Stratification And
Stratification And
EducationEducation
Social Mobility
Social Mobility
Four Species Of Capital
Four Species Of Capital
Economic Capital
Economic Capital
Human Capital
Human Capital
Social Capital
Social Capital
Cultural Capital
Cultural Capital
Socia
l Mobility
Socia
l Mobility
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FaEdFaEd
FaOcFaOc 1stOc1stOc
EdEd
OcOc
Blau and Duncan 1967Blau and Duncan 1967
Speci
es
Of
Speci
es
Of
Capit
al
Capit
al
Important Resources
Important Resources They’re Fungible
They’re Fungible
(Able To Be Exchanged For Other Capital)
(Able To Be Exchanged For Other Capital)
They’re Transferable
They’re Transferable
(Usually From Generation To Generation)
(Usually From Generation To Generation)
They’re Unequally Distributed
They’re Unequally Distributed
(Often Because Of Accumulated
(Often Because Of Accumulated
Disadvantage)
Disadvantage)Economic Capital
Economic CapitalHuman Capital
Human CapitalSocial Capital
Social CapitalCultural Capital
Cultural Capital
Speci
es
Of
Speci
es
Of
Capit
al
Capit
al
Transf
err
ed F
rom
Genera
tion T
o
Transf
err
ed F
rom
Genera
tion T
o
Genera
tion
Genera
tion
Able
To B
e E
xchanged F
or
Oth
er
Able
To B
e E
xchanged F
or
Oth
er
Reso
urc
es
Reso
urc
es
• • Economic Capital:
Economic Capital:
Control of fControl of financial resources (e.g., cash, assets)
• • Human Capital:
Human Capital:Accumulated knowledge, skills, and physical
Accumulated knowledge, skills, and physical
capabilities gained through education
capabilities gained through education
• • Social Capital:
Social Capital:The collective value of all social networks (who
The collective value of all social networks (who
you know) and the inclinations that arise from
you know) and the inclinations that arise from
these networks to do things for each other.
these networks to do things for each other.
• • Cultural Capital:
Cultural Capital:Linguistic/cultural competencies (primarily
Linguistic/cultural competencies (primarily
tastes and dispositions) valued but not taught in
tastes and dispositions) valued but not taught in
schools.schools.
Embodied • Objectified • Institutionalized
Embodied • Objectified • Institutionalized
George BeckerJames ColemanPierre Bourdieu
Economic CapitalEconomic Capital
Poverty LinePoverty LineSingle: $10,830Single: $10,830Family: $22,050Family: $22,050
At/Below PovertyAt/Below PovertyAsian 12.5%Asian 12.5%White 12.3%White 12.3%Latino 25.3%Latino 25.3%Black 25.8%Black 25.8%
Race In SchoolsRace In SchoolsUrban: 35% WhiteUrban: 35% White
Suburban: 65% WhiteSuburban: 65% White
Economic CapitalEconomic Capital
Census 2010 BS MA MD/JD PhDAll
Workers59k 71k 125k 100k
Men 73k 88k 148k 117k
Women 44k 55k 88k 71k
Whites 60k 72k 128k 100k
Blacks 47k 58k 105k 93k
Hispanics 48k 74k 82k 96k
Human CapitalHuman Capital
Can Count To 20 Can Count To 20 White – 69%White – 69%Asian – 69%Asian – 69%Black – 69%Black – 69%
Hispanic – 41%Hispanic – 41%
Can Write NameCan Write NameWhite – 64%White – 64%Asian – 61%Asian – 61%Black – 58%Black – 58%
Hispanic – 49%Hispanic – 49%
Knows All LettersKnows All LettersWhite – 36%White – 36%Asian – 39%Asian – 39%Black – 37%Black – 37%
Hispanic – 15%Hispanic – 15%
School Readiness At Age 5School Readiness At Age 5
Can Read WordsCan Read WordsWhite – 75%White – 75%Asian – 79%Asian – 79%Black – 67%Black – 67%
Hispanic – 55%Hispanic – 55%
Nat’l Household Education Survey 2007
Some of the Some of the Hispanic Hispanic
deficiency can be deficiency can be accounted for by accounted for by
English being English being some students’ some students’
second language.second language.
Economic CapitalEconomic Capital
DeceaseDeceasedd
AbsenteAbsenteee
DivorcedDivorced
Social CapitalSocial Capital
Biracial Kids With Biracial Kids With White FathersWhite Fathers
Have Higher IQs Than Have Higher IQs Than Biracial Kids With Biracial Kids With
Black FathersBlack Fathers
Black Kids Adopted Black Kids Adopted By By White ParentsWhite Parents
Have Higher IQs Than Have Higher IQs Than Black Kids Adopted Black Kids Adopted By By Black ParentsBlack Parents
Moore 1986; Nisbett 1998
Cultural CapitalCultural Capital
Expanded Mobility ModelExpanded Mobility Model
Economic Economic CapitalCapital
Cultural Cultural CapitalCapital
Wisconsin 1971Wisconsin 1971
Social Social CapitalCapital
Human Human CapitalCapital
OccupatioOccupation n
AspirationAspirationss
EducationaEducational l
AttainmentAttainment
Educational Educational AspirationsAspirations
ACTUAL ACTUAL OccupatioOccupatio
nn
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Is It
Diff
ere
nce
s In
Is It
Diff
ere
nce
s In
O
pport
unit
y?
Opport
unit
y?
Facts:
Minority Kids Are More Likely
. . . to be in single-race schools
. . . to attend schools where teachers don’t live nearby
. . . to attend public schools
. . . to attend large urban schools
. . . to attend highly tracked schools
. . . to attend bureaucratic schools
. . . to attend poorly-resourced schools
. . . to be taught by uncertified teachers
And To Face Micro-Expectations In These Environments
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