A.O. Langford1, C.J. Senff2, 1, R. J. Alvarez II1, R.M. Hardesty1, R. M. Banta1, W.A. Brewer1, S.P. Sandberg1, R.D. Marchbanks2,1, A.M.
Weickmann2,1, J. Brioude2,1, O R. Cooper2,1, B.J. Johnson3, S.J. Oltmans2,3
1. CSD, NOAA ESRL, Boulder, CO, United States 2. CIRES, U. of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States
3. GMD, NOAA ESRL, Boulder, CO, United States
A.O. Langford1, C.J. Senff2, 1, R. J. Alvarez II1, R.M. Hardesty1, R. M. Banta1, W.A. Brewer1, S.P. Sandberg1, R.D. Marchbanks2,1, A.M.
Weickmann2,1, J. Brioude2,1, O R. Cooper2,1, B.J. Johnson3, S.J. Oltmans2,3
1. CSD, NOAA ESRL, Boulder, CO, United States 2. CIRES, U. of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States
3. GMD, NOAA ESRL, Boulder, CO, United States
Stratosphere-Troposphere Transport (STT)in Southern California during CalNex
Did it happen and does it matter?
The proposed reduction in the 8-h NAAQS from 75 ppbv to 60-70 ppbv places greater importance on understanding the sources and processes that influence “policy relevant background” O3
PRB is O3 that would exist in the United States in the absence of anthropogenic emissions from the United States, Canada, and Mexico.
This includes O3 produced by photochemical reactions of NOx, VOCs, and carbon monoxide (CO) emitted from biogenic sources and wildfires, formed by lightning, transported across the Pacific from Asia and introduced into the troposphere from the stratosphere.
The proposed reduction in the 8-h NAAQS from 75 ppbv to 60-70 ppbv places greater importance on understanding the sources and processes that influence “policy relevant background” O3
PRB is O3 that would exist in the United States in the absence of anthropogenic emissions from the United States, Canada, and Mexico.
This includes O3 produced by photochemical reactions of NOx, VOCs, and carbon monoxide (CO) emitted from biogenic sources and wildfires, formed by lightning, transported across the Pacific from Asia and introduced into the troposphere from the stratosphere.
Motivation
Sprenger and Wernli, JGR, 108, D12, 8521, doi:10.1029/2002JD002636, 2003
Geographical distribution of mass flux associated with deep STT exchange events.
Geographical distribution of lower tropospheric ‘‘destinations’’ of deep STT.
Stratospheric intrusions on the West Coast (winter-spring)
Only “deep” (<3 km AGL) intrusions are likely to influence surface ozone
>>
TOPAZ Measurements of Stratospheric intrusions over LA Basin during CalNex
23 May 2010
29 May 2010
>300 ppbv
1736 UT 1824 UT
1748 UT 1836 UT
Stratospheric intrusion over LA Basin
29 May 2010
JTNP
Joshua Tree ozonesonde (IONS-2010)(Owen Cooper, Bryan Johnson, Sam Oltmans)
29 May 2010
35.0
34.5
34.0
33.5
-119.0 -118.0 -117.0 -116.0
Longitude (°E)
6
5
4
3
2
1
200150100500
Ozone (ppbv)
Sonde launch 22:01 UT TPZ: 675-679 19:37 UT
29 May 2010
Joshua Tree Ozonesondes IONS-2010(stratospheric intrusions)
200150100500O3 (ppbv), RH(%)
325320315310
theta (K)
5
4
3
2
1
014 June
RH O3
θ
2158 UT
200150100500O3 ( ), (%)ppbv RH
325320315310305
( )theta K
29 May
RH O3 θ
2201 UT
200150100500O3 ( ), (%)ppbv RH
325320315310
( )theta K
19 May
RH O3 θ
2150 UT
6
5
4
3
2
1
200150100500O3 ( ), (%)ppbv RH
320310300
( )theta K
11 May
RH O3 θ
1953 UT
EZ EZ
EZ
EZ
( )a ( )b ( )c ( )d
Particles transported by resolved winds and parameterized subgrid motions.
NCEP GFS winds: 0.5° x 0.5° horizontal, 26 vertical levels, 3-hour steps.Emanuel and Zivkovic-Rothman parameterization convection
Tracers Stratosphere: 25-55°N, 140-90°W, >2 PVU (60 ppbv/PVU), 10 days Free troposphere: 10-50°N, 140-90°W, 70-60 ppbv (PBL to 2 PVU), 10 days Asia: Asian sources (EDGAR 3.2) 0.33 CO (Heald et al.), 20 days Biomass burning : N. American and Asian sources 0.2 CO (McKeen et al.), 20 days
Target Domains
Santa Barbara: 34-35°N, 121-119°W 0-1, 0-3, 3-6 km AGL LA Basin: 33.5-34.5°N, 119-117°W 0-1, 0-3, 3-6 km AGL Mojave: 33.25-34.25°N, 117-115°W 0-1, 0-3, 3-6 km AGL
Particles transported by resolved winds and parameterized subgrid motions.
NCEP GFS winds: 0.5° x 0.5° horizontal, 26 vertical levels, 3-hour steps.Emanuel and Zivkovic-Rothman parameterization convection
Tracers Stratosphere: 25-55°N, 140-90°W, >2 PVU (60 ppbv/PVU), 10 days Free troposphere: 10-50°N, 140-90°W, 70-60 ppbv (PBL to 2 PVU), 10 days Asia: Asian sources (EDGAR 3.2) 0.33 CO (Heald et al.), 20 days Biomass burning : N. American and Asian sources 0.2 CO (McKeen et al.), 20 days
Target Domains
Santa Barbara: 34-35°N, 121-119°W 0-1, 0-3, 3-6 km AGL LA Basin: 33.5-34.5°N, 119-117°W 0-1, 0-3, 3-6 km AGL Mojave: 33.25-34.25°N, 117-115°W 0-1, 0-3, 3-6 km AGL
FLEXPART forward trajectory model(Jerome Brioude)
FLEXPART trajectories(Jerome Brioude)
18UT 23 May 2010
18UT 29 May 2010
4 km MSL
4 km MSL
FLEXPART Results: (3-6 km)
• 4 major STT events during IONS-2010 (3 on weekends)
•Excellent correlation with ozonesondes
(R=0.92)
35.0
34.5
34.0
33.5
-121.0 -120.0 -119.0 -118.0 -117.0 -116.0 -115.0Longitude (°E)
JTCL
VBG
mean wind SN
SB
LAB
MD
40
30
20
10
0
May 9 May 16 May 23 May 30 June 6 June 13 June 20
Date
Santa Barbara Los Angeles Mojave Desert
0-1 km ASL
100
80
60
40
20
0
May 9 May 16 May 23 May 30 June 6 June 13 June 20
Date
Santa Barbara Los Angeles Mojave Desert
0-1 km ASL
40
30
20
10
0
May 9 May 16 May 23 May 30 June 6 June 13 June 20
Date
STT AS BB
0-1 km ASLSanta Barbara
(a)
(b)
(c)
BB
Brad Pierce
ARB Ozone surface stations
UseUse
35.0
34.5
34.0
33.5
-121.0 -120.0 -119.0 -118.0 -117.0 -116.0 -115.0Longitude (°E)
JTCL
VBG
mean wind SN
Use Maximum Daily 8-h average (MDA8) O3
Santa Barbara
LA Basin
Mojave Desert
100
80
60
40
May 9 May 16 May 23 May 30 June 6 June 13 June 20Date
Vandenberg Carpenteria
100
80
60
40
May 9 May 16 May 23 May 30 June 6 June 13 June 20Date
Vandenberg
Thousand Oaks
(a)
100
80
60
40
May 9 May 16 May 23 May 30 June 6 June 13 June 20Date
Vandenberg Glendora
100
80
60
40
May 9 May 16 May 23 May 30 June 6 June 13 June 20Date
Vandenberg Redlands
(b)
(c)
(d)
100
80
60
40
May 9 May 16 May 23 May 30 June 6 June 13 June 20Date
Vandenberg Indio
(e)
MDA8 O3 along NW-SE transect during IONS-2010 (9 May – 19 June)
• Subtropical airmass in early June • 5 Exceedance episodes in east Basin• Highest average O3 in Mojave Desert
5 June30 May
35.0
34.5
34.0
33.5
-121.0 -120.0 -119.0 -118.0 -117.0 -116.0 -115.0Longitude (°E)
JTCL
VBG
mean wind SN
SB
LA
MD
FLEXPART Results: (0-1 km)
• Three major STT episodes
• No free tropospheric source for peaks
•No Asian transport or biomass burning
35.0
34.5
34.0
33.5
-121.0 -120.0 -119.0 -118.0 -117.0 -116.0 -115.0Longitude (°E)
JTCL
VBG
mean wind SN
SB
LAB
MD
40
30
20
10
0
May 9 May 16 May 23 May 30 June 6 June 13 June 20
Date
Santa Barbara Los Angeles Mojave Desert
0-1 km ASL
100
80
60
40
20
0
May 9 May 16 May 23 May 30 June 6 June 13 June 20
Date
Santa Barbara Los Angeles Mojave Desert
0-1 km ASL
40
30
20
10
0
May 9 May 16 May 23 May 30 June 6 June 13 June 20
Date
STT AS BB
0-1 km ASLSanta Barbara
(a)
(b)
(c)
5 June30 May
•PCA is non-parametric technique used to identify patterns of common variance in large datasets.
•Requires no assumptions about the data distribution.
•Principal components (PCs) are linear combinations of original variables weighted by coefficients (or loadings) ranging from -1 to +1.
•PCA is non-parametric technique used to identify patterns of common variance in large datasets.
•Requires no assumptions about the data distribution.
•Principal components (PCs) are linear combinations of original variables weighted by coefficients (or loadings) ranging from -1 to +1.
Principal Component Analysis
PCA Results
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)35
34
33
-121 -120 -119 -118 -117 -116
Longitude (°E)
PC2 (IONS)
35
34
33
-121 -120 -119 -118 -117 -116
Longitude (°E)
PC1 (IONS)
-1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
May 9 May 16 May 23 May 30 Jun 6 Jun 13 Jun 20
Date
30
20
10
0 T PC1T: 32.5-35°N, 119.5-117°W
R=0.74, P<0.001
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
May 9 May 16 May 23 May 30 Jun 6 Jun 13 Jun 20
Date
120
100
80
60 ABSV PC2ABSV: 30-35°N, 122 -117°W
R=0.48, P<0.001
5 June30 May
59%
16%
AmplitudesLoadings
-20
0
20
May 25 June 1 June 8Date
PC1 PC2
Carpenteria
-20
0
20
May 25 June 1 June 8Date
PC1 PC2
Thousand Oaks
-40
-20
0
20
40
May 25 June 1 June 8Date
PC1 PC2
Glendora
(a)
(b)
(c)
-40
-20
0
20
40
May 25 June 1 June 8Date
PC1 PC2
Redlands
-20
0
20
May 25 June 1 June 8Date
PC1 PC2
Indio
(d)
(e)
5 June30 May MDA8 O3 along NW-SE transect resolved into PC1 (photochemistry) and PC2 (transport) contributions
• PC1 only contributes to 5 June peak• PC2 increases O3 >10 ppbv in Santa
Barbara on 30 May • PC2 decreases O3 >10 ppbv in Mojave
Desert on 30 May
35.0
34.5
34.0
33.5
-121.0 -120.0 -119.0 -118.0 -117.0 -116.0 -115.0Longitude (°E)
JTCL
VBG
mean wind SN
SB
LA
MD
Marine 40 ppbv O3
High VOC High NOx
Marine 40 ppbv O3
High VOC High NOx
UT/LS 80 ppbv O3
Low VOC, Low NOx
60 ppbv O3
Med-High VOC Med-High NOx
60 ppbv O3
Med-High VOC Med-High NOx+20 ppbv
Urban 80 ppbv O3
High VOC High NOx
Urban 80 ppbv O3
High VOC High NOx
UT/LS 80 ppbv O3
Low VOC, Low NOx
80 ppbv O3
Med-High VOC Med-High NOx
80 ppbv O3
Med-High VOC Med-High NOx +0 ppbv
Polluted 100 ppbv O3
High VOC High NOx
Polluted 100 ppbv O3
High VOC High NOx
UT/LS 80 ppbv O3
Low VOC, Low NOx
90 ppbv O3
Med-High VOC Med-High NOx
90 ppbv O3
Med-High VOC Med-High NOx-10 ppbv
• STT did affect surface O3 in LA Area during CalNex.
• 29-30 May event increased surface O3 in Santa Barbara,Orange, Ventura and parts of Los Angeles counties.
• increase of ≈10-20 ppbv in Santa Barbara County (68 ppbv)
• decrease of ≈10 ppbv in eastern San Bernardino County.
•STT may lead to spring exceedances with lower standard.
• STT did affect surface O3 in LA Area during CalNex.
• 29-30 May event increased surface O3 in Santa Barbara,Orange, Ventura and parts of Los Angeles counties.
• increase of ≈10-20 ppbv in Santa Barbara County (68 ppbv)
• decrease of ≈10 ppbv in eastern San Bernardino County.
•STT may lead to spring exceedances with lower standard.
Summary
NOAA AOC Twin Otter crewNOAA Health of the Atmosphere Program
CA Air Resources BoardJoshua Tree National Park
NOAA AOC Twin Otter crewNOAA Health of the Atmosphere Program
CA Air Resources BoardJoshua Tree National Park
Acknowledgements
County-high MDA8 O3 during 2010
• Spring and Fall maxima in Santa Barbara• Summertime increase across Basin• Exceedances in east Basin April-Sept.• Highest MDA8 on June 5 (Crestline)• Less variability in High Desert
120
100
80
60
40
1/1/10 4/1/10 7/1/10 10/1/10 1/1/11Day
Ventura Santa Barbara
120
100
80
60
40
1/1/10 4/1/10 7/1/10 10/1/10 1/1/11Day
Los Angeles Santa Barbara
120
100
80
60
40
1/1/10 4/1/10 7/1/10 10/1/10 1/1/11Day
San Bernardino Santa Barbara
120
100
80
60
40
20
1/1/10 4/1/10 7/1/10 10/1/10 1/1/11Day
Santa Barbara Riverside
(b)
(c)
(d)
(a)
IONS-2010
NAAQS
35.0
34.5
34.0
33.5
-121.0 -120.0 -119.0 -118.0 -117.0 -116.0 -115.0Longitude (°E)
JTCL
VBG
mean wind SN
SB
LA
MD
County-high MDA8 O3 during 2010
• Summertime increase across Basin• Highest summer O3 in east Basin
• Episodic transport to Santa Barbara from Central Valley in Fall
60
40
20
0
-20
1/1/10 4/1/10 7/1/10 10/1/10 1/1/11Day
Ventura
16.8 ppbv
60
40
20
0
-20
1/1/10 4/1/10 7/1/10 10/1/10 1/1/11Day
Los Angeles
38.5 ppbv
60
40
20
0
-20
1/1/10 4/1/10 7/1/10 10/1/10 1/1/11Day
San Bernardino
43.0 ppbv
( )a
( )b
( )c
60
40
20
0
-20
1/1/10 4/1/10 7/1/10 10/1/10 1/1/11Day
Riverside
40.3 ppbv
( )d
IONS-2010
35.0
34.5
34.0
33.5
-121.0 -120.0 -119.0 -118.0 -117.0 -116.0 -115.0Longitude (°E)
JTCL
VBG
mean wind SN
SB
LA
MD
County-high MDA8 O3 during 2010 (less Santa Barbara)
Joshua Tree Ozonesondes IONS-2010(stratospheric intrusions)
200150100500O3 (ppbv), RH(%)
325320315310
theta (K)
5
4
3
2
1
014 June
RH O3
θ
2158 UT
200150100500O3 ( ), (%)ppbv RH
325320315310305
( )theta K
29 May
RH O3 θ
2201 UT
200150100500O3 ( ), (%)ppbv RH
325320315310
( )theta K
19 May
RH O3 θ
2150 UT
6
5
4
3
2
1
200150100500O3 ( ), (%)ppbv RH
320310300
( )theta K
11 May
RH O3 θ
1953 UT
EZ EZ
EZ
EZ
( )a ( )b ( )c ( )d
MDA8 along NW-SE transect during 5 high O3 episodes
• Little or no O3 increase on 23 May
• Largest increase in west on 30 May
• Similar trends on all other days
35.0
34.5
34.0
33.5
-121.0 -120.0 -119.0 -118.0 -117.0 -116.0 -115.0Longitude (°E)
JTCL
VBG
mean wind SN
120
100
80
60
40
20
-121 -120 -119 -118 -117 -116
Longitude (°E)
(16 May)
(23 May)
120
100
80
60
40
20
-121 -120 -119 -118 -117 -116
Longitude (°E)
(30 May)
(23 May)
120
100
80
60
40
20
-121 -120 -119 -118 -117 -116
Longitude (°E)
(5 June)
(23 May)
120
100
80
60
40
20
-121 -120 -119 -118 -117 -116
Longitude (°E)
(23 May)
(13 June)
120
100
80
60
40
20
-121 -120 -119 -118 -117 -116
Longitude (°E)
(17 June)
(23 May)
(b)
(c)
(a)
(d)
(e)
SB LAB MD
SB
LAB
MD
Joshua Tree Ozonesondes
12080400O3 (ppbv), RH(%)
325320315310
theta (K)
4
3
2
1
018 June
RH O3
θ
2155 UT
12080400O3 ( ), (%)ppbv RH
325320315
( )theta K
14 June
RH O3
θ
2158 UT
330325320315
( )theta K
12080400O3 ( ), (%)ppbv RH
5 June
RH O3 θ
2202 UT
( )a ( )b ( )c ( )e
12080400O3 ( ), (%)ppbv RH
325320315310305
( )theta K
29 May
RH O3
θ
2201 UT
6
5
4
3
2
1
12080400O3 ( ), (%)ppbv RH
325320315310305
( )theta K
15 May
RH O3
θ
2159 UT
( )d
1. 9-10 May (ozonesonde)2. 11-12 May (WP-3D, ozonesonde)3. 19 May (ozonesonde)4. 23 May (TOPAZ)5. 29 May (TOPAZ, ozonesonde)6. 11-12 June (ozonesonde)7. 16 June (ozonesonde)8. 26 June (TOPAZ)
Stratospheric intrusions during CalNex
MDA8 O3 during IONS-2010( 9 May – 20 June 2010)
100
80
60
40
20
-121 -120 -119 -118 -117 -116
Longitude (°E)
(30 May)
(23 May)
-20
-10
0
10
20
-121 -120 -119 -118 -117 -116
Longitude (°E)
(30 May)
100
80
60
40
20
-121 -120 -119 -118 -117 -116
Longitude (°E)
(30 May)
(23 May)
(a)
(b)
(c)
Surface impacts of stratospheric intrusions during CalNex
5000
4500
4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
34.334.234.134.033.933.8
Lat(°N)
(a) 29 May TOPAZ: 1933-1943 UT Ozonesonde: 2202 UT
CBL
120
100
80
60
5000
4500
4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
34.334.234.134.033.933.8
Lat(°N)
(b) 5 June
TOPAZ: 0127-0136 UT Ozonesonde: 2201 UT
CBL
•E•E
What are the surface impacts?
“Long range transport of ozone from ‐ the Los Angeles Basin: A case study”
Orographic Lifting
Langford et al., GRL, VOL. 37, L06807, doi:10.1029/2010GL042507, 2010
3-8 km MSL 300m AGL
Lifting of ozone plume above the San Gabriel Mountains by the Mountain Chimney Effect
Surface impacts of Asian transport during CalNex
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
6/11/10 6/21/10Day
Paradise
Sutter Buttes Shasta Lake
42
41
40
39
38
-124 -123 -122 -121 -120
Longitude (°E)
70605040
FLEXPART trajectories 01UT 3 July 2010 (3 km MSL)
Asia (CO)North America (CO)
Biomass Burning (CO)STT (O3)
Orographic lifting by San Gabriel Mountains during CalNex
2 July 2010
15 July 2010
ResiResi
“Increasing springtime ozone mixing ratios in the free troposphere over western North America”
Transport from Asia
Cooper et al., Nature, Vol 463| 21 January 2010| doi:10.1038/nature08708
3-8 km MSL 300m AGL
Residence times of FLEXPART back trajectories from highest 33% of 1984-2008 Western N.A. ozone measurements
Asia (CO)North America (CO)
Biomass Burning (CO)STT (O3)
FLEXPART trajectories 22UT 22 June 2010 (4 km MSL )
ReddingRedding
Asian transport layers during CalNex
22 June 2010
18 June 2010
Redding Sacramento(NASA B200)
Asian transport layers during CalNex
22 June 2010
FLEXPART trajectories 18UT 29 May 2010 (4 km MSL)
Asia (CO)North America (CO)
Biomass Burning (CO)STT (O3)
Stratospheric intrusion above SF Bay area on 26 June 2010
FLEXPART trajectories 22UT 26 June 2010 (4 km MSL)
Asia (CO)North America (CO)
Biomass Burning (CO)STT (O3)
FLEXPART trajectories 02UT 19 June 2010 (4 km MSL)
Asia (CO)North America (CO)
Biomass Burning (CO)STT (O3)
Examine daily ma 8-h ozone in Examine daily ma 8-h ozone in
Surface impacts of stratospheric intrusions during CalNex
Examine daily max 8-h ozone in 5 coastal air basins
Top Related