %eather and traffic
Co$rtes of BA
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Lo 4emperature 1ehavior
& Lo 4emperature
'Cold climates
'Winter& Rapid Loads
'Fast movin# truc2s
Elastic Solid
= E
Hoo2e?s La
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Pavement 1ehavior
/Lo 4emperatures0
& 4hermal crac2s
'Stress #enerated !y contraction due to drop in
temperature
'Crac2 forms hen thermal stresses e+ceed
a!ility of material to relieve stress throu#h
deformation
& -aterial is !rittle
& %epends on source of asphalt and a##re#ate
properties
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4hermal Crac2in#
Co$rtes of BA
S A h lt 1i d
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Superpave Asphalt 1inder
SpecificationThe grading system is based on Climate
7> 38 - 22
Performance
Grade
Average 7-day max
pavement temperature
Min pavement
temperature
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Pavement 4emperatures are Calculated
& Calculated !y Superpave softare
& Hi#h temperature';) mm !elo the surface of mi+ture
& Lo temperature
'at surface of mi+ture
Pave temp = f air temp! depth! latitude"
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Concentric Clinder
Concentric Cylinder Rheometers
)= Mi )i2L
= ))o- )i
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%ynamic Shear Rheometer /%SR0
& Parallel Plate#hear flo$ varies $ith
gap height and radius
%on-homogeneous flo$
))
h
)2 M
)
S) * +i d , i
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S)ort *erm +inder ,ging
& "olling *)in -ilm ven
'Sim$lates aging /rom )ot mixing and constr$ction
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Pressure A#in# Vessel
/Lon# 4erm A#in#0& Sim$lates aging o/ an as%)alt
inder /or 7 to 10 years
& 50 gram sam%le is aged /or 20
)o$rs
& Press$re o/ 2070 Pa 300 %si!
& ,t 90 100 or 110
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1endin# 1eam Rheometer
Air 1earin#
Load Cell
%eflection 4ransducer
Fluid 1ath
Computer
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%irect 4ension 4est
Le
L
Load
Stress @ @ P A
Strainf
f
S
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Summary
FatigueCrackingRutting
RTFOShort Term AgingNo aging
Construction
"(S"
Lo Temp
Cracking
++"
(**(**
!AV
Long Term Aging
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Superpave 1inderPurchase Specification
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PPer/ormanceer/ormance radesrades
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P 46 P 52 P 58 P 64 P 70 P 76 P 82
?)otational =iscosit@ )=
90 90 100 100 100 110! 100 110! 110 110!
?lash 7oint@ 7
46 52 58 64 70 76 82
46 52 58 64 70 76 82
?)DLL!;> !; !LM D=;@?)DLL!;> !; !LM D=;@ )D)D Mass LossMass Loss =((L@?7)((F) A>!;> =((L@ 7A=7A=
D)!>!;ALD)!>!;AL
0 1.++ k7a
< +++ k7a
0 2.2+ k7a
( < ++ M7a m 0 +.++
)e"ort =al$e
0 1.++ ,
2+ o$rs9 2.+4 M7a
10 7 4 25 22 19 16 13 10 7 25 22 19 16 13 31 28 25 22 19 16 34 31 28 25 22 19 37 34 31 28 25 40 37 34 31
?namic (hear )heometer@ () >* sin
? Eending Eeam )heometer@ EE) G(H (tiffness I GmH- #al$e
24 30 36 0 6 12 18 24 30 36 6 12 18 24 30 0 6 12 18 24 30 0 6 12 18 24 30 0 6 12 18 24 0 6 12
18 24
24 30 36 0 6 12 18 24 30 36 6 12 18 24 30 0 6 12 18 24 30 0 6 12 18 24 30 0 6 12 18 24 0 6 12
18 24
PPer/ormanceer/ormance radesrades
?namic (hear )heometer@ () >*/sin
?namic (hear )heometer@ () >*/sin
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P 46 P 52 P 58 P 64 P 70 P 76 P 82
?)otational =iscosit@ )=
90 90 100 100 100 110! 100 110! 110 110!
?lash 7oint@ 7
46 52 58 64 70 76 82
46 52 58 64 70 76 82
?)DLL!;> !; !LM D=;@?)DLL!;> !; !LM D=;@ )D)D Mass LossMass Loss =((L@?7)((F) A>!;> =((L@ 7A=7A=
D)!>!;ALD)!>!;AL
< +++ k7a
0 2.2+ k7a
( < ++ M7a m 0 +.++
)e"ort =al$e
0 1.++ ,
2+ o$rs9 2.+4 M7a
10 7 4 25 22 19 16 13 10 7 25 22 19 16 13 31 28 25 22 19 16 34 31 28 25 22 19 37 34 31 28 25 40 37 34 31
?namic (hear )heometer@ () >* sin
? Eending Eeam )heometer@ EE) G(H (tiffness I GmH- #al$e
24 30 36 0 6 12 18 24 30 36 6 12 18 24 30 0 6 12 18 24 30 0 6 12 18 24 30 0 6 12 18 24 0 6 12
18 24
24 30 36 0 6 12 18 24 30 36 6 12 18 24 30 0 6 12 18 24 30 0 6 12 18 24 30 0 6 12 18 24 0 6 12
18 24
o# t)e P S%ec :orso# t)e P S%ec :ors
?namic (hear )heometer@ () >*/sin
?namic (hear )heometer@ () >*/sin
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P 5822P 5822
P 5228
P 6410P 6410P 5816P 5816
< 'any agencies )aveestalis)ed zones
P +inder Selection
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Summary of Ho to Use
P, Specification
& %etermine
'93day ma+ pavement temperatures
'(3day minimum pavement temperature
& Use specification ta!les to select testtemperatures
& %etermine asphalt cement propertiesand compare to specification limits
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Asphalt Concrete -i+%esi#n
History
H -i A h l C
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Hot -i+ Asphalt Concrete
/H-A0
-i+ %esi#ns& B!ectiveD
'%evelop an economical !lend of a##re#ates and
asphalt that meet desi#n reuirements& Historical mi+ desi#n methods
'-arshall
'Hveem
& e'Superpave #yratory
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Reuirements in Common
& Sufficient asphalt to ensure a dura!le pavement
& Sufficient sta!ility under traffic loads
& Sufficient air voids
'Upper limit to prevent e+cessive environmental
dama#e
'Loer limit to allo room for initial densification due
to traffic
& Sufficient or2a!ility
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MA)(ALL
M!K(!>;
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-arshall -i+ %esi#n
&%eveloped !y 1ruce -arshall for the-ississippi Hi#hay %epartment in the late
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-arshall -i+ %esi#n
& Select and test a##re#ate& Select and test asphalt cement
'Esta!lish mi+in# and compaction
temperatures& %evelop trial !lends
'Heat and mi+ asphalt cement anda##re#ates
'Compact specimen /()) mm diameter0
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Marshall Design Criteria
Light raffic Medi$m raffic ea# raffic
(AL < 1+8 1+ 8 < (AL< 1+ (AL 0 1+3
Com"action + 4
(ta'ilit ; ?l'.@ 3 ?4+@ 5 ?12++@ 5++3 ?15++@
lo%9 +.2 mm ?+.1 in@ 5 to 15 5 to 13 5 to 18
Air =oids9 , to to to
=oids in Mineral Agg. ?=MA@ =aries %ith aggregate size
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Asphalt Concrete -i+
%esi#nSuperpave
Superpave Volumetric -i+
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Superpave Volumetric -i+
%esi#n
& ,oals'Compaction method hich simulates field
'Accommodates lar#e si$e a##re#ates
'-easure of compacti!ility
'A!le to use in field la!s
'Address dura!ility issues& Film thic2ness
& Environmental
i
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reaction
frame
rotating
'ase
loadingram
control and data
ac&$isition "anel
mold
height
meas$rement
tilt 'ar
Key Components of Gyratory Compactor
Compaction
Compaction
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Compaction& ,yratory compactor
'A+ial and shearin# action'(7) mm diameter molds
& A##re#ate si$e up to
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= = mmmm
>og yrations>og yrations
1010 100100 10001000
&&iniini
&&desdes&&maxmax
Three Points on SGCCurve
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S,C Critical Point Comparison
*,mm@ ,m! ,mm
,m!@ 1ul2 -i+ Specific ,ravity from compaction at
cycles
,mm@ -a+" 4heoretical Specific ,ravity
Compare to alloa!le values atD
=F= D *,mm :G*
%ESD *,mm G8*
-AID *,mm G:*
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%esi#n Compaction
& des!ased on
' avera#e desi#n hi#h airtemp
' traffic level
& Lo# ma+@ ("() Lo#des
& Lo# ini@ )"67 Lo#des
= mm
>og yrations10 100 1000
&ini
&des
&max
S 4 i
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Superpave 4estin#
& Specimen hei#hts
& -i+ture volumetrics
' Air voids' Voids in mineral a##re#ate /V-A0' Voids filled ith asphalt /VFA0' -i+ture density characteristics
& %ust proportion
& -oisture sensitivity
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Superpave -i+ %esi#n
& %etermine mi+ properties at %esi#nand compare tocriteria
' Air voids 6* /or G8* ,mm0' V-A See ta!le
' VFA See ta!le
' *,mmat ini :G*
' *,mmat ma+ G:*
' %ust proportion )"8 to (";
i i
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Superpave -i+ %esi#n
,yratory Compaction Criteria
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