8/6/2019 Statistics Linguistics 2010
1/42
Statistics for Linguistics
Dedi Irwansyah, M.Hum.
8/6/2019 Statistics Linguistics 2010
2/42
Issues in Second Language
Acquisition (SLA1. Linguistic Factors(non-linguistic factors)
2. Learners Characteristics
3. Instructional Variables
4.Learning Process
5. Age and Acquisition
6. Environment or Milieu
7. Goals or Orientation
8/6/2019 Statistics Linguistics 2010
3/42
1. Linguistics Factors
a. What is it that the learners mustlearn?
b. What are the linguistic
differences between the first andthe second language?
8/6/2019 Statistics Linguistics 2010
4/42
2. Learners Characteristics
a.
Who are the learners?b. What are their native languages?
c. What are their level of education
d. What are their socioeconomic levels?
e. Who are their parents?
f. What are their intelectual capacities?
g. What short of personalities do they have?
8/6/2019 Statistics Linguistics 2010
5/42
3. Instructional Variables
a. Methodological approachb. Text-book, course material
c. Teaching methods used by the
teacherd. Institutional factors
e. Amount of time spent inlearning
f. Frequency
8/6/2019 Statistics Linguistics 2010
6/42
4. Learning Process
a. How does learning takeplace?
b. How can we ensure
sucess in learning?
c. What kinds of strategy do
the learner use?
8/6/2019 Statistics Linguistics 2010
7/42
5. Age and Acquisition
a. When does the secondlanguage learning take place?(children Vs Adult)
b. Why does the age of learningmake a difference?
c. What is the amount of time
spent in the activity of thesecond language?
8/6/2019 Statistics Linguistics 2010
8/42
6. Environment or Milieu
a. Does the learning takeplace within the culturaland linguistic milieu of
the second language?b. Does the learning take
place within an artificialenvironment?
8/6/2019 Statistics Linguistics 2010
9/42
7. Goals or Orientation
a.
Whats the purpose?b. Are the learners motivated by the
achievement of a successfulcareer or by passing a foreignlanguage requirement?
c. Or wishing to identify closely withthe culture and people of the
second language?
8/6/2019 Statistics Linguistics 2010
10/42
8/6/2019 Statistics Linguistics 2010
11/42
Approach, Method,Technique
Edward Anthony (1963)1. Approach
Assumptions of the nature of lg,learning, and teaching.
2. Method
An overall plan for systematicpresentation of lg based upon a
selected approach.3. Techniques
Specific activities manifested in theclassroom.
8/6/2019 Statistics Linguistics 2010
12/42
Approach, Method,Technique
Richards and Rodgers (1986)
Method covers: approach, design, andprocess
1. Approach
Assumptions, beliefs, and theories.
2. Design
Specify the relationship of the theories toclassroom materials and activities.
3. ProcedureTechniques and practices that are derivedfrom ones approach and design.
8/6/2019 Statistics Linguistics 2010
13/42
Approach, Method,Technique
Refinement
1. Approach
2. Method
3. Curriculum/Syllabus4. Techniques
A wide variety of exercises,
activities, or tasks used inthe language classroom forrealizing the lessonobjectives.
8/6/2019 Statistics Linguistics 2010
14/42
Researches on Vocabulary1
Many students in our campus wrote about
Vocabulary. Below are some related factson vocabulary. (Brown, 375-380)
1. History
There was a period of time when theteaching and learning of vocabularywere undervalued.
Since the end of twentieth century there
has been a revival of systemic attentionto vocabulary learning
8/6/2019 Statistics Linguistics 2010
15/42
Researches on Vocabulary2
1. Approach
Lexical approach: words arebasic building blocks oflanguage.
2. Challenge
Current practices in teaching
vocabulary is quite differentfrom what it was in the pasttime.
8/6/2019 Statistics Linguistics 2010
16/42
Researches on Vocabulary3Some Guidelines of Vocabulary Teaching
1. Allocate specific class time tovocabulary learning.
2. Help the students learn vocabulary incontext by: (a) internalizing thevocabularies within the context, and
(b) teaching vocabulary within acommunicative approach.
3. Play down the role of bilingualdictionaries. It is unfortunate that
electronic dictionary uses rarely helpthe students to internalize the wordsfor later recall and use.
8/6/2019 Statistics Linguistics 2010
17/42
Researches on Vocabulary4
Several things to be considered in
researching Vocabulary:
1. Amount ()
2. Domain (food, sport, etc.)
3. Parts of Speech
4. Uses
8/6/2019 Statistics Linguistics 2010
18/42
Kinds of Hypothesis
1. Descriptive
2. Comparative
3. Associative
4. Predictive
8/6/2019 Statistics Linguistics 2010
19/42
1. Descriptive
Alternative Hypothesis (Ha)
The amount of time spent inlearning English is 4 hours.
Null Hypothesis (Ho)
Ho: The amount of time spent inlearning English is not 4 hours.
8/6/2019 Statistics Linguistics 2010
20/42
2. Comparative (a)
Alternative Hypothesis (Ha)
Female learners spend more time inlearning language per day than malelearners.
Null Hypothesis (Ho)
Female learners spend the same time inlearning language per day than malelearners.
8/6/2019 Statistics Linguistics 2010
21/42
2. Comparative (b)
Alternative Hypothesis (Ha)
Female learners differ from male learnersby learning English per day.
Null Hypothesis (Ho)Female learners do not differ from malelearners by learning English per day.
8/6/2019 Statistics Linguistics 2010
22/42
3. AssociativeAlternative Hypothesis (Ha)
There is a positive relationshipbetween similarity of relative clausestructures in learners first languageand English and their performance on
English relative clauses.
Null Hypothesis (Ho)
There is a negative relationshipbetween similarity .
8/6/2019 Statistics Linguistics 2010
23/42
4. PredictiveAlternative Hypothesis (Ha)
The similarity of relative clausestructures in learners firstlanguage and English influencestheir performance on English
relative clauses significantly.
Null Hypothesis (Ho)
The similarity . Does notinfluence their performance ...
8/6/2019 Statistics Linguistics 2010
24/42
Lecturing contract
The students are to write a journal
(in Indonesian lg) that embraces thefollowing:
1. What they have learnt.
2. What they want to explore more.3. Commentary on the classroom
management.
4. Commentary on the peerteaching.
8/6/2019 Statistics Linguistics 2010
25/42
If you fail toplan you
are actuallyplanning to
fail
8/6/2019 Statistics Linguistics 2010
26/42
Descriptive Hypothesis (One Sample)Sugiyonos Statistik untuk Penelitian
p.67-73
A. Statistik Parametris
Level of measurement: intrval
Confirmatory statistics: t-test
1. Case
Survey Lampu Philips
2. Hypotheses
Ha : 4 bulan
Ho : tidak sama dengan 4 bln
3. Data4. Data insertion
5. Output
6. Interpretation
if tobserved > ttabel, Ha is accepted, and vice versa
8/6/2019 Statistics Linguistics 2010
27/42
Structure Basic Word Order
Mari Kita coba menguji Hipotesis Berikut ini:
Ha : The Students of English Education Program of STAIN Metro finish theirstudies within 8 semesters.
Ho: The Students of English Education Program of STAIN Metro do not finishtheir studies within 8 semesters.
Here is the research data:
7 semesters = 8 students
8 semesters = 20 students
9 semesters = 17 students
10 semesters = 10 students
11 semesters = 6 students
8/6/2019 Statistics Linguistics 2010
28/42
Komparasi 2 Sampel 1
Paired-Sample Correlation
Commonly used for an experimental design
A research is conducted to know if there is asignificant difference in the students TOEFL
scores before and after they attend theStructure IV class. The research data is shownin chart 3.2. (p.98)
8/6/2019 Statistics Linguistics 2010
29/42
Ho:
There is not any significant difference in
the students TOEFL scores before andafter they attend the structure 4 class.
Ha:
There is a significant difference in the
students TOEFL scores before and afterthey attend the structure 4 class.
8/6/2019 Statistics Linguistics 2010
30/42
Komparasi 2 sampel 2
Independent-sample
Commonly used for a survey designCase: adapted from p.115 (volume air1500 ml only which is changed into
English national examination)
8/6/2019 Statistics Linguistics 2010
31/42
1. Case
A research is conducted toknow if there is a significantdifference in the Englishnational examination scores
between the MA students andthe SMAN students. (Theresearch data is shown in
chart 3.5. (p.116)
8/6/2019 Statistics Linguistics 2010
32/42
6. Interpretation
tobserved is 0.933
ttable (df. 18) is ..
When tobserved > ttable, Ha is accepted and vice versa.
Sig. Value is 0.363
When Sig. Value is = or < 0.05, Ha is accepted and viceversa.
8/6/2019 Statistics Linguistics 2010
33/42
2. Hypothses
Ho:
There is not any significant difference in theEnglish national examination scores between theMA students and the SMAN students.
Ha:
There is a significant difference in the English
national examination scores between the MAstudents and the SMAN students.
8/6/2019 Statistics Linguistics 2010
34/42
3. Data Collection
4. Data Insertion
5. Output
6. Interpretation
F and Sig. Values (when theFobserved is lower than Ftable or when Sig. Value is higherthan 0.05, the data is suppossed to be homogeneous).
8/6/2019 Statistics Linguistics 2010
35/42
Nenek Moyangku...Seorang Pelaut
Berjalanlah walau habis terang
Ambil cahaya cintaku terangi
jalanmu
8/6/2019 Statistics Linguistics 2010
36/42
In your journal, write down the following:
1. Kind of music that you like most
Pop ; Slow rock; Nasyid; Dangdut2. Movie genre that you like most
Romantic; Horror; Action; Detective; Comedy
3.Month of your birthday
4.One the four basic skills that you like mostListening; Speaking; Reading; Writing
5. Spare time activity that you like most
listening to the music, reading novel, doing
sport, browsing internet (fb)
8/6/2019 Statistics Linguistics 2010
37/42
Associative HypothesisTesting
P.163 172
Hubungan PositifX tinggi Y tinggi, atau X turun Y turun
Hubungan Negatif
X tinggi Y turun, X turun Y naik
Scatter plot: arah hubungan
8/6/2019 Statistics Linguistics 2010
38/42
1. Case
A research is conducted to knowif there is a positive andsignificant relationship betweenlistening performance and
speaking performance in..
Research Variable
X : listening performance
Y : speaking performance
8/6/2019 Statistics Linguistics 2010
39/42
2. Hypothses
Ha:
There is a positive and significantrelationship between listening performanceand speaking performance in.
Ho:
There is a negative and insignificantrelationship between listening performanceand speaking performance in.
8/6/2019 Statistics Linguistics 2010
40/42
3. Data Collection
4. Data Insertion
5. Output
6. Interpretation
If Sig. Value is or lower than 0.05, Hais accepted.
Correlation coefficient (p.172)
8/6/2019 Statistics Linguistics 2010
41/42
Nurgiyantoros Book:
1. Work in pairs (small group)
2. English-typed paper.
3. Choose any case in the book,including:
Case
Hypotheses
Data (output)
Interpretation
4. Deadline: next week
8/6/2019 Statistics Linguistics 2010
42/42
A: 50,50,50,50,50. 250/5=50
B: 70,30,20,80,50. 250/5=50C: 100,100,20,30,0. 250/5=50
D: 90,0,30,80,50. 250/5= 50
Pretest: 50, 70, 80, 100 = 75
Post test 30, 70, 90,100 =72,5
Top Related