u n i ve r s i t y o f co pe n h ag e n
Framework for reports on urban energy planning in 6 case cities
PLEEC Report D4.1
Fertner, Christian; Groth, Niels Boje; Große, Juliane; Read, Stephen; Rocco, Roberto;Meijers, Evert; Fernandez Maldonado, Ana Maria; Mashayekhi, Azadeh
Publication date:2014
Document versionPublisher's PDF, also known as Version of record
Citation for published version (APA):Fertner, C., Groth, N. B., Große, J., Read, S., Rocco, R., Meijers, E., ... Mashayekhi, A. (2014). Framework forreports on urban energy planning in 6 case cities: PLEEC Report D4.1. EU-FP7 project PLEEC.
Download date: 21. apr.. 2020
Deliverable 4.1
Framework for reports on urban energy planning in 6 case cities
FINAL VERSION 30 April 2014
Authors
UCPH: Christian Fertner, Niels Boje Groth, Juliane Grosse TUD: Stephen Read, Roberto Rocco, Evert Meijers,
Ana Maria Fernandez Maldonado, Azadeh Mashayekhi
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Abstract Main aim of report Thepurposeofthisreport(Deliverable4.1)istoprovideguidancefortheworkonDeliverable4.2(D4.2).D4.2willconsistofsixseparatecasestudyreports(or‘cityreports’,oneforeachofthe6PLEECcities)whichwillbeconductedbydifferentpersonsoftheWorkpackage4(WP4)‐team.Thereforeitisimportanttohaveajointframework,definingtherelevantquestionsandissueswhichshouldbeworkedon.However,asthesixcitiesareverydifferent,theframeworkstaysatageneralleveltoallowdifferentfociineachofthereports.Target group ThemainaddresseeistheWP4‐teamwhowillworkonthecasestudyreports(D4.2).ThewidertargetgroupareotherPLEECpartnerswhoareinterestedinWP4’sworkaswellasotherprofessionalswhowouldliketogetinspirationhowtoconductananalysisofenergyissuesinrelationtospatialplanningandurbanforminmedium‐sizedcities.Main findings/conclusions Fivemainchaptersaresuggestedtofollowinallcasestudyreports:
Overviewofcity(geography,socio‐economic,history,…) Historicalurbandevelopmentandspatialplanningdevelopment Evolutionofnationalandlocalenergyplanning Managementofurbanplanningandenergytoday Pilotprojects/goodexamplesofsustainabledevelopmentwhichevolvedoutof
theplanningsystem
Activities carried out including methodology used ThisdocumentisbasedonacontinuousdiscussionbetweenUCPHandTUDsinceJuly2013,reviewofliterature,theWP4workshopinStoke‐on‐TrentinNovember2013,discussionsundertakenaroundthevirtualWP4kick‐offmeetinginFebruary2014withcitypartnersandtheWP4workshopinTurkuinMarch2014.SomebackgroundmaterialcanbefoundintheAnnex.NotesfromthemeetingsareavailableontheinternalPLEEChomepage.The PLEEC project EnergyefficiencyishighontheEuropeanagenda.OneofthegoalsoftheEuropeanUnion's20‐20‐20planistoimproveenergyefficiencyby20%in2020.However,holisticknowledgeaboutenergyefficiencypotentialsincitiesisfarfromcomplete.Currently,avarietyofindividualstrategiesandapproachesbydifferentstakeholderstacklingseparatekeyaspectshindersstrategicenergyefficiencyplanning.
WP4locationinPLEECproject
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Forthisreason,thePLEECproject–"PlanningforEnergyEfficientCities"–fundedbytheEUSeventhFrameworkProgrammeusesanintegrativeapproachtoachievethesustainable,energy–efficient,smartcity.Bycoordinatingstrategiesandcombiningbestpractices,PLEECwilldevelopageneralmodelforenergyefficiencyandsustainablecityplanning.Byconnectingscientificexcellenceandinnovativeenterprisesintheenergysectorwithambitiousandwell‐organizedcities,theprojectaimstoreduceenergyuseinEuropeinthenearfutureandwillthereforebeanimportanttoolcontributingtotheEU's20‐20‐20targets.
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Table of Content
Abstract...............................................................................................................................................................2
1 IntroductiontoWP4–structuredrivenenergypotentials.....................................................5
1.1 WP4approach.................................................................................................................................................5
1.2 Structuralaspectsofenergyefficiency.................................................................................................6
2 Organisationofcasestudywork.......................................................................................................8
3 Dispositionforthecasestudyreports.............................................................................................9
4 Mainquestionsforeachchapter....................................................................................................10
Chapter3:Overviewofthecity............................................................................................................................10
Chapter4:Historicalurbandevelopmentandspatialplanningdevelopment.................................11
Chapter5:Evolutionofnationalandlocalenergyplanning....................................................................12
Chapter6:Managementofurbanplanningandenergytoday................................................................13
Chapter7:Pilotprojects/goodexamplesofsustainabledevelopmentwhichevolvedoutoftheplanningsystem..................................................................................................................................................14
Chapter8:Summaryofurbanenergyplanninginthecity.......................................................................15
Chapter9:Perspectivesforthethematicreport...........................................................................................15
Chapter10:LessonsforandlinkstootherPLEECworkpackages.......................................................15
5 References..............................................................................................................................................16
6 ANNEX.......................................................................................................................................................17
6.1 WorktocarryfurtherfromWP2...........................................................................................................18
6.2 Guideforinterviewswithstakeholders.............................................................................................19
6.3 Potentialchecklistforbasicsocio‐spatialfeaturesofcasecities.............................................21
6.4 Generaldataonlanduseandspatialdevelopmenttosupplylocallyavailabledata.......23
6.5 WorkshopStoke‐on‐Trent:Firstinsightsonspatialplanningpoliciesandenergyefficiencyinthecasecities.....................................................................................................................................24
6.6 WorkshopTurku:Urbanenergyplanninginthecasecities......................................................27
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1 Introduction to WP4 – structure driven energy potentials
1.1 WP4 approach WP4focusesonstructure‐drivenenergyefficiencypotentialswithinurbanplanning.Wetherebyunderstand‘structure’inWP4astwofold:(1)Theinstitutionalandplanningdimension.Theurbangovernancestructure,thestructureofactorsandinstrumentsofurbanplanningatthemunicipallevel,(2)Thespatialdimension,includingthephysicalstructureofthecity,itsmorphology,theurbanform,thecharacteristicsofthebuiltenvironment.Forbothaspects,specificgeographical/natural,political,culturalandhistoricalcontextshouldbeemphasisedWP4appliesatwo‐stepapproach:
1. Thefirststepis‘case‐driven’:Wecollectknowledgefromthesixcitiesandgeneralacademicliteratureonurbanparameters(urbanform,landuse,transport,infrastructure,…)andenergyuse.Thisresultsin:
aguidancedocumentsummarisingimportantquestions,methodsandbackgroundmaterial(D4.1)asinputfor
sixcasereports(D4.2),oneforeachcity
2. Thesecondstepis‘model‐driven’:Wewillworkonsynthesizingthematerial,elaboratinggeneraldescriptionsoftherelationshipofurbanstructuresandenergyandhowurbanplanningengagesinthat.Thiswillresultin
areportstructuringknowledgebythemes(e.g.housing,transport,landuse)(D4.3),and
ashortsummaryreport(D4.4),preparingWP4resultstobetransferredtoWP6
Themainengagementofthecasecitiesregardscollaborationinthefirststepbyprovidingknowledgeanddata(e.g.throughinterviewsandaccesstokeydocuments)forthecasestudyreportsandalsotodraftsectionsofthecasereports.
Figure1: Major
milestonesinWP4,seealsosection2
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1.2 Structural aspects of energy efficiency ItisnosecretthatEuropeancitieshaveincreasedtheirenergyfootprintsinthelastcentury(Droege2011;EEA2006).Thisisinspiteofthefactthatheavyindustryhasbeenadecreasingproportionofthetotaleconomyforsomedecadesnow.Mostvisibleistheenormousphysicalexpansionofourcitiesinthelastcenturyanditsimpliedproblemsespeciallyregardingtransportinfrastructureandlandconsumption.Wecanseethesechangesfromauseandfromagenerationperspective.Ontheuse(consumption)side,astheproportionofenergyconsumptioninindustryhasdeclined,theincreasehasbeenpredominantlydueontheonehandtotheconsumptionofenergyinbuildingsforheatingandcooling,andontheothertochangesinmodesoftransport(themotorcar)andincreasesintraveldistancesduetosuburbanisation.Thesechangesarerelatedtochangesinurbanform.Startingwiththesimplechanges,thereisanobviousstructuraleffectonenergyconsumptionduetourbansizeandpopulationincrease.Furtherstructuralchangesoccurascitiesbecomelessdense.Ontheonehandweseeariseinthenetandproportionalbuildingheatingloadandheatloss.Incitiesthathaveundergonesuburbanisationthiswillbelinkedtoincreasesinhousesizes,instand‐alonehouses(highersurfaceareatovolumeratios),andfallsinthesizesofhouseholds.Thesechangeswillbehelpedalongbychangesinheatingstandardsbutwillbeoffsetbybetterstandardsofenergydelivery,insulationandheatretention.Ontheotherhandweseelargeincreasesindailytraveldistancesandintheuseofthemotorcar.Thisislinkedtoincreasedseparationoflivingandworkplacesandaculturalandlifestylepreferenceforlivinginsuburbansettings.Itisalsolinkedtoincreasesinthespatial(regional)extentofland(forhousing,commercialandindustrialuse)andlabourmarkets.Thesemarketsmayalsotendtodiscountthecostsoftravelwithintheregion.Wehavetothereforeunderstandtoday’sincreasedenergyuseasstructurallylinkednotonlytothelifestylepreferencesformotorcaruseandsuburbanlivingbutalsotofactorsoftheregionaleconomy.Between1990and2006Europe’spopulationgrewby7%,whiletheurbanareainthesametimegrewby37%(Fertner2012).Ontheotherhand,compactanddenseurbandevelopmentissupposedtodirectlytranslatingintolowerenergyuseandcarbonemissionspercapita,lessairandwaterpollution,andgenerallylowerresourcedemandscomparedwithlessdense,lesscompactcities(Beatley2003,250).Butwecanseethatthetransitionfromadispersedtoacompactcityisacomplexprocesswithfactorsanddemandsthatconflictwithaimsofenergyefficiency.Onthegeneration(production)side,relativelycheapandabundantenergyhashistoricallybeenassociatedwiththeexploitationoffossilfuel(coalandoil)sources.Energyefficiencycanbeunderstoodintworatherdifferentways,firstlyintermsofanetreductionofenergyconsumption,butalsointermsofthereplacementofnon‐renewablesourcesofenergywithrenewableorclimateandenvironmentimpact‐freesourcesofenergy.Infact,energydemandisstillrisingandwithdecliningcoalandoilsupplies,thegapbetweenwhatthesesourcescandeliveranddemandwillgrow.Thisgapmaybefilledwithanumberofalternativesourcesandclearlytherearealternativeswhicharemoreenvironmentallyfriendly.Energyconsumptionmayalsobereplacedwithlocalproductionofenergy–aswhenbuildingheatingisprovidedbysolarpanelsorheat‐pumpsforexample,orcarsarereplacedbybicycles.Alsoaproliferationofgreener
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energysourcesmayoffermoreflexibilityofsupplyandsmart‐griddingandnovelstoragemeansmayofferefficienciesthoughclearlythereareproblemsthatwillneedtobesolvedregardingthetechnologiesandeconomiesofgenerationandsupply,especiallyindailyandyearlypeakperiods.Ourconcernhereiswithtendenciesofmorerecentenergyconsumptionandgeneration,relatedtostructuralchangesinpopulations,urbanregions,housing,transportationandculturalandeconomicwaysoflife: urbansizeandpopulationincreasesalongsideincreasinghousingdemands(more), de‐densificationofbuildingvolumeswithsuburbandispersal,thegrowthofsingle‐
familysuburbanhousing,andotherfactors,leadingtohigherheatingcostsandenergylosses(offsetbybetterheatingefficiencytechniquesandpractices),
changesindemandsforresidentialandotherspaceheatingandcooling,alongsidedistrictheatingandothertechnicalandorganisationaladvances,and
changesindailycommutingpatternsandincreasesindailytraveldistances,alongwithchangesinresidentialpatternsattheregionalscaleandtheriseofthemotorcarasfavouredtransportationmode.
increaseofeconomicwealthandriseofthemiddleclassmadeenergymoreaffordable(more)
Demographicchange,e.g.moresinglehouseholds(more)Understoodinanhistoricalperspectivewecanseechangesinregionalstructureasbeingasignificantcauseofincreasesinenergyconsumption.Itthusgoeswithoutquestionthaturbandevelopmenthasbeenadriverforenhancedenergyconsumption.Duetotheirreversibilityofurbandevelopment(‘lock‐in’),acrucialquestioniswhetherinthefutureurbandevelopmentcanbeturnedintoadriverofenergysavings?Ratherlikelyitisthatlargescalenationalenergypolicyisthekeyinstrumentandthatthekeyissueofurbandevelopmentisaboutfacilitationofnationalpoliciesandintroductionofenergy‐soundurbandevelopmentschemes.
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2 Organisation of case study work Thisreport(Deliverable4.1)isaframeworkforhowtostructurethecasestudyreportsandwhichquestionsandthemesshouldbedealtwith.TheframeworkwaselaboratedincollaborationbetweenWP4partners.Buildingonthejointframework,theworkonthecasestudyreports(Deliverable4.2)willbesplitbetweenpartnersasshowninTable1.Table1: Responsiblepartnersforcasestudyreports(Deliverables4.2)Case Universitypartner LocalpartnerEskilstuna UCPH EskilstunaCityTartu UCPH TartuCityTurku UCPHwithTUAS TurkuCity/ValoniaJyväskulä TUDwithTUAS JyväkyläCitySantiagodeCompostela TUD SantiagodeCompostelaCityStoke‐on‐Trent TUD Stoke‐on‐TrentCityThecasestudyworkhasstartedinformallyalreadywiththefirstWP4workshopinStoke‐on‐TrentinNovember2013.AtthemeetinginTurkuinMarch2014weconcretisedthethemesforthereportsanddiscussedfirstfindings.IntermsofworkloaditisexpectedthatthemainshareofWP4goestotheelaborationofthecasecityreports(D4.2).ThedistributedpersonmonthsperpartnerinWP4canbeseeninthePLEECDescriptionofWork(Workplantable6,page30).However,eachpartnerisself‐responsibletodedicatepersonmonthsinanappropriatemanner.UCPHorTUDwillbecoordinatorandmaincontributorinD4.2.Thecitypartnerswillbeinvolvedinsupportingthematerialcollection,providinginputforparticularsections(e.g.descriptionofkeyprojects)andindiscussingandreviewingthereport.Theconcreteorganisationoftheworkhastobedonewithineachcaseseparately.ThecoreworkonthecasestudyreportstakesplacefromMarchtoAugust2014.TheworkwillbefacilitatedbyregularSkypemeetingsbetweentheuniversitypartners.Anexchangebetweenthecitypartnersisalsodesirable,workshop‐stylediscussionsarethoughunfeasibleoverSkypeandthenextofficialmeetingwithallparticipantsisfirstplannedforDecember(Santiago).Still,anyotheropportunitytoexchange(e.g.duringapotentialEEFmeetingorBAP‐eventinCopenhageninOctober)willbeconsidered.EndofAugust2014draftreportsforeachcaseshouldbeready,sowecanstartthediscussiononcross‐cuttingissues(Deliverable4.3).Thediscussionwillbefacilitatedbya1‐2dayseminaratTUDelftinSeptember2014(datetobedecided).AlthoughallWP4partnersarewelcometojoinforthatmeeting,itisonlyrealisticforUCPHtovisitTUDelft,asthereisnospecificbudgetallocatedforsuchameetingintheproject.However,1‐2weekspriortothemeetingallreportswillbesentoutasdrafttothecitypartnerstoallowforcommentingbeforethemeeting.ThefinalcasereportsshouldbereadyforthemeetinginSantiagodeCompostelainbeginningofDecember2014.AtthatmeetingalsoadraftforDeliverable4.3willbeready.
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3 Disposition for the case study reports Table2: Proposedtableofcontentofthesixcasestudyreports
Chapter TitleApprox.pages*
0 Abstract(followingthegeneralPLEEC‐reporttemplate) 1
1 GenericWP4andD4.2introduction 1
2 Methods/data(shortpresentationofusedmethods,e.g.interviews,dataetc.)
2
3 Overviewofcity(geography,socio‐economic…)incl.WP2smartcityprofileresults
5
4Historicalurbandevelopmentandspatialplanningdevelopment(tounderstandthecurrenturbanstructure) 10
5EvolutionofnationalandlocalenergyplanningEnergysituationincountry,(historical)drivers,keylegislation,impactsoncity&implementationincity
10
6ManagementofurbanplanningandenergytodayMainactors,rolesanddistributionofcompetencies;Mainpolicydocumentsandplanningtools
10
7 Pilotprojects/goodexamplesofsustainabledevelopmentwhichevolvedoutoftheplanningsystem 10
8 Summaryofurbanenergyplanninginthecity 2
9 Perspectivesforthematicreport(D4.3) 2
10 LessonsandlinkstootherPLEECworkpackages 2
11 References
Total 50
*Thisisonlyforroughorientationandshouldbeheldflexibletoadjusttothecasestudy.Whenwehaveagreedonthetableofcontent,atemplatefile(.docx)forthereportswillbesentoutbyUCPHsowecanensureacommonformattingstyleandstructureinall6reports.Inthefollowingsectionbackgroundinformationforeachchaptercanbefound.
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4 Main questions for each chapter
Chapter 3: Overview of the city Question:Whatkindofcityisthis?Thissectionintroducesthecity’sgeneralcharacteristicshelptosetthecityinacontext.Mainmaterialcanbebasicinformationfromthecity(fromwebsitesetc.),generalliteratureandalsothematerialproducedinWP2,especiallyD2.1(EuropeanSmartCityprofile)andD2.3(EnergySmartCityprofiles).Thefollowingsubsectionscouldbeused:
Generalintroduction(location,cityimage/role) ShortoverviewfromWP2cityprofiles(D2.1andD2.3) History(Industrialisation/industrialchange/populationgrowth/housing/
phasesofdevelopment/regionaldevelopment) Localassets(Economy/industry,education,cultureandtourism),includingbasic
statisticsonsocio‐economicsanddemographics Ambitions(fromthecityadministration,ingeneralandinregardstourban
developmentandenergyefficiency)o Also:Howarethe20‐20‐20goalstranslatedtothecitycontext?
Figure1: PresentationofWP2’sSmartCityprofiles(D2.1)inStoke‐on‐Trent
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Chapter 4: Historical urban development and spatial planning development Question:Howdidthecitydevelopinrecentdecades,whatplanningideaswereintroducedforthegeneralurbandevelopmentandhowdidthisshapethecitiescurrentstructure?Thissectionshallgiveanoverviewovertheurbandevelopmentinrecentdecades,e.g.since1940soratleastsince1970s(oilcrisis).Importantstructuralplansshouldbeusedtoillustratethemaintrendsofurbandevelopmentaswelltheinfluenceofshifting(planning)paradigms(growth,restructuring,decline,compactetc.).Twomainelementsshouldbefocusedon:
1. Patternsofzoningforliving,industry,commercialcentresandlargeinstitutions2. Transportinfrastructure
Onlyafewplansareneeded.Ifmajorchangesinurbanplanningtookplace,theyshouldbeincluded(e.g.changesduetogrowth,populationorindustrialdeclineornewideasaboutthestructureofurbandevelopment)
FoururbanconceptsofspatialplanninginGreaterCopenhagen1947:UrbanunitsofpedestrianaccesstotheS‐traininthefivefingersandtramcarinthecenter1960:ComplementcentersinTaastrupandHundige+Lyngbywithinternalpublictransport.1973:North‐Southtrafficcorridorwithnewurbandevelopmentalongthecorridor(seefig.2)1989:Duetothegraveurbancrisis,the1973growthorientedregionalplanhadbecomeobsolete.Anewregionalplanwasdeveloped.Itresembledthestructureofthe1947‘Fingerplan’–withlongerfingers.Itbuildsupontheexistinginfrastructureandaprincipleofurbandevelopmentadjacenttostationsoftheregionaltrainsystem(S‐train).Figure2: ExamplefromtheCopenhagenregiononshiftingplanningparadigms
Sub‐question1:Didanyprinciplesofenergysavinginfluencethestructureplans?Thiscouldbe:
1. Increasingthedensityofnewhousing/promotionofinfillhousinginexistingareas?
2. Introducingpublictransport‐leadurbandevelopmentschemes(e.g.urbandevelopmentadjacenttopublictransporthubs)
3. Introducingbicyclinglanes
Sub‐question2:Howisthecitysituatedintheregionallabourmarket?Thiscouldbeilluminatedwithdescriptionsofeventuallysinglelargelabourintensiveworkplaces+commutingpatternsatthreeperiods:1970–1990–2010.
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Chapter 5: Evolution of national and local energy planning Question:Howdidnationalandlocalenergypolicyandawarenessevolveandhowdid/doesitframeurbanenergyplanning?Itissupposedthatnationalenergyplanningisaboutframingtheconditionsforoperationallocalenergyplanning.Isthattrue?Ifnot,arenationalagenciesoperatingatthelocallevel?Sub‐question1:Areanynationalpoliciesframingthekindoflocalenergysupplye.g.naturalgas?–waterturbines?–bio‐fuels?Howareambitionswithregardtoenergyefficiencyformulated?Howarepolicyprioritiesdecided?Havenationalmilestonesbeenset–concerning:
Reductionofoverallenergyconsumption? Introducingrenewablesinenergyproduction?
Doesnationalenergypolicyincludegoalsforchangingtheenergysupplyinurbansettings–e.g.
Increasingdistrictheatinginurbanbuildupareas? Increasingheat‐pumpsinruralareasatindividualorneighbourhoodlevels? Hasurbansustainableplanninganddevelopmentbeenincludedinthenational
energyplanning?
ForexampleDenmarkhasuptonownonuclearenergyproduction,whileinothercountries(e.g.Finland)nuclearenergyisanimportantenergyprovisiontechnology(seealsoNordicCouncilofMinisters2013)
Differentnationalpolicyprioritiescanresultinverydifferentdevelopmentofdistrictheating,despitecomparableclimaticconditionsandwealth(EuroheatandPower2011)
Figure3: ExampleofdifferentenergysituationsinsomePLEECcountriesSub‐question2:EffectontheoperationallocalenergyplanningHaveanyprinciplesinspatialplanning(seepervioussection),technologiesinheating,principlesintransport–orpilotprojectsbeenintroduced?Doesthencityuseenergydistrictsforenergyplanning–i.e.zoningofareasinwhichsomespecificenergysupplyiscompulsory(commonenergysupplyratherthanindividualsupply,supplyfromspecificenergyresources)?Ifso,theenergydistrictsshouldbemapped.Haveanyconflictsbetweenlocalandnationalenergypoliciesoccurred?
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Chapter 6: Management of urban planning and energy today Question:Whatisenergyplanninginthecityinquestiontoday? Inresponsetowhatcontemporary‘substantive’(industrialuse,demographic,
lifestyle,transportandcommuting(walking,cycling,publictransportation,motorcar),housinganddistrictheating(urbanandsuburban),urbanstructure)conditionsandpriorities?
Inresponsetowhatcontemporaryplanningandpolicyambitionsanddirectives? Whatistheroleofplanningtoday?(responsibility,communication,education,
promotionandparticipation,implementation) Howisenergyprovidedandusedatsubstantivelevels(seepoint1above)? Whatpolicies,priorities,practicesandregulationscontrolorattempttocontrolthat
use?Whatincentivesareinplaceforreductionofenergyuse? Whatarethenationalandlocalplanningstructuresinvolvedandhowdothesework
informulatingandimplementingpolicies,priorities,practicesandregulations? Howareparticularprojectsforthepromotionofenergyefficiencyinitiatedand
implemented?
Sub‐question1:Whoinitiatespolicyandhowisthistranslatedintopractice? WhataretherelevantelementsofEuropeanandnationalplanningpolicy? Throughwhatinstrumentsaretheseconnectedtothecityinquestion? Throughwhatinitiatives/directivesaretheypromotedandincorporatedintolocal
policyandpractice?
Sub‐question2:Howisthelocalpracticeandregulationsidestructuredandimplemented? Whatarethekeyelementsoflocalenergypolicy? Whatstakeholdersareinvolvedandwhataretheirrespectiveroles? Whatarethekeyinstrumentsofpromotion,education,regulationand
implementation? Whatelementsaremissed/notincorporated?
Sub‐question3:Whatarethekeydocuments?Theseshouldbesortedandclassifiedaccordingtoplanningandgovernance‘levels’.
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Chapter 7: Pilot projects / good examples of sustainable development which evolved out of the planning system Question:Whatarethekeyprojectsthroughwhich‘structural’energyefficiencyispromoted,developedandimplementedinthecityinquestiontoday?Here2‐3projectswithinthecityshouldbepresented,illustratingsomeoftheabovementionedinaconcretecase.Ifwetake‘structural’topointtothingsrelatedto‘infrastructures’(supply,transportation,districtormassheating,urbanstructure,eventhe‘infrastructures’ofenergyplanning,managementandassociationsofstakeholders(non‐regular‘assemblages’offorestryindustry,localfarmersandsmallindustries,electricitysupplycompanies,municipalwastecollectionandprocessing,andplanningauthorityforexample).Specifywhichoftheseforeachproject.Thedescriptionofeachprojectshouldinclude: aimsandambitions planningaspects stakeholdersandtheireffectiveparticipationandroles howthesuccessoftheprojectcanbemeasuredbyitsstructuraleffectonenergy
consumption.Foramoreconcreteevaluation,questionsfromthechecklistmentionedintheAnnex(section6.3)couldbeapplied.
Examples: aclusterofprojects,onepromotingbicycleuseinthecentralurbanareaand
buildingadedicatedbicyclepathsystemseparatedfrommotortraffic,anotherencouragingbusinessestorelocateinoldindustrialsitesontheedgeofthecentralurbanarea,andanotherpromoting‘loft‐living’inabandonedindustrialbuildingsandofficesinthecentralurbanarea.Thesetogethercanpromoteaculture‐lifestyleofshort‐rangecommutingandregenerationofthe‘compact’centralurbanarea.
acooperationbetweentheforestryindustry,localfarmersandsmallindustries,electricitysupplycompanies,municipalwastecollectionandprocessing,andtheplanningauthoritytomake50%ofelectricitydistributedinthecityfromrenewableresourcesby2020.
Adensificationstrategyfortheurbanareaandlimitationofdetachedhousingdevelopmentwithinthecity‐regiontoreduceenergyconsumptionfortransportandheating,accompaniedbythedevelopmentofaffordableorsharedsecondhomesinthehinterlandwithonlylimitedinfrastructuresupplyonanself‐sufficientbasis,butconnectedtoflexibleindividualtransportsystems.
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Chapter 8: Summary of urban energy planning in the city Ashortsummaryofthegeneraldevelopmentandtheenergysituationandplanninginthecity–basedonthepreviouschapters,includinglessonsforgoodpracticeandpotentialsforimprovement.
Chapter 9: Perspectives for the thematic report Perspectivesforthethematicreport(D4.3)shouldbegiven,e.g.particularthemeswhichshouldbeanalysedindepthacrosscasesandotherliterature.
Chapter 10: Lessons for and links to other PLEEC work packages WP4runsparallelwithWP3andWP5.DuringtheworkitisimportanttocoordinateandexchangewiththesetwoWPsastherearealotofpotentialoverlaps.E.g.thebuiltenvironmentandurbanstructurearecloselyrelatedtowhichtechnologies(WP3)weapply,e.g.regardingdistrictheating;alsobuiltenvironmentandurbanstructurearecloselyrelatedtohumanbehaviour(WP5),e.g.transportchoice.Also,feedbacktoWP2,althoughfinalizedalready,couldbegiven,e.g.regardingtheapplicabilityoftheidentifiedkeyfieldsanddomainstodiscussenergyandurbanstructure.Finally,remarksshouldbegivenregardinghowtobringtheseresultsfurtherintoWP6:
‐ whatcouldbeusedforafutureActionPlanofthecityand‐ whatcouldbeusedforamoregeneralmodelofanenergyefficientcity?
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5 References Beatley,T.2003,"PlanningforSustainabilityinEuropeanCities:AReviewofPracticesinLeadingCities,"InThesustainableurbandevelopmentreader,S.M.Wheeler&T.Beatley,eds.,London:Routledge,pp.249‐258.
Droege,P.2011,"OneHundredTonsToArmageddon:CitiesCombatCarbon,"InTheNewBlackwellCompaniontotheCity,G.Bridge&S.Watson,eds.,Blackwell,pp.108‐120.
EEA2006,UrbanSprawlinEurope‐Theignoredchallenge,EEA,Copenhagen,10/2006.
EuroheatandPower2011,DistrictHeatingandCoolingcountrybycountrySurvey2011.
Fertner,C.2012.Urbanisation,urbangrowthandplanningintheCopenhagenMetropolitanRegionwithreferencestudiesfromEuropeandtheUSA.Forest&LandscapeResearch,2012,(54)1‐151
Fertner,C.&Rocco,R.2013,Considerationsforurban/spatialindicatorsrelatedtoenergyuse.WP4statementonindicatordiscussioninWP2,EU‐FP7PLEEC,WP4Workingpaper2,availabeontheinternalprojectspaceonly.
Giffinger,R.,Haindlmaier,G.,&Strohmayer,F.2014,TypologyofcitiesEU‐FP7PLEECDeliverable2.2,availableonwww.pleecproject.eu.
NordicCouncilofMinisters2013,NordicStatisticalYearbook2013Copenhagen.
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6 ANNEX TheAnnexpresentsasummaryofvariouspreviouslyelaboratedmaterialinWP4orrelevanttoWP4whichcanbeusefulforthefurtherwork.
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6.1 Work to carry further from WP2 ThereareanumberofoutputsfromWP2whichshouldbeusedandpossiblydevelopedfurther:
‐ Keyfieldsanddomainsofenergyefficiency–weshouldusesimilartermsifpossibleasdevelopedinWP2–seeFigurebelow.ThiswillalsomakeourresultseasiertocarryfurtherinWP6.
‐ Generalinfooncity(D2.1&D2.2)–fortheintroduction,tohaveabroadunderstandingofthegeneraldevelopmentaswellastheperspecitivesofstakeholdersonenergyissues
‐ Energysituationincity(D2.3)–fortheintroduction,tohaveabroadunderstandingofdifferentenergysituationsinthecities
Figure4: KeyfieldsanddomainsofurbanenergyefficiencyasindicatedinWP2inPLEEC(Giffingeretal.2014)WP2materialisavailableontheinternalPLEEChomepageintheWP2‐folder.
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6.2 Guide for interviews with stakeholders Thecurrentplanforconductinginterviewswithstakeholdersinthepartnercitiesisasfollows:Table3: PlanforinterviewsPartnercity Interviewers Date
TurkuChristian,Juliane(UCPH),Roberto(TUD),Jari(TUAS) 24/25March2014
Eskilstuna Juliane,Niels(UCPH) 7/8May 2014Tartu Juliane,Niels(UCPH) 5/6June 2014SantiagodeCompostela AnaMaria(TUD) Spring‐Summer2014Stoke‐on‐Trent Roberto(TUD) Spring‐Summer2014Jyväskylä Stephen(TUD),Jari(TUAS) Spring‐Summer2014InTurkuinterviewswerealreadyconductedendofMarchbeforetheTurkumeeting.ThefollowingpeoplewereinterviewedinTurku:
RistoVeivo,DevelopmentManager,Climate,EnvironmentPolicyandSustainableDevelopmentofCityGroup,CentralAdministration,CityofTurku
OscuUurasmaa,CityPlanningArchitect,SkanssiProject,CityPlanning/EnvironmentalSection,CityofTurku
AnttoKulla,Developmentmanager,OyTurkuEnergia‐ÅboEnergiAb+colleagues(onefromelectricgrid,onefromdistrictheating)
JaanaMäkinen,Traffic&Transportationoffice,CityofTurku+colleague AleksisKlap,Naturalresourceplanner,RegionalCouncilofSouthwestFinland
Personsinsimilarfunctionsshouldbeconsideredforinterviewsintheothercities.AlsopoliticiansorpersonsengagedinrelevantNGOscouldbeconsideredtogetdifferentviewsonparticularissues.Thefollowingquestions(alsorelatedtothe4mainsectionsofthereport)aresuggestedtoguidetheinterviews:1. Nationalenergyregulationsandframeconditionsasseenfromthe
municipality Whatkindofregulationsformunicipalenergysupply/consumptionhasbeen
issuedbythenationalgovernmentsince1970?2. Spatialplanningevolution
Inordertofullyunderstandthecurrentplanningschemes,wecouldliketoprovideanoverviewofthekindofproblemsandgoalsplanningsincethe1940shasdealtwith(suchasgrowth,restructuring,declineorspecialtopicsorpolicies,e.g.nationalhousingprograms,localindustrialdevelopment,deindustrialization,…).
Didanychangeofoverallplanningconceptstakeplace Pleaseprovidecopiesofrepresentativestructureplans(Land‐useplansand/or
conceptualplans) Wasanyenergyperspectiveintroducedinspatialplanning?(e.g.compacturban
development–urbandevelopmentmatchingpublictransportationstructure)
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3. Transportplanning Whatarethemaincharacteristicsofthepublictransportsystem?
o Organizationo Mainlines(Map)
4. Regionalplanning
Hasanyregionalplanningaffectedthemunicipalspatialplanning?
5. Urbanmanagementandpublicsupply Whatkindofenergysystemsaredevelopedinthecity? Hasthecitybeenstructuredinenergydistrictsforspecialenergysupply?‐ifso:
o Pleaseprovidemapswithenergydistricts–usingthecurrentstructureplanofthecity
o Howisthedistributionofdistrictheatingandindividualheating?(inpercentagesandonmaps)
Pleaseprovidenumbersandmapsshowingthedistributionofpublicandprivatehousing
Hasthemunicipalitylaunchedpubliccampaigns,incitementsystemsortariff‐regulationsforenergysavings?
6. Goodpracticeofsustainabledevelopment
Hasthecitybeeninvolvedingoodexamplesofsustainableurbanorresidentialdevelopmentschemes?–ifso
o Pleaseprovideinformationmaterial
7. National/localenergypolicy Whatisthemaintargetofnationalandlocalenergypolicy
Energyefficiency(i.e.reducingenergyconsumption) Climateefficiency(i.e.reductionoffossilsinenergyproduction)
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6.3 Potential checklist for basic socio‐spatial features of case cities Thischecklist,developedbyEvertMeijersandcolleaguesatTUDelft,isagrosslistofpotentialdatawhichcouldbecollectedtosupporttheworkonthedifferentchaptersofthecasereports.Thisisforinspirationonlyandneedstobeadaptedtothespecificcasereports.Transportation,mobilityandenergyuseaspects1. Whatisthemodalsplitinyourcity/area?2. Whatarealternativelyfueledmodesoftransportationinyourcity?Whatisthe
percentageoftheseinrelationtototal?3. Whatareactionstakenbyyourcitytoincreasealternative/softwaysof
transportation?(bikingschemes?Alternativelyfueledpublictransport?)4. Doesyourcityhaveabicyclemobilitystrategyconnectedtoenergysaving?5. ArethereTODstrategiesinplace?(e.g.densificationaroundtransporthubs)6. ArethereTODschemesconnectedtoenergysavingstrategies?Ismobilityconnected
toenergysavingmeasuresinyourcity?7. Whatisthe%ofinandoutcommuters?Impactonenergyefficiency?8. Whichpercentageofresidentsisabletoreachwork/amenities/serviceswithin
reasonabletimeusingpublictransport/walking/cycling?
Residentialenergyuseaspects1. Whatpercentageofbuildingsareorientedtothesouth?2. Aretherezoningplans/regulations/strategiesthattakethisfactintoaccount,andtry
tostimulateorientingnewbuildingstothesouth?3. Arethereneighbourhoodsconnectedtoneighbourhoodheatingschemes?4. Arethereregulations/plansconcerningconnectiontoneighbourhoodheating?5. Mapsofenergyconsumption(differencesofenergyconsumptionindifferent
neighbourhoods?)6. Mapsofresidentialenergyconsumptioninrelationtoageofbuildings?7. Specificbuildingregulationinrelationtoenergyefficiency?Sincewhen?Impact
perceived?8. Howmuchcanyourmunicipalityenforcethesemeasures/controladherenceto
regulations?
Industrialandcommercialenergyuse1. Whatistheindustrialmake‐up/profileofyourcity?2. What’sthepercentageofindustrialoutputinthetotalGDPofyourcity?3. Whatareschemesforenergysavinginindustrialactivityinyourcity?4. What’sthepercentageofcommercial/servicesoutputinthetotalGDPofyourcity?5. Whatareschemesforenergysavingincommercialactivityinyourcity?6. Aretherepoliciesdiscouraging/encouragingcertaintypesofeconomicactivity
relevant/connectedtoenergyefficiencymeasures?
Generationanddistributionofenergy1. Whatisthemainsourceofenergyinyourcity?Whatistheenergysplit?2. Arethereschemestoproduceenergylocally?Effective?3. Whatarealternativesourcesofenergybeingpursued?
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4. Aretherepoliciesconcerningpricingthataimtoreduceenergyconsumptionenforcedbythelocalgovernment?
PresentUrbanForm1. Canyouprovideamapofdifferentdensitiesinyourcity?2. Canyouprovideamapshowingtheageofbuildings?(onlyrelevantinconnectionto
differentbuildingrulesaffectingenergyefficiencyinthedifferentperiods)3. Mapofindustrialsites/commercialsites/residentialareas?4. Whichpercentageofhousingisdetached/semi‐detached/attached/terraced?
Territorialmanagementstrategies1. Isthereadevelopment/expansionstrategyconnectedtoenergysaving?2. Arethereexplicitdirectivesconcerningtheformofnewdevelopmentsandenergy
efficiency?(orientationtosouth,directionofstreets,greencoverage,degreeofsoilpermeability/reflectivematerials?Heightofnewbuildings?Typologies(singlehouses/apartmentblocks)etc.
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6.4 General data on land use and spatial development to supply locally available data
WP2deliversarangeofstatisticaldata,whicharehoweverontheaggregatedcitylevel.ForWP4itwillbenecessarytohavemoredetaileddataaswell.Thiscanbeobtainedthroughthecitypartnersorthroughgeneraldatabases.RegardinglandusethereareafewsourcesonEuropeanlevelwhichmightberelevanttouse,alsobecauseofreasonsofcomparability.SeealsoWP4workingpaper2(FertnerandRocco2013)formoredetail.Table4: Europeandatasourcesprovidinglandusedataforthe6cities
Dataset Time Detail CoverageCORINEorUMZ(EEA)
1990,2000,2006 Minmappingunit25ha,minchange5ha,vector/100x100mraster
Allcities
Soilsealing(EEA)
2006 20x20or100x100mraster Allcities
UrbanAtlas(EEA)
2006 Minmappingunit0.25or1ha,vector excl.EskilstunaandJyväskylä
Figure5: TurkurepresentedinthreeEuropeanlandcover/usedatabases
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6.5 Workshop Stoke‐on‐Trent: First insights on spatial planning policies and energy efficiency in the case cities
AttheprojectmeetinginStoke‐on‐TrentinNovember2013asmallworkshopwasheldwherecityrepresentativeswereaskedtotellaboutpolicieswhichareputinplaceinthecitytoincreaseenergyefficiency.Thenoteswereafterwardsstructuredbygeneralthemes.Somethemeslikespatialplanningandpolicy,marketincentivesortheintroductionofnewtechnologieswerestronglymentionedbyallpartners,whileenvironmentalissues,transport,urbandesign,heritageandculturewereonlymentionedbysome(seeFigure6).AlsootherPLEECpartnersparticipatedintheworkshop,however,hereonlycommentsfromcitypartnersarepresented.Figure6: MainthemesinthediscussioninStoke‐on‐Trent
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Table5: KeywordsbycasecityrepresentativementionedinStoke‐workshop,structuredbytopics.
ESKILS‐TUNA
JYVÄSKYLÄ SANTIAGO STOKEONTRENT
TARTU TURKU
Parti‐cipants
4 1 2 2 1 3
Environ‐ment Biological
Ecologicalaspectsenvironmentalcommunitiesfoodgreencity
preservationofcommongoods
Planningandpolicy
buildingpermitsbuildingrightsClimatePlanlanduseplanlocalplansnationaldirectivesplansscenarioplanningandmodellingsimulationssteerdevelopmentZoning
notveryeffectiveforindividualbuildersstrictregulationsinbuildingpracticesZoning
buildingpermitsLANDUSEPLANSstrictrulesUrbanGeneralOrganizationPlanZONING
BuildingregulationsDevelopmentPlanLOCALPLANnationalcentrallanduseplanningpro‐sustainabilitytactics
landuseplans
cityplanningnotmanyregulationsplanningdepartmentprojectbasedRegionalStructuralPlanstructuralplan
Politics
officialsadvisingpoliticianspoliticalwillPoliticiansVotersadvice
neighbouringmunicipalities
centralgovernmentlocalgovernmentGREENDEAL
nationalgovernment
Mayorseveralmunicipalities
Market incentives construction
companiesincreasecosts
borrowmoneyprivatecompanieselectricbills
landownersprivatelyowned
Siemensprivatesectorexpensive
Technology
districtheatingenergyefficiencyenergysavingmeasuresheatpumpsheatpumpsaresimplynotasenergyefficientasdistrictheating.newtechnologiesventilationcontrols
servicesandotherinfrastructure
energyefficiencymeasuresnewtechnologiessolarenergytariffsthermalenergy
buildingapplicationimprovingbuildingslowerstandardsinbuildingsminimumstandardsnonationalaccreditationsystemsavingenergymeasuressustainablehousingdevelopments
centralheatingdistrictheating
newtechnologiesSustainableareas
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Transport
CyclingPlanTODtrainstationsTransportPlan
mobility
insufficientpublictransportlicenseforbusroutesmostprofitableroutespublictransportaredifficulttobetakenbylocalgovernmentstransportationisprovidedbyprivatecompanies
BicyclingTransportUrbanform
andurban
development
developmentanddensitiesincreasingdensityinareasalreadyservedbydistrictheatingLandUsesmallorientation
compactnesshousesinnon‐urbanareasNewhousingareas
compactcityloosingpopulationnewdevelopmentsorientationofbuildingsregionalsingularbuildings
morehouses landuseshoppingcentre
BrownfieldsnewareaNewhousingareasregional
Urbandesign
andheritage
heritagesitehistoricalcitymaterials,coloursandgeneralpreservationofoldbuildings
urbandesign
Culture
culturalattitudedevelopmindsnonegativevoicesagainstdensification
culturalattitudeWelikecompactcitiesindividualfreedomtobuild
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6.6 Workshop Turku: Urban energy planning in the case cities TheworkshoptookplaceduringthePLEECmeetinginTurku,26‐28March2014.PriortotheworkshopadraftofD4.1“Frameworkforcasestudyreports”wassenttoallWP4participants.Also,thecitypartnerswereaskedinadvancetoprepareandbringmaterial(maps,reports…)relatedtothefourthemesofWP4.Table6: WorkshopparticipantsPartner organisation Participant
Eskilstuna Vanessa Scheffler
Jyväskylä Laura Ahonen
Santiago de Compostela José Ángel Oreiro Romar, Eva Ezcurra de la Iglesia
Stoke‐on‐Trent Edward Sidley
Turku Risto Veivo, Oscu Uurasmaa
Regional Council SW‐Finland Aleksis Klapp
TUAS Jari Hietaranta
TU Delft Stephen Read
UCPH Christian Fertner, Niels Boje Groth, Juliane Grosse
EEM Mikael Kullman
Natural Oy Celia Peterson (facilitator) TherewasnoparticipantfromTartuinourworkshop,however,someissueswherediscussedwithKasperAlevandJaanusTammduringajointdinnerinTurku.
Figure7: Photosfromtheworkshop
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Belowsomenotesfromthediscussions,summarizedbyChristianFertner(UCPH),notnecessarilyreflectingtheopinionofthecitypartners.Generalissueswhichcouldbeelaboratedfurtheron:
Historicalplans–didtheygetrealised(Ed) PlansnotonlyforthemunicipalitybutfortheFunctional‐Urban‐Region(Jari) Effectsofmunicipalreforms–inthepastandfuture(Laura) Relationtoneighbouringmunicipalities:Cooperation(infrastructure)vs.
Competition(housing,taxes):“Weprotectoursideofthelake,buttheydesignatenewhousingareasontheirside.”(Jose)
Nationalpoliciessettheframe(Niels) “Consideralsotheotherside”–economicdrivesfordevelopment,whodecides
actually,whohascapital(Stephen) Howtodesigntheurbanenergysystemsothatpeak‐usageisavoided–e.g.with
amixofdifferentprovidersandusers(Oscu) Havetofindnewwaysfor(local)energycompaniestomakemoney Connectthesystems!(CHP,Biogas,transportmodes…) Consideralsoenergycompanies/energyproduction(Stephen)&howisenergy
reductionseenbymunicipalities,consumersandproducers Alsoworkonfutureplans/visions(Lauri) Howtochangeembeddedhabitsoftodaytoembeddedhabitsoftomorrow?
(Stephen)NotespercitySantiago:
Regionallaws,butnoregionalplan Emptyhistoricalbuildingsinthecentre
Jyväskylä:
Fragmentedmunicipalarea(MuuramemunicipalitysurroundedbyJyväskylämunicipality)
Historicallydispersedurbanstructure–traditionallynospacerestrictions Today,alsoacompacturbanareaisvalued,butitisnewinaFinnishcontext. “Finlandhasurbanised,finally.”
Eskilstuna:
New,directtrainconnectiontoStockholmin1998(1:00h)–secondtrackplanned,tobeopened2017(0:50h)commutingfrom/toStockholmpossible
Alsogrowthinjobs? MigrationfromStockholmbutalsofromsmalltownsaroundEskilstuna Densificationstrategyfortheinnercity,usingbrownfieldandunusedparking
areas Canmakespecialcontractswithdevelopersifmunicipallandgetsdeveloped–
notwhenit’sprivatelandTurku(muchmoreavailablefromtheinterviewtapes):
Differentalternativesfortheregionalformofthecityanditsinfrastructure(polycentric,starshaped,sprawl…)whereconsideredforTurku
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Politiciansfocuson:landowners,voters,attractingnewinhabitantsStoke:
Akeyobjectiveofnationalpolicyistoproactivelydriveandsupportsustainableeconomicdevelopment.Housingdevelopmentisseenasakeypartinachievingthisaim.
Ifaproposalcanprovidejobsorhousing,thencriteriaforsustainabledevelopment,insomecases,arenotprioritised.
90%ofallflatsareprivatelyowned.MaterialpreparedfortheworkshopbythecitypartnersisavailableontheinternalPLEEChomepageintheWP4‐folder.Thenotesdonotnecessarilyreflecttheopinionofourcitypartners.
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