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Start Your Own Printing Business.
Offset, Gravure, Flexo and
Screen Printing
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Table of Contents
1. Principles of Contact (Impression)
Introduction
Pr int ing Methods
The Pr int ing S ystem
Preparatory S ect ions
Halftone Photography
Platemaking
Pr int ing
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Binding and Finishing
Inks for Letterpress and Lithography
S pecia lity Pr int ing
2. Principles of Noncontact Printing
Introduction
Impact less pr int ing system for var iable pr int ing
S ummary
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3. Coated Grades and Commercial Printing
Coated and Commercia l Papers
Coating Methods
Coating Mater ia ls
Adhesives
Coated Paper Proper t ies and Use
4. Tests for Gravure Printing
Introduction
Pr int S moothness
Gravure Pr int Test ing
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5. Tests for Letterpress Printing
Pr int ing S moothness
Uniformity for paper sur face
6. Tests for Offset Printing
Introduction
Runnability
S ur face S tr ength
Water Resistance
Mechanical Proper t ies
Web Runnability
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7. Line Photography
Making a Negative
The Process Lens and its Care
Care of Process Lenses
Illumination
S ensit ive Mater ia ls
Photographic S ensitometry
Types of Contrast Emulsions
Fur ther Classificat ion
S caling Copy
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Placing the Lens, Arc-lights and Ground Glass
Obtainable Illumination of the Copy Board
Focusing the Image S ame S ize
Organizat ion of the Dark Room
Prepar ing for the Development Operat ion
Making the Exposure
Making a Negative from Black and White Line Copy
Developing
Developing Chemicals
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Developing Action and Chemicals
Effect of Time and Temperature
Reduction and Enlargement
Producing Negatives from Fine Line Copy
Making Negatives with Filter and
Orthochromatic Emulsion
Dry Plate Negatives and Paper Negatives
Clear ing the Negative
Producing Negatives from S creened Copy
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8. Halftone Photography
Making a Halftone with a Glass Crossline S cr een
Making a Halftone with Magenta Contact S cr een
9. The Camera Department-its Equipment,
Facilit ies and Tools
The Lightroom
Lightroom Equipment
The Darkroom
Darkroom Entrance
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Darkroom Ventilat ion
Darkroom Equipment
The Arc Light
Types of Arc Lamps
Light from an Arc Lamp
Types of Carbon Used
Carbon Arc Character ist ics
Illumination Requirements of Arc Lamps
S pectra l Character ist ics of Arc Light
Hints on the use of Arc Lamps
Exposure Matter s and Light Integrator s
The Exposure Matter
The Light Integrator
The Photographer 's Tools
S afety in the Camera Depar tment
10. Description of Handling Originals
for Halftone Reproduction
Originals for Halftone Photography
Problems Associat ion with Var ious K inds of Copy
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Ink S ketches
Photographic Pr ings
Watercolour Drawings
Pastel Drawings, Crayon Drawings and Oil Paint ings
Dye Transfer Pr ints
Carbro Pr ings
Grouping of Or iginals
Grouping of Or iginals by S ize
Grouping of Or iginals by Tonal Range
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11. Focusing the Camera
Ground Glass Focusing
Focusing with Calibrated Tapes
Focusing with Numer ical Counter s
12. Viewing the Halftone Image
Dot Fr inge
Evaluating the Halftone Negative
The Highlight Area
The Middle Tone Area
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The S hadow Area
Tonal Range on the Press
13. Shooting Halftones with the Glass Screen
Focusing the S cr een
S cr een Ruling and the Wavelength of Light
S cr een Aper ture to S cr een Distance Ratios S ett ing the
S cr een
S ett ing the S cr een with a Calibrated Wedge
S cr een S ett ing by Visual Focusing
S cr een S ett ing by Camera Test Exposure
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S ingle and Mult iple Exposure S ystem
S ome Observat ions on Var ious S top S ystems
Miscellaneous Exposure Information
Exposure Changes for Different Magnificat ion
Angular Var iat ion of Light Intensity
The Use of the f64 S top
14. Special Processing Procedures in Making Halftones
Etching and Chemical Reduction
The Physical Act ion of Reduction
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S ubstract ive Reducer s
Propor t ional Reducer s
Intensificat ion
S pecia l Hardener -for after Treatment
of Films and Plates
15. Special Halftone Camera Techniques
S cr een Tints
Light S ources for S creen Tints
Vignett ing
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Light Var iat ion with Angular Distance
Development Factor s S uggest ions for Better S cr een
Tints
Dropout Negatives (Highlight Negatives)
Large Aper ture Exposures
S upplementary Line Exposure
S ear s Method
Over lay Mask Method
Others Methods
Re-S cr eening Halftones
Duotones
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Prepar ing the Copy for a Duotone
S hooting the Pr imary Negative
S hooting the S econdary Negatives
Var iat ions on a Theme
Opaquing Masks
The Indirect Process of Making Halftone Images
Procedure for S hooting the Continuous-Tone Negative
Hints for the Indirect Process
Image Rever sal
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16. Screen Printing
S elect Cor rect S cr een Pr int ing Fabr ic
An Antistat ic S tencil Mesh
S creen Pr int ing Frames
S tretching Equipment
Cor rect S tr etching
Adhesives
The Manufacture of Diaposit ives
S tencils
The Diaposit ive
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17. Application of Screen Printing
S cr een Pr int ing Accessor ies
S tencils
Chemicals Used and Formulat ions
Common Faults in S cr een Pr int ing
Pr int ing Unit
Automatic S cr een Pr int ing Machine
S cr een Pr int ing on Different S ur faces
Inks for S creen Pr int ing
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18. Offset Lithography
Pr int ing Processes
Or igin and History of Lithography
J ob Planning
Evolution of Offset Pr int ing
Offset Machine Construct ion
Pre-Make Ready and Make Ready
S ett ing the Machine for Operat ion
S mall Offset
Running Problems
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Colour
Roller s
19. Planogrphy
Origin of Planography
Pr inciple of Planographic Pr int ing
Direct Pr int ing Process
Offset Pr int ing Process
Working Process
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20. Materials, Tools and Equipments
Lithographic varnish
Acids
Turpentine
French Chalk
Resin
Asphaltum
Paraffin
Drier s
S ponge
Dampening Cloth
Vaseline
Tools and Equipments
S cr aper
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Ink K nife
Wrench
Proofing Devices
Mechanical Features
Automatic Proof Presses402
Qualit ies of a Good Proof
21. Sheetfed Offset Machines
Names of the machines
Mechanical Features
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Lubr icat ion
S heet feeding mechanism
S heet board
Functions of blowers
Functions of the blower foot
S heet lift ing and forwarding
S heet Controls
S heet Register
S heet Inser t ion and Transfer
Inking S ystem
Distr ibution S ystem
Mult iroll S ystem
Wash-up device
Adjustment of Roller s
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Different Dampening S ystems
Cleaning of Dampeners
Construct ion of the machine
Working on the cleaning machine
Plate Cylinder
Blanket Cylinder
Impression Cylinder
Adjustment of Cylinder s
Advantages of Both Pr inciples
Delivery Mechanism
Anti-setoff S pray
Miscellaneous Operat ions
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22. Web Offset Machines
Driving Mechanism
Pr int ing Units
Main Par ts of Pr int ing Unit
Inking S ystem
Delivery Unit
Folding Unit
Ancillary Operat ions by Delivery Unit
23. Colour and its Reproduction
Terminology Related to Colour
Mixing and Matching of Color s
S equence of Colours in Pr int ing
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24. Quality Control in Printing
Before Pr int ing
Dur ing Pr int ing
After Pr int ing
25. Flexography
Flexography
Flexographic Platemaking
Photochemical Change
Rotary Pr inciple
Rubber Plates
S ubstrates
Paper and Board
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26. Rotogravure
27. Creative Frees Printer
Popular Product with Power ful Appeal
Topical Information Mix
Individual Brand of S uccess
Production-Dr iven Investment
As Horst Brost ler Explains
Flexibility in Many S pheres
S uper-Wide Rotogravure Presses in Big Demand
Brownie points of gravure
New Techniques for Handling Giant Reels
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Bigger Core Diameteres Needed to
Handle Higher S peeds
A Host of Optimised Details
Light Weight Guide Roller s
Process Computer S ystems With Visualisat ion
28. Shaftless Spearheads Expansion
Economic Effciency-the Clincher
Eightfold Increase in S ales
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Confidence in K BA Technology
Commissioning to a Tight S chedule
29. Plant and Machineries for the Printing Technology
30. Manufacturers & Suppliers of Raw Material
31. Indian Printing Associations
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o One of the leading reliable names in industrial world for
providing the most comprehensive technical consulting services
o We adopt a systematic approach to provide the strong
fundamental support needed for the effective delivery of services
to our Clients’ in India & abroad
Who are we?
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o Project Identification
o Detailed Project Reports/Pre-feasibility Reports
o Business Plan
o Industry Trends
o Market Research Reports
o Technology Books and Directory
o Databases on CD-ROM
o Laboratory Testing Services
o Turnkey Project Consultancy/Solutions
o Entrepreneur India (An Industrial Monthly Journal)
What do we offer?
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o We have two decades long experience in project consultancy and
market research field
o We empower our customers with the prerequisite know-how to
take sound business decisions
o We help catalyze business growth by providing distinctive and
profound market analysis
o We serve a wide array of customers , from individual
entrepreneurs to Corporations and Foreign Investors
o We use authentic & reliable sources to ensure business precision
How are we different ?
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Our Approach
Requirement collection
Thorough analysis of the project
Economic feasibility study of the Project
Market potential survey/research
Report Compilation
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Who do we serve?
o Public-sector Companies
o Corporates
o Government Undertakings
o Individual Entrepreneurs
o NRI’s
o Foreign Investors
o Non-profit Organizations, NBFC’s
o Educational Institutions
o Embassies & Consulates
o Consultancies
o Industry / trade associations
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Sectors We Cover
o Ayurvedic And Herbal Medicines, Herbal Cosmetics
o Alcoholic And Non Alcoholic Beverages, Drinks
o Adhesives, Industrial Adhesive, Sealants, Glues, Gum & Resin
o Activated Carbon & Activated Charcoal
o Aluminium And Aluminium Extrusion Profiles & Sections,
o Bio-fertilizers And Biotechnology
o Breakfast Snacks And Cereal Food
o Bicycle Tyres & Tubes, Bicycle Parts, Bicycle Assembling
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Sectors We Cover Cont…
o Bamboo And Cane Based Projects
o Building Materials And Construction Projects
o Biodegradable & Bioplastic Based Projects
o Chemicals (Organic And Inorganic)
o Confectionery, Bakery/Baking And Other Food
o Cereal Processing
o Coconut And Coconut Based Products
o Cold Storage For Fruits & Vegetables
o Coal & Coal Byproduct
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Sectors We Cover Cont…
o Copper & Copper Based Projects
o Dairy/Milk Processing
o Disinfectants, Pesticides, Insecticides, Mosquito Repellents,
o Electrical, Electronic And Computer based Projects
o Essential Oils, Oils & Fats And Allied
o Engineering Goods
o Fibre Glass & Float Glass
o Fast Moving Consumer Goods
o Food, Bakery, Agro Processing
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Sectors We Cover Cont…
o Fruits & Vegetables Processing
o Ferro Alloys Based Projects
o Fertilizers & Biofertilizers
o Ginger & Ginger Based Projects
o Herbs And Medicinal Cultivation And Jatropha (Biofuel)
o Hotel & Hospitability Projects
o Hospital Based Projects
o Herbal Based Projects
o Inks, Stationery And Export Industries
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Sectors We Cover Cont…
o Infrastructure Projects
o Jute & Jute Based Products
o Leather And Leather Based Projects
o Leisure & Entertainment Based Projects
o Livestock Farming Of Birds & Animals
o Minerals And Minerals
o Maize Processing(Wet Milling) & Maize Based Projects
o Medical Plastics, Disposables Plastic Syringe, Blood Bags
o Organic Farming, Neem Products Etc.
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Sectors We Cover Cont…
o Paints, Pigments, Varnish & Lacquer
o Paper And Paper Board, Paper Recycling Projects
o Printing Inks
o Packaging Based Projects
o Perfumes, Cosmetics And Flavours
o Power Generation Based Projects & Renewable Energy Based Projects
o Pharmaceuticals And Drugs
o Plantations, Farming And Cultivations
o Plastic Film, Plastic Waste And Plastic Compounds
o Plastic, PVC, PET, HDPE, LDPE Etc.
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Sectors We Cover Cont…
o Potato And Potato Based Projects
o Printing And Packaging
o Real Estate, Leisure And Hospitality
o Rubber And Rubber Products
o Soaps And Detergents
o Stationary Products
o Spices And Snacks Food
o Steel & Steel Products
o Textile Auxiliary And Chemicals
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Sectors We Cover Cont…
o Township & Residential Complex
o Textiles And Readymade Garments
o Waste Management & Recycling
o Wood & Wood Products
o Water Industry(Packaged Drinking Water & Mineral
Water)
o Wire & Cable
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NIIR PROJECT CONSULTANCY SERVICES
106-E, Kamla Nagar, New Delhi-110007, India.
Email: [email protected] , [email protected]
Tel: +91-11-23843955, 23845654, 23845886
Mobile: +91-9811043595
Website :
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