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xecutive summary“ f every child
arrived in chool
well-nourihed,
healthy and ready
to learn, from a
family with a table
home and a teady
income, many of
our educational
problem would
be olved. And that
would be a miracle.”
iane avitch,
education hitorian
and former U.s.
itant secretary
of ducationi
This is th sod i a sis o pots oissiod y Stad Up! chiago to addss th
isis o low-wag wok aig chiago’s ouitis. This pot, podud i patship
with th chiago Tahs Uio (cTU), daws upo ut aadi sah i th
ild o duatio poliy to povid a ophsiv aalysis o th latioship tw
low wags ad duatioal attait o studts i chiago Puli Shools (cPS). Ou
sah vals that aisig wags o low-io ailis i chiago would lad to high
tst sos, gaduatio ats ad ollg adissio ats o cPS studts, ad would hav a
dit positiv ipat o shool poa as a whol.
Specifcally, his repr fnds ha:
• Chcgo’sductoncrssrmnsntrctbl,dstdcdsofnstrtgsnd
pogas to ipov aadi outos. cPS studts otiu to all low atioal
haks i a vaity o asus. I 2012, th high shool dopout at o cPS studtswas 35%—o tha doul th atioal avag—ad adig ad ath tst sos, as wl
as ollg adiss ats, ll sigiatly low atioal avags.
• ChcgoslsofcngovrtycrssththsntnsdsncthGrtRcssonbgn
i 2008. Aodig to U.S. csus data, th hild povty at i chiago iasd y aly
20% tw 2008 ad 2011, ad ow wll ov o-thid o chiago’s hild liv low
th dal povty li. cPS data shows that 87% o studts o o housholds with
ios low ough to qualiy o o dud shool luhs, ad 4% o th studt
populatio is holss.
• Ournlyssshosthta o pat/o hild aily i chiago would hav to a aaual io o aout $35,859, o th quivalt o $17.24 p hou o a ull-ti wok, to
al to t thi asi ds. This is o tha doul th aigs o a iiu wag
wok aig $8.25 p hou, ad sigiatly o tha a low-wag wok, dd as a
wok aig $12.00 p hou o lss.ii
• ThrsdrctrltonshbtnChcgo’sductonndovrtycrss.Studntslvng
i o xpiig hildhood povty a uh o likly to a sigiat uaddssd
ostals to lassoo laig tha thi iddl- ad upp-io outpats, ad
this ipats duatioal outos. I at, data shows that aily io is ow th ost
sigiat pdito o aadi suss aog studts i th U.S.iii
• cut poliy dosd y cPS ad oth popots o duatio “o” ails to tak
povty ito aout. Istad, ths poliyaks dos poliis that wogly la
tahs o out-o-shool atos, dit sous away o th dist studts,
ad otiut to th xpasio o hat shools that o avag lag hid taditioal
ighohood shools i asus o aadi poa. Ths poliis hav pov
itiv i addssig th ity’s duatio isis.
eduatioal poliy ds to addss povty ad suppot th atio o livig wag jos.
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• Lftngfmlsoutofovrtythroughncrsdgsouldhvsgncntostvmctoncdmc
outos o low-io studts. Studis hav show that vy additioal $1,000 i aual io taslats ito a
o poit ias i a itllig tst, ladig to sigiatly high ath ad adig tst sos. raisig io
lvls aov th dal o dud luh thsholds would also hav a daati positiv ipat o gaduatio
ad ollg adiss ats.
recOmmenDATIOnS
1) eduatio poliy ust akowldg th
udatal ol that io plays i
duatioal outos. It is ipativ that
poliyaks aado aild duatio
“o” poliis ad su that utu
duatioal poliy hags ilud
statgis to addss povty ad suppot
th atio o livig wag jos ad ttwokig oditios o wokig ailis.
2) cPS ad popots o duatio “o” ust pioitiz
addssig chiago’s povty isis as th ost tiv
as o ipovig aadi poa o th ity’s
puli shool studts. Ths poliyaks should suppot
ots to ais wags o low-wag woks i chiago, alog
with oth ooi dvlopt poliis that at good,
livig wag jos ad lit wokig ailis out o povty.
Pathia is a Wst eglwood sidtad a oth o ou hild. Pathia
valus duatio ad plays a vy ativ
ol i h hild’s shoolig. Sh has
bnmmbrofthLoclSchoolCouncl
o h hild’s shool o ou yas ad
ot voluts to hlp out at th shool
y tutoig o hlpig with vts.
As a sasoal wok at may’s akig
$9 p hou, sh as a lag u o
hallgs o a daily asis. H wags
a ot ough to ov h ost o livig
ad sh dpds o puli assista
pogas i od to al to aod th
asis. Sh is also ot al to aod at-
shool a ad ust ask aily s
to wath h hild.
Pathia is sujt to ati shdulig
y may’s; h qusts ot to
schduldonnghtsththrLoclSchool
PArTHenIA bArneSWst eglwood
couil ts a ot igod yaagt. This has spially
had o h aus issig th
tigs a sult i tiatio
o th ouil, wh sh ls
powd to hlp ig aout
positiv hags
High wags ad tt wokig
oditios would hlp Pathia
ad oth pats i th ouity
o ivolvd i thi hild’s
shools, ad ig o staility to
thi ailis. Aodig to Pathia,
aig a livig wag would a that,
“W’ll al to do o. W’ll al
to tt povid o ou hild…ad
ot just what thy wat, ut what thy
d. baus ight ow with ou low
wags w hav to woy aout v
payig ills [o ti].”
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This is th sod i a sis o pots oissiod y Stad Up! chiago to addss th isis o
low-wag wok aig chiago’s ouitis. This pot, podud i patship with th chiago
Tahs Uio (cTU), daws upo ut aadi sah i th ild o duatio poliy to povid a
ophsiv aalysis o th latioship tw low wags ad duatioal attait o studts
i chiago Puli Shools (cPS).
ntroduction
chiago is aig a duatio isis whih, dspit
dads o w statgis ad pogas to ipov
aadi outos, ais itatal. cPS
studts otiu to all low atioal haks
o adig ad ath tst sos, gaduatio ats
ad ollg adissio, ad this is spially tu
o studts attdig low-io ighohoodshools.
chiago is also aig a povty isis, with ost
t data showig that o thid o th ity’s
hild liv i povty. Povty is spially
pvalt i chiago’s puli shools, wh 87%
o studts o o housholds with ios
low ough to qualiy o o dud shool
luhs, ad 4% o th studt populatio is
holss, aodig to cPS data.
Ou aalysis shows that th is a dit latioship
tw chiago’s duatio ad povty iss.
Studts livig i o xpiig hildhood
povty a uh o likly to a sigiiat
uaddssd ostals to lassoo laig tha
thi iddl- ad upp-io outpats,
ad this ipats duatioal outos. I at,
data shows that aily io is ow th ost
sigiiat pdito o aadi suss aog
studts i th U.S. iii
Whil it is vidt that povty is th oot aus o
poo lassoo poa i th U.S., utpoliy dosd y cPS ad oth popots o
duatio “o” ails to tak this ito aout,
istad oig poliis that wogly la
tahs o out-o-shool atos, dit
sous away o th dist studts,
ad otiut to th xpasio o hat
shools that o avag lag hid taditioal
ighohood shools i asus o aadi
poa.
Just as povty is th ai ato otiutig
to chiago’s low tst sos, high dopout
ats ad low ollg ta ats, th is a
walth o data suggstig that ths aadi
outos a ipov daatially though
poliis that addss th ds o low-io
ailis. This pot ids that litig ailis out
o povty though iasd wags would hav
a sigiiat positiv ipat o low-io
studts’ aadi ahivt, ad o shool
poa as a whol.
basd upo th sah outlid i this pot,
w olud that i od o duatio poliy
to tiv, it ust ist ad oost
addss th issu o povty i ou ouitis.
W od that cPS ad oth stakholds
i chiago’s puli duatio syst adopt ad
poot poliis that ais wags o ailis
ad ipov th soioooi oditio o
th ity’s stugglig ighohoods.
One-third of Chicago’s children live in poverty.
4% o cPS studts a holss.
In order or education policy to be eective, it must frst and
oremost address the issue o poverty in our communities.
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Th ist pot i this sis, A Case or 15: A Low Wage Work Crisis, xais th ooi ipat o low wags o ailis,
ouitis, ad th ooy as a whol. Th pot ids that th poliatio o low-wag, ostly svi idusty jos
ov th past sval dads has ausd chiago’s iddl lass to shik, plaig ooi ovy at isk ad hidig
ooi gowth. Howv, th ipat o low wags o ou ouitis gos yod ooi osidatios. Thispot is od with xaiig th latioship tw low wags ad duatioal outos.
The impact of poverty in the claroom
the pvery lw waes
Th sah i this pot daws upo a oad sltio
o aadi sah aalyzig th ipat o povty o
aadi ahivt. Th authos w it ploy a vaity
o asus o povty, iludig th dal povty lvl
ad poxy asus suh as ligiility o o dud
shool luhs. Ths asus vay; o xapl, th
povty lvl i ts o aual io o a o pat/o hild houshold is $15,130 ud th dal povty
guidlis, iv ad is $27,991 i od to ligil o a
o dud shool luh.v
Th vaious asus o povty itd i this pap all
all ud th Sl-Suiiy Stadad thshold, whih
asus th aout a houshold would hav to a i
od to t all asi xpss without lyig o puli
assista, ioal assista, o pivat haity.vi Usig
this asu o povty, a o pat/o hild aily i
chiago would hav to a a aual io o aout
$35,859, o th quivalt o aout $17.24 p hou o aull ti wok, to osidd o-poo; otaly, this
is o tha doul th aigs o a ull-ti iiu
wag wok.vii Tho, th ts “pov ty,” “poo,” “low-
io,” ad “low-wag” usd thoughout this pot ay
udstood to gally to allig low th Sl-
Suiiy Stadad thshold.
Pvery in he classrm
A viw o th xistig aadi sah vals that
wh studts liv i povty, thy a uh o likly
to a sigiiat ostals to lassoo laig tha
thi iddl- ad upp-io outpats. Ths
ostals ipat duatioal outos ditly. Th
ollowig list dsis so o th hallgs aig
low-io studts i th lassoo:• Health
child who a o ito povty o xpi
povty i aly hildhood hav a high poaility o
xpiig halth oditios that ipat thi aility
tolrnorttndschoolrgulrly.Lo-ncommothrs
a o likly to lak ass to quality patal a,
whih otiuts to a high iid o low ith
wight ais aog this populatio.viii rsah has
show that hild who w low ith wight iats
a o likly to xhiit sious physial ad laig
disailitis ad pat gads i shool tha thos whow ot low wight iats; this otiuts to th
high iid o gad ptitio ad low lvls
o adig ad ath ahivt assoiatd with low
ith wight hild.ix
I additio to patal atos, illss ad ijuy
xpid i hildhood also at shool
poa.xLo-ncomchldrnxrnc
sigiiatly high ats o astha tha oth hild,
whih a lad to issd days o shool. xiLckofccss
to piay a svis aog poo ailis as
that low-io hild a o likly to xpi
udiagosd a itios ad visio pols, oth o
whih hav show to it with laig i th
lassoo.xii
Povty is also assoiatd with tal ad havioal
halth pols i hild. Studis hav dostatd
that povty is positivly assoiatd with otioal/
havioal pols, suh as dpssio, axity,
hypativity ad p olit.xiiiPoverty affects the educational outcome of our students.
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• Hunger
Lo-ncomchldrnrmuchmorlklytoxrnc
ood isuity ad hug tha high-io hild.
I additio to th ipat o alutitio o ith wight
disussd aov, hug also ipats a hild’s aility to
pay atttio i th lassoo.xivLorttntvnss
a ipat aadi poa: a logitudial study
y ooists at th Aia Istituts o rsah
ad th eooi rsah Svi oud that hild
o housholds with ay aout o ood isuity
hav low tst sos ad la lss ov th ous o a
shool ya tha hild o ood-su housholds.xv
• Unstablelearningenvironment
child livig i povty a o likly to xpi
sidtial istaility tha o-poo hildxvi—i at,
poo ailis ov 50-100% o ot tha thos livig
aov th povty li. Fo low-io ailis, ovig
is gally ot a sig o upwad oility, ut ath
a uplad vtxvii du to diiultis payig t
o otgag o oth iaial ostaits.xviii Fqut
loatio ot quis studts to swith shools
gulaly, ituptig th aadi xpi.xix
rsah has dostatd that studts who a highly
oil aqui asi skills at a slow pa, xhiit high
lvls o havioal ad itpsoal pols, ad
a o likly to iv ailig gads o dop out. I
at, ovig o tha th tis ov a piod o six
yas a aus a studt to los a ull aadi ya o
laig opad to thi lassats.xx
• Learningresources
Lo-ncomrntshvfrrsourcsvlblto
th to ha thi hild’s laig. Ths sous
ay physial, suh as oputs ad ooks, xxi o thy
ay tak th o o ihig out-o-shool ativitis.xxii
rsah shows that poo ailis a o likly to lak
ass to at shool ad su pogas, whih o
studts th oppotuity to la o, ad sotis to
lrnmorsly.Lo-ncomfmlsrlsomorlkly
to lak ass to quality aly laig pogas, whih
st th stag o aadi poa duig th shool
yas.xxiii This dispaity i duatioal sous tw
poo ad o-poo ailis otiuts to th dis
i aadi outos tw ths goups.
Patal ivolvt i hild’s shoolig has also
show to lat positivly to aadi pogss. Howv,
low-io pats ot a ais to oitoig thi
hild’s shool pogss, du to oditios assoiatd
with low-wag wok suh as ati wok shduls ad
log o ilxil wok hous.xxiv
• Lowexpectationsforfuturerewards
Lo-ncomstudntsroftncutlyrofth
ooi oditios i whih thy liv, ad ay osid
has o utu wads—suh as ollg o a iddl-
io jo—to low; sah has dostatd that
studts who xpss this outlook td to hav low lvls
o ahivt.xxxv
claly, hild o low-io housholds a a oad ag o ostals to
lassoo laig, whih, tak togth, pla th at a sigiiat disadvatag
opad to high-io studts. This disadvatag is xpssd i asual
outos suh as tst sos, attda, gaduatio ats ad ollg ty, all
o whih show poo studts laggig hid o-poo studts. As duatio
psyhologist David bli ots i a ssay o th latioship tw povty
ad duatio, “[T]h out-o-shool atos assoiatd with povty play oth a
powul ad a liitig ol i what a atually ahivd” i th lassoo.xxvi
povrtyLmts
th Pow
o eduatio
Fo low-io ailis, ovig is gally ot a sig o upwad oility.
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0
10
20
30
40
50
Asian orPacic Islander
African–American
Hispanic White
Male Students
Female Students
Overall Students
17.2 15.112.8 50.9 41.631.9 35.5 29.723.9 32.4 28.324.1
chiago’s puli shools a a psistt isis. Dspit xtsiv ad uous “o” ots, vigoous puli dat,
ad hightd dia atttio, asi duatioal outos hav show littl ipovt ov th last sval dads.
masus suh as tst sos, gaduatio ats, ad us o studts ppad o ad adittd to ollg ai low,
spially wh opad with atioal tds ad oth lag topolita shool distits.
Chicago’ public chool in crii
tes scres
cPS aks low opad with oth lag ua shool
distits o natioal Asssst o eduatioal Pogss
(nAeP) assssts. copad with 20 oth lag distits,
vy so i vy sujt aa (adig, ath, si, ad
witig) i ah tst ya si 2002 was low th lag-
distit avag. naly all ptags o studts at asi o
poit ahivt lvls w low avag as wll.xxvii
High shool dopout ats
y gd ad a/thiity
Tst sos lik this taslat ito gativ poa
assssts o chiago shools. O th Aual Yaly
progrssscorngrqurdbyNoChldLftBhnd,th
distit had a “oposit pt ts ad xds”
asu o all tsts o 67%, wll low th stat avag
o 77%.xxviii O its ow Poa Poliy lvls, th
distit gav o-thid o atd shools its lowst atig
ad plad 44% o poatio.xxix
graduain raes
Th high shool dopout at i chiago was 35.3%
i 2012;xxx this is o tha doul th dopout at
atioally i t yas o aoud 16%.xxxi Fo Aia-
Aia studts, ths us a v o
pooud, with 41.6% o Aia-Aia studts
ad 51% o Aia-Aia als doppig out,
sptivly--th highst dopout at o ay sugoup
i th ity.
Cllee enrllmen
O cPS’s 2011 gaduatig lass, 60% olld i
ollg,xxxii whih is low tha th atioal igu o
68%.xxxiii Data also shows that a a low ptag o cPS studts a quippd aadially to sud. O
th AcT collg radiss bhaks 2006-2012, oly
22% o cPS 11th gads t th adiss hak
o adig ad 22% t th adiss hak o
ath. Statwid 40% o 11th gads t th adiss
hak o adig ad 39% t th adiss
hak o ath.xxxiv
Catalyst Chicago, whih has ovd th aual las
o cPS ollg ollt igus i th past, poits out
th iosisty i ths us. I 2010, aodig
to Catalyst , o-thid o high shools saw lss tha hal o
gaduats oll ad o-thid saw ollt ats o thi
gaduats das o th ya o; last ya ths
us w 34% ad 36%, sptivly. Aodig to Cataly
n2010only44%ofLtnomlCpSgrdutsnrolldn
ollg.xxxv rsahs o th cosotiu o chiago Sho
rsah, witig o ct o Aia Pogss, ais
os aout whth sugoups o cPS studts a al
to avigat th ollg ollt poss qually wll ad
whth ovall sults ilud too w studts attdig
ou-ya istitutios that a appopiatly sltiv.xxxvi
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0
20
40
60
80
100
% OF CHILDREN
QUALIFYING FOR
FREE OR REDUCED
PRICE LUNCH
% OF CHILDREN
QUALIFYING FORFREE OR REDUCED
PRICE LUNCH
NATIONAL46%
CHICAGO87%
2008
* % OF CHILDREN BELOW THE FEDERAL POVERTY GUIDELINES
2011 2008 2011
*18%
*22%
*30%*36%
chiago puli shools hav o ay dads ad th pols o sggatio ad
povty, patially th ats o th daati shit i dogaphis wh a gatio
o iddl-lass ailis lt th ity o th suus, lavig hid a poo ad
roortonllymorafrcn-amrcnndLtnoschool-goulton.
Faig big
challgs
Slia is a oth o ou hild,
ags 2 to 9. Sh outs o th
South Sho aa to wok at a epi
bug stauat loatd dowtow.
ev though Slia is thially a
ull-ti wok, sh typially gts
o o tha 30 hous o wok p
wk, is paid iiu wag ad
ivs o ts. This ya sh was
told y h aags that thi epi
Burgrhdnomonyforrss.Lk
ay oth low-wag woks i th
stauat idusty, sh dpds o
puli assista pogas i od
to gt y.
Slia ust udgt o vy dolla
that sh spds. Sotis v
SeLiNaBROwN South Sho
sall ut uxptd xpss a diult o h
to dal with. “This ya th uios wt up i pi
ad sotis it ls lik vythig os i at th
sa ti. my hild oly hav o pai o shos
ad y so ds a haiut…ad it’s had aus I
hav to woy aout payig all th ills.”
Slia wishs that sh had a high io so that
sh ould aod to puhas a a, whih would allow
h to tak h hild to shool ad ot woy
aout walkig i th old to ath th us, spially
aus oasioally h hild los a hat o glovs
ad it is diult o h to pla th.
Slia gts that sh is ot al to aod ay o
th thigs sold at dowtow stos. “my kids ask
o thigs that thy s o oials, ad I kow
that thy sll th [dowtow], ut all I a do is look
at th at th widows aus I aot aod to
gt th. I aot v aod to uy ysl a $5 shit
aus I d that oy towads y us pass.”
masus o hild povty i chiagoPvery in ur schls
Aodig to U.S. csus data, th hild povty at i
chiago has iasd o 30.3% i 2008 to aout 36.1%
i 2011. child povty atioally was 22.0% i 2011, up o
18.2% i 2008. may o cPS studts liv i housholds
ot osidd poo y dal povty thsholds ut ual toaod asi ssitis. Futho, cPS data shows that aout
86% o all studts i cPS o o low-io housholds
as asud y th u o studts who qualiy o
o dud luh. This opas to a atioal gu o 46% o
studts qualiyig o o dud luh.xxxviii
Th duatio isis i cPS is th sult o th isis o
povty i chiago’s ighohoods. basd o what w
kow aout th stuggls hild o low-io
ailis a i shool it should ot a supis that th
distit is had-pssd to addss ths issus. Wh thvast ajoity o studts at cPS o o housholds
osidd poo o low-io, this ust osidd
aog th ost sious hallgs aig th distit.
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1) Holdig tahs solly sposil o duatioal outos ifud i lag paty soioooi atos
I 2010, th Illiois lgislatu passd lgislatio quiig a potio o all tah valuatios to
asd o studt stadadizd tst sos. chiago was th st distit to iplt ths
hags, whih o cPS tahs at that tst sos would aout o 25% o valuatios,
ovig to 40% at v yas.xl This issu was tal duig th Spt 2012 cTU stik, with
tahs xpssig oppositio to ig hld aoutal o a asu that is lagly ifud
y out-o-shool atos suh as povty.
A t pot y th eooi Poliy Istitut aalyzs th pati o tst-asd tah
valuatios ad oluds that suh poliis ujustly hold tahs aoutal o soioooi
atos yod thi otol.xli Tahig ous i a lassoo sttig, ad ipliit i tst-asd
tah valuatio poliy is th assuptio that otollig what happs i th lassoo is th
oly way to at aadi poa. This ails to ogiz th ality that studts spd
aout v tis as uh ti outsid th lassoo (i.., i thi ighohoods ad with thi
ailis) as thy do isid th lassoo.xlii
ev th ost highly taid ad xpid
tahs aot hag th at that ay o
thi studts go ho to ustal viots
i usa ighohoods, to pats whos jos
do ot pay ough o th to t thi asi
ds. As Alx Kotlowitz stats i a t New
York Times opiio pi titld “A W Askig
Too muh Fo Ou Tahs?”:
“W d to dad th highst poas
o ou tahs whil w also gappl with
th os that a dow o th livs o thi
studts, o ailis that hav ollapsd ud
th stss o uployt to ighohoods
that hav dtioatd aus o viol ad
disivstt.” xliii
The failure of current education policy
“ducational
reform cannot
compenate for the
ravage of ociety.”
Jean nyon,
leading reearcher
in education xxxix
Dspit th la vid dostatig th ilu o soioooi atos
o aadi poa, ut duatio poliy atd y chiago Puli
Shools ails to akowldg th udatal lik tw wags ad duatioal
outos. Th ollowig dsis th piipal ways i whih cPS has attptd
to “o” th ity ’s puli shools, alog with a aalysis o how ah appoah is
isuiit i addssig th ipat o povty i th lassoo.
Fo 75 yas th chiago Tahs
Uio has i th oot
o duatio advoay ad puli
shool o i chiago. cTU is a
ogaizatio o duatos ddiatd
to advaig ad pootig
quality puli duatio, ipovig
tahig ad laig oditios,
ad pottig s’ ights.
cTU is th thid lagst tahs loal i th
outy ad th lagst loal uio i I lliois.
paGe8
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2) Shitig sous away o—istad o towad—low-io shools
I 2004, cPS lauhd th raissa 2010 iitiativ (r10), a attpt to ipov puli
shools y losig 60 ighohood shools th distit dd “low-poig” ad opig
100 w shools i thi pla. This ot was asd o dal guidlis ad odatios
o th civi coitt o th coial clu o chiago, ad psts, aodig to a t
pot lasd y cTU, “a statgy to attat ad tai iddl-lass ailis i th ity, whil
otollig ad losig shools i low-io ouitis o olo.” xliv
This poliy o shool losigs—alog with phas-
outs ad tuaouds—has ipltd
ovwhligly i th ity’s poost ad ost
sggatd ighohoods. Aodig to th cTU
pot, th out o vy ou shools atd
y ths poliis ov th last t yas w
ooially poo ad itsly sggatd
Aia-Aia shools.xlv
closig dow low-io shools igs
o istaility to th livs o studts livig
i povty, a populatio that alady as
sigiat ostals to laig. A aalysis y
cTU shows that this poliy disupts ipotat
latioships tw studts, pats ad
tahs, ad ovs a ipotat sou o
staility ad saty o ay vulal studts.
Futho, th cPS shool losu poliy has
had “a dispopotioatly gativ ipat o th
studts who ost d poliis that atually
ipov th quality o thi duatio.” xlvi.
3) chat shools as a aild solutio
Fo ov a dad, cPS has pusud a poliy o xpadig hat shools, whih a udd
y taxpay dollas ut adiistd pivatly, as a as o ipovig duatioal outos.
cutly, hat shools pst aout o-sixth o cPS shools, ut i may 2012 cPS
aoud plas to at 60 w hats ov th xt v yas.xlvii
Dspit cPS’s dost o hat shools as a solutio to low-poig ighohood
shools, a aalysis o cPS tst sos shows that ighohood shools svig low-io
studts outpo hat shools svig th sa populatios; this is spially otal
osidig that ighohoods shools hav a high popotio o studts with laig ad
havioal hallgs tha do hat shools.xlviii moov, hat shools hav show to
otiut to istaility o low-io studts, y iasig studt oility,xlix usig sltiv
ollt podus ad sdig low-poig studts ak to ighohood shools.l
CPs school ction 2002-2012
bOArD
AcTIOn
P e r f o r m a n c e
E n r o l l m e n t /
u t i l i z a t i o n
F a c i l i t y i s s u e s
O t h e r
( b l a n k )
TOTal
closu 18 19 4 2 4 47
cosolidatio 4 2 0 0 0 6
closu ad
cosolidatio2 9 0 0 0 11
Phas Out 6 7 0 0 1 14
rostitutio
("Tuaoud")26 0 0 0 0 26
Th cPS shool losu poliy has ot ipovd aadi outos.
paGe9
STATeD reASOnS
Bsdonnformtonfrom:LndLutton,SrhKr,ellottRmos.“Mng10yrsof
shool losus.” http://www.wz.og/o-sida/chiago-shool-losigs
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I chiago, pivat quity agat
bu rau is th ost puli a
o th hat shool poliatio
ovt that has had a sigiat
ipat o cPS poliy. I additio to
svig o th oads o nw Shools
o chiago ad th nol ntwok o chat Shools (o o whih as
his a) ad haiig th duatio
pal o th civi coitt o th
coial clu o chiago,lxi h was a
vy voal ad puli oppot o th
cTU stik i Spt 2012, uig
a Op ed i th Chicago Tribune lxii ad
appaig as a palist o th loal
ws show Chicago Tonight .lxiii
It is ot supisig that th hat
shool usiss would o itst
to rau, who has ad illios as
a pivat quity piipal. As a
t ruts atil poits out, th
U.S. spds ov hal a tillio dollas
ah ya o K-12 duatio, ad
wh ollg ad id-a taiig
a tak ito aout, duatio
spdig psts 9% o goss
dosti podut. Pivat quity
ivstos viw this pool o oy as a
pottial sou o luativ pots.lxiv
I 2010, rau poposd a sh
that would, aodig to a cTU
ivstigatio, “ais aout $200 illioi quity, oow $600 illio ad
puhas 100 cPS shools that th
ivsto goup would th las to
hat opatos.” This pla would
allow ivstos to ollt a lial
sta o vu o th lass,
as wll as t o sigiat
tax dits o dpiatio o th
uildigs.lxv
eots lik rau’s sv to tas
puli uds itdd o suppotig
shools ad ighohoods ito
pivat hads. As Dia ravith
dsis it i a itviw with
ruts, pivat quity s a
“takig duatio, whih ought
to i a dit sph wh
w’ ostatly od aout
aisig quality, ad thy’ applyig
a usiss ti: How do w ut
osts?” lxvi As a adt hat
shool suppot, rau laly
stads to pot o ivstig i ad
guidig hat shool opatios.
Yt as cPS data vals, hat
shools otiu to lag hid
ighohood shools o avag.
Th hat shool xpasio
poliis hapiod y rau do
ot addss th udlyig issu o
povty aig ay cPS shools,
ad tho a isuit i
igig aout th kid o “o”
thi suppots pois.
Tak togth, it is vidt that attpts to “o” ou shools though tst-asd tah
valuatios, shool losigs ad hat shool poliatio hav aild—ad will otiu to ail—
bcusthyrnttntvtothfundmntlmctsofovrtynthclssroom.HlnLdd,
ladig sah i duatioal poliy, dsis this ailu o poliy:
“Ths ut poliy iitiativs a isguidd aus thy ith dy o st to th sid a asi
ody o vid doutig that studts o disadvatagd housholds o avag po
lss wll i shool tha thos o o advatagd ailis. baus thy do ot ditly addss
th duatioal hallgs xpid y disadvatagd studts, ths poliy statgis hav
otiutd littl – ad a ot likly to otiut uh i th utu – to aisig ovall studt
ahivt o to duig ahivt ad duatioal attait gaps tw advatagd
ad disadvatagd studts. moov, suh poliis hav th pottial to do sious ha.” li
Poliis That
Fail th
Studts
brUce
rAUnerchiago
chat shools pst a attativ oppotuity o ay ivstos (s lowv), whih is o
o th asos why what cTU dsis as th “yth” o hat shool poa psists. Yt it
is la that chiago’s hat shools hav ot tiv i ipovig aadi outos.
Th aso, as dsid y rihad rothsti, lis i th “soial ad ooi oditios that ig
ay hild to shools, gula ad hat, uppad to tak suit advatag o what
v th ost ddiatd ad ispid tahs a o.” l chat shools ail to addss ths
oditios, ad tho hat shool xpasio as a poliy is ot a vial optio o ipovig
aadi outos.
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Low-poverty (0-25 percent)
High-poverty (76-100 percent)
Percent of students eligible
for free or reduced lunch
1050 PERCENT 5170 PERCENT 7190 PERCENT ABOVE 90 PERCENT
Percent of schools with student retention rate:
23 23
37 37
5
57
13
1
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Popula duatio poliy, suh as that dosd y cPS ad hat shool opais, has laly aild to ak ay
sigiiat pogss towad addssig th duatio isis i chiago’s puli shools. This is aily attiutal to
th at that ut poliy has ot tak ito aout th walth o sah dostatig povty to at th oot
o poo aadi outos.
Aadi sah stalishs laly a latioship tw povty ad ay duatioal outo asus.
Th ol lowig viw o l itatu vals that a ias i wags o pats is aog th ost tiv ways to
ipov studt ahivt.
How higher wage canimprove educational outcome
tes scres
Th latioship tw tst sos ad aily ios
is sigiiat, with o t sah suay
oludig that “studts i th otto quitil o ailysoioooi status so o tha a stadad dviatio
low thos i th top quitil o stadadizd tsts o
ath ad adig wh thy t kidgat” ad that
ths di appa to ai osistt ov a studt’s
aadi a.lii This is dispaity asts a log
shadow o th duatio syst atioally: “Data o th
natioal Asssst o eduatioal Pogss show that o
tha 40 pt o th vaiatio i avag adig sos
ad 46 pt o th vaiatio i avag ath sos aoss
stats is assoiatd with vaiatio i hild povty ats.” liii
Th sa data st shows aoss gad lvls that shools
wh lss tha 25% o studts w ligil o o
dud luh had sigiiatly high adig ad ath
sos that tha thos at shools wh o tha 75% o
studts w ligil o o dud luh. liv
Th positiv t o v odst iass i aily io
o studt tst sos is wll-stalishd, as wll. evy
additioal $1,000 i aual io taslats ito a o poit
ias i a IQ-styl tst, aodig to a viw o data o
siila goups o ailis ivig ditly-stutud
io supplts o o supplt at all.lv I aoth
study, hild o ailis ivig aigs supplts
dsigd to ais thi ios aov th povty lvl, plus
susidizd halth isua ad hild-a, had stadadizd
oad adig sos 12% o a stadad dviatio high tha
thos who did ot. Pats also potd that thi hildivd high gads i adig ad showd ipovd
litay skills wh thi aigs w susidizd ough to
lit th out o povty.lvi
graduain raes
Iass i pat wags a assoiatd with high
gaduatio ats: high lvls o studt ttio (aov
90%) o 9th gad to 12th gad ou alost ou ad
o-hal tis o qutly at high shools wh
w tha 25% o studts w ligil o o
dud luh tha at high shools wh o tha 75%o studts w ligil, aodig to natioal ct o
eduatio Statistis data. Th sa goup o high-povty
shools w 10 tis o likly tha th low-povty
shools to pot studt ttio low 70%, ad a
astoishig 23 tis o likly to pot ttio o 50%
o low.lvii A siila patt appas to hold tu at th
aily lvl as wll: studts o ailis with th highst
20% o ios w ov iv tis lss likly to dop out
o high shool tha studts o ailis with th lowst
20% o ios.lviii
Studt ttio at high-povtyvs low-povty high shools
paGe11
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W Adit It?” The New York Times, D 11, 2011
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Thi apaig, Fight o 15, dads that
wags o ths woks aisd to a iiu
o $15 p hou, ad that thy hav th ight to
joi a uio without ploy it.
Th vast ajoity o woks i chiago’s tail
ad stauat idustis a paid wags that
hov ight aov th iiu wag, wok
o a pat-ti asis ad a od littl to o
ts y thi ploys. I th st pot o
this sis, A Case or 15: A Low Wage Work Crisis
in Chicago, w oud that iasig th wags
o all th woks i th tail ad stauat
idustis i chiago to $15 p hou would ot
oly aodal to ploys, ut also would
spu up to $179 illio i ooi ativity i
chiago’s ighohoods ad at thousads
o w jos.
baus o th likly itywid ts o
iasig th wags o woks i ths
idustis, Stad Up! chiago ad cTU ully
dos th wok o WOcc ot just as a
ooi dvlopt poga, ut also as
a ipotat duatio poga. Ou aalysis
shows that iasig wags o chiago’s
18,800 tail ad stauat woks will lit
ths woks ad thi ailis out o povty,
ad will lad to ipovd duatioal outos
o thi hild. Fight o 15 is a apaig
that addsss ditly th isis o low wags
ad povty i ou ity, ad as suh svs as a
tiv as o ipovig ou puli shools.
Th Woks Ogaizig
coitt o chiago
(WOcc) is a w uio
od i nov
2012 y tail adstauat woks i
dowtow chiago.
recOmmenDATIOnS
Gvnthstrngthofthvdnclnkngncomto
duatioal outos, it is la that ovig ailisout o povty a hav a sigiat positiv ipat o
th ost oo asus o aadi ahivt.
This pot aks th ollowig odatios with
spt to duatio poliy:
1) eduatio poliy ust akowldg th
udatal ipat o io o duatioal
outos. It is ipativ that poliyaks
aado aild duatio “o” poliis ad
su that utu duatioal poliy hags
ilud statgis to addss povty ad suppotth atio o livig wag jos ad tt wokig
oditios o wokig ailis.
2) cPS ad popots o duatio “o” ust
pioitiz addssig chiago’s povty isis as
th ost tiv as o ipovig aadi
poa o th ity’s puli shool studts.
Ths poliyaks should suppot ots to ais
wags o low-wag woks i chiago, alog with
oth ooi dvlopt poliis that at
good, livig wag jos ad lit wokig ailis out
o povty.
WoCC
FiGHTFOr 15
Stad Up! chiago ad cTU ully dos th wok o WOcc.
Cllee aendance
Th latioship tw aily io ad studt
ahivt also psists i ollg ollt. Whil
84% o gaduats o ailis with th top 20% o
ios oll i ollg idiatly at opltig
high shool, oly 54% o gaduats o ailis with th
lowst 20% o ios do so.lix Sholaship usig dtaild
data o ali yas oud this dyai tw th
highst ad lowst io ailis psistd v wh
oth atos w hld ostat, ad that it is likly
oposd o two lts: th otiuig ts o
aily povty o studt poa ad hallgs
with how to pay o ollg. lx
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i ravith, Dia. “Waitig o a Shool mial.” The New York Times, may 31, 2011. rtivd D 10, 2012 ohttp://www.ytis.o/2011/06/01/opiio/01avith.htl?_=0
iiDntonoflogorkrdotdfromDoussrd,Mrc.“Chcgo’sGrongLogworkforc:aprol ofFllngLborMrktFortuns.”womnemloyd;actonNoinsttut.Stmbr,2012.accssdOctobr,2012from htt://.omnmloyd.org/sts/dfult/ls/rsourcs/Chcgo%27s%20Grong%20Log%20workforc%20FiNaL.dfWags that a low tha $12 p hou, asd o a “odst ad osvativ” asssst o ost o livig (“At this wag lvl,a ull-ti wok livig y hsl will aly al to ov li’s asi osts without puli assista. Wh a wok aig$12 p hou is suppotig aily o oth houshold s, puli assista pogas will likly idispsal tohoushold susist.”)
iii Ldd,HFndFsk,eB.“ClssMttrs.whywon’twadmtit?”The New York Times, D 11, 2011.Assd D 7, 2012 o http://www.ytis.o/2011/12/12/opiio/th-uaddssd-lik-tw-povty-ad-duatio.htl?pagwatd=all
iv2012HHSFdrlpovrtyGudlns.RtrvdDcmbr10,2012fromhtt://s.hhs.gov/ovrty/12ovrty.shtml
v Fdal rgist, Vol. 77, no. 57, Fiday, mah 23, 2012; notis. rtivd D 10, 2012 o http://www.gpo.gov/dsys/pkg/Fr-2012-03-23/pd/2012-7036.pd
vi Th Sl-Suiy Stadad was atd i th id-1990s to povid a o auat povty thshold tha th dal povtyguidlis. Fo o ioatio, plas s http://www.slsuiystadad.og/stadad.htl#whatis
vii Stad Up! chiago. A Case or 15: A Low Wage Work Crisis. rlasd D 4, 2012. rtivd D 10, 2012o http://www.sid.o/do/115477024/F15-rpot-Fial-4-12-3
viii bli, David c.. Poverty and Potential: Out-o-School Factors and School Success.bould ad Tp: eduatio ad th Puli Itst ct & eduatio Poliy rsahUit, 2009. rtivd D 6, 2012 o http://pipoliy.og/puliatio/povty-ad-pottial
ixBrooks-Gunn,J.ndDuncn,GJ.“ThectsofpovrtyonChldrn.”Children and Poverty , Vol. 7, no. 2, 1997.rtivd D 10, 2012 o http://www.pito.du/utuohild/puliatios/dos/07_02_03.pd
x bli, David c. Poverty and Potential: Out-o-School Factors and School Success.bould ad Tp: eduatio ad th Puli Itst ct & eduatio Poliy rsahUit, 2009. rtivd D 9, 2012 o http://pipoliy.og/puliatio/povty-ad-pottial
xiaknbm,LrJ,Moormn,Jnne.,ndLu,Xng.“asthmprvlnc,HlthCrUs,ndMortlty:UntdStts,2005–2009.”cts o Disas cotol natioal Halth Statistis rpot nu 32, Jauay 12, 2011. rtivd D 10, 2012 o
http://www.d.gov/hs/data/hs/hs032.pd xii bli, David c. Poverty and Potential: Out-o-School Factors and School Success. bould ad Tp: eduatio ad th Puli Itst ct & eduatio Poliy rsahUit, 2009. rtivd D 9, 2012 o http://pipoliy.og/puliatio/povty-ad-pottial
xiii Brooks-Gunn,J.ndDuncn,GJ.“ThectsofpovrtyonChldrn.”Children and Poverty , Vol. 7, no. 2, 1997.rtivd D 10, 2012 o http://www.pito.du/utuohild/puliatios/dos/07_02_03.pd
xivwnck,J.ndJmson,K.“FoodinscurtyndHungrnthKndrgrtnClssroom:itsectonLrnngndGroth.”ContemporaryEconomic Policy , Vol. 21, no. 2, Apil 2003. Assd D 7, 2012 o http://ald.al.usda.gov/dowload/14599/PDF .
xvwnck,J.ndJmson,K.“FoodinscurtyndHungrnthKndrgrtnClssroom:itsectonLrnngndGroth.”Contemporary Economic Policy , Vol. 21, no. 2, Apil 2003. Assd D 7, 2012 o http://ald.al.usda.gov/dowload/14599/PDF .
xvi Hrtmn,ChstrndL,alson.“HghClssroomTurnovr:HoChldrnGtLftBhnd.”Poverty & Race, may/Ju 2002. AssdD 7, 2012 o http://www.pa.og/ull_txt.php?txt_id=748&it_id=7789&wsltt_id=62&had=Sah%20rsults
xvii ersng,RobnL.,Suthn,RchrdD.ndLor,DnN.“exlorngthimctndimlctonsofRsdntlMoblty: Fo th nighohood to th Shool.” Advances in Social Work , Vol. 10 no. 1 (Spig 2009). Assd D 7, 2012 ohttp://advasisoialwok.iupui.du/idx.php/advasisoialwok/atil/viwFil/77/204 .
xviii LsonClrk,Shrr.“Housnginstblty:TordBttrUndrstndngofFrquntRsdntlMobltyamongamrc’sUrbnPoo.” ct o Housig Poliis, Wak Fost Uivsity, Fuay 3, 2010. Assd D 7, 2012 o http://www.h.og/dia/ls/LsonClrk_nlyss_for_chld_moblty.df
xixHrtmn,ChstrndL,alson.“HghClssroomTurnovr:HoChldrnGtLftBhnd.”Poverty & Race, may/Ju 2002. AssdD 7, 2012 o http://www.pa.og/ull_txt.php?txt_id=748&it_id=7789&wsltt_id=62&had=Sah%20rsults
xxHrtmn,ChstrndL,alson.“HghClssroomTurnovr:HoChldrnGtLftBhnd.”Poverty & Race, may/Ju 2002. AssdD 7, 2012 o http://www.pa.og/ull_txt.php?txt_id=748&it_id=7789&wsltt_id=62&had=Sah%20rsults
ndnote
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xxiDodson,Lndalbld,R.“HoYoutharputatRskbyprnts’Lo-wgJobs.”UnvrstyofMsschusttsBoston,CntrforSoial Poliy, Fall 2012. Assd D 10, 2012 o http://d.u.du/iags/ts_istituts/t_soial_poliy/Youth_t_Rskprnts_Lo_wg_Jobs_Fll_121.df
xxii bli, David c.. Poverty and Potential: Out-o-School Factors and School Success. bould ad Tp: eduatio ad th Puli Itst ct & eduatio Poliy rsahUit, 2009. rtivd D 6, 2012 o http://pipoliy.og/puliatio/povty-ad-pottial
xxiii bli, David c. Poverty and Potential: Out-o-School Factors and School Success.bould ad Tp: eduatio ad th Puli Itst ct & eduatio Poliy rsah
Uit, 2009. rtivd D 9, 2012 o http://pipoliy.og/puliatio/povty-ad-pottialxxivDodson,Lndalbld,R.“HoYoutharputatRskbyprnts’Lo-wgJobs.”UnvrstyofMsschusttsBoston,Cntro Soial Poliy, Fall 2012. Assd D 10, 2012 o http://d.u.du/iags/ts_istituts/t_soial_poliy/Youth_t_Rskprnts_Lo_wg_Jobs_Fll_121.df
xxv ca, caol. “Th rlva o rais to th mathatis expis o Aia Aia Studts i a Itsly SggatdLoincomSchool.”Doctorldssrtton,ClvlndSttUnvrsty,1991.proQustDgtlDssrttons,UMi9136220.accssdD 10, 2012 o http://gadwoks.ui.o/3417950.pd
xxvi bli, David c. “Ou Ipovishd Viw o eduatioal ro.” basd o a Psidtial Ivitd Sph giv atth tigs o th Aia eduatioal rsah Assoiatio, motal, caada, may, 2005. Assd D 6, 2012o http://www.duatioaddoay.og/rsous/bli.pd
xxvii Th data st is th natioal Asssst o eduatioal Pogss Tial Ua Distit Asssst. Assd D 2012o http://s.d.gov/atiospotad/distits/ Sos a gally o vy oth shool ya o 4th ad 8th gads. (Uso stadadizd tst sos i this pot is ot itdd as a uquivoal dost o suh tstig o o havy lia o
th sults i duatioal poliy-akig. Th tsts a taily pat o duatio issu dats i chiago ad hav also xtsivly usd y sahs xploig liks to aily povty o whih w ous.)
xxviii Illiois Shool rpot cads itativ data. Assd D 2012 ohttp://ii.iu.du/Distit.aspx?sou=Pol&distitID=15016299025&lvl=D.
xxix Aalysis o chiago Puli Shools - Pogss rpot cads (2011-2012). Data availal at https://data.ityohiago.og/eduatio/chiago-Puli-Shools-Pogss-rpot-cads-2011-/9xs2-89t ; asi ioatio o Poa Poliy at http://ps.du/SitcolltioDouts/PoaPoliy_FAQ.pd
xxxCpSCohortDrooutndGrdutonRts,accssdDcmbr10,2012fromhtt://.cs.du/prformnc/Documnts/Datals/ohot_itywid_1999though2012.xls
xxxi chapa, chis t al. “Tds i High Shool Dopout ad copltio rats i th Uitd Stats: 1972-2009,” Tal 5.natioal ct o eduatio Statistis, 2011. Assd D 10, 2012 o http://s.d.gov/pus2012/2012006.pd
xxxii Aalysis o cPS ollg ollt data, Assd nov 15, 2012 o http://ps.du/ShoolData/Pags/ShoolData.aspxcollg ollt data usd y cPS is o natioal Studt claighous.
xxxiii “Th coditio o eduatio 2012.” Tal 34-1. natioal ct o eduatio Statistis. Assd D 10, 2012 ohttp://s.d.gov/pogas/o/tals/tal-t-1.asp
xxxiv Illiois Shool rpot cads itativ data. Assd D 2012 ohttp://ii.iu.du/Distit.aspx?sou=PSAe&sou2=AcT&distitID=15016299025&lvl=D adhttp://ii.iu.du/Stat.aspx?sou=PSAe&sou2=AcT
xxxv Kap, Saah. “collg-goig ihs up o chiago High Shools.” Chicago Catalyst , July 21, 2011. Assd D 7, 2012o http://www.atalyst-hiago.og/otook/2011/07/21/ollg-goig-ihs-hiago-high-shools
xxxvi JnnyNgok,MlssRodrck,ndVnssCoc.“BrrrstoCollgattnmnt:LssonsfromChcgo.”CntrforamrcnPogss, 2009. Assd D 11, 2012 at http://www.aiapogss.og/wp-ott/uploads/issus/2009/01/pd/chiagoShools.pd
xxxvii natioal ct o eduatio Statistis coo co o Data. Assd D 10, 2012 o http://s.d.gov/d/tals/2000_shoolluh_01.asp
xxxviii Ayo, Ja. “ra, Soial class, ad eduatioal ro i a I-ity Shool.” Teachers College Record Volu 97,nu 1, Fall 1995. Assd D 7, 2012 o http://www.iasolli.o/lassadigs/radigseSS43640/Ayo%201995%20ra,%20lass%20ad%20duatioal%20o.pd
xxxix Si cTU tahs gotiatd a th-ya otat i Spt, 2012, this v-ya hak ay disaddduig th xt otat gotiatios tw cTU ad cPS. rih, motoko. “natioal Shools Dat Is o Display i chiago.”The New York Times, Spt 11, 2012. Assd D 10, 2012 o http://www.ytis.o/2012/09/12/duatio/hiago-is-ous-o-atioal-dat-o-tah-valuatio.htl?_=0
xl eooi Poliy Istitut. “Pols with th Us o Studt Tst Sos to evaluat Tahs.” eooi Poliy Istitut bigPap #278, August 29, 2010. Assd D 5, 2012 o http://www.pi.og/puliatio/p278/
xli bli, David c. “Ou Ipovishd Viw o eduatioal ro.” basd o a Psidtial Ivitd Sph giv at th tigso th Aia eduatioal rsah Assoiatio, motal, caada, may, 2005. Assd D 6, 2012 o http://www.duatioaddoay.og/rsous/bli.pd
paGe14
7/30/2019 Stand Up Ctu Ed Report 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/stand-up-ctu-ed-report-1 16/16
xlii Kotlowitz, Alx. “A W Askig Too muh Fo Ou Tahs?” Th nw Yok Tis, Spt 14, 2012. Assd D 10, 2012o http://www.ytis.o/2012/09/16/opiio/suday/a-gat-tahig-ovo-th-ts-o-povty.htl?_=0
xliii chiago Tahs Uio, “Th blak ad Whit o eduatio i chiago’s Puli Shools.” nov 30, 2012.Assd D 10, 2012 o http://www.tut.o/qust-t/sah/lak-ad-whit-o-hiago-duatio.pd
xliv chiago Tahs Uio, “Th blak ad Whit o eduatio i chiago’s Puli Shools.” nov 30, 2012.Assd D 10, 2012 o http://www.tut.o/qust-t/sah/lak-ad-whit-o-hiago-duatio.pd
xlv chiago Tahs Uio, “Th blak ad Whit o eduatio i chiago’s Puli Shools.” nov 30, 2012.Assd D 10, 2012 o http://www.tut.o/qust-t/sah/lak-ad-whit-o-hiago-duatio.pd
xlvi Ahd-Ullah, no S. “cPS plas 60 o hats i 5 yas.” Chicago Tribune, may 16, 2012. Assd 10 D 2012 o http://atils.hiagotiu.o/2012-05-16/ws/t-t-ps-hat-gowth-20120517_1_hat-shools-hat-ovt-ps-plas
xlvii chiago Tahs Uio, “Th blak ad Whit o eduatio i chiago’s Puli Shools.” nov 30, 2012.Assd D 10, 2012 o http://www.tut.o/qust-t/sah/lak-ad-whit-o-hiago-duatio.pd
xlviii chiago Tahs Uio, “Th blak ad Whit o eduatio i chiago’s Puli Shools.” nov 30, 2012.Assd D 10, 2012 o http://www.tut.o/qust-t/sah/lak-ad-whit-o-hiago-duatio.pd
xlix Rothstn,Rchrd.“GrdngtheductonRformrs:StvnBrllGvsThmMuchTooesyRd.”Education Review, 14,Spt 2011. Assd D 10, 2012 o http://www.dv.io/ssays/v148.pd
lRothstn,Rchrd.“GrdngtheductonRformrs:StvnBrllGvsThmMuchTooesyRd.”Education Review, 14,Spt 2011. Assd D 10, 2012 o http://www.dv.io/ssays/v148.pd
liLdd,H.F.“eductonndpovrty:Confrontngthevdnc.”prsdntlddrsstothassoctonforpublcpolcyanlyssad maagt.” Journal o Policy Analys is and Management 31.2, 2012. Assd D 5, 2012 o http://ds.duk.du/d/attaht/1979
lii Rrdon,SnF.“ThwdnngacdmcachvmntGBtnthRckndthpoor:Nevdncndpossblexlntons.” ThquotdssgsbsdonDuncn,GrgJ.ndKthrnMnguson,“ThNturndimctoferlyachvmntSklls,attntonSkllsndBhvorproblms.”Bothrchtrsnwhthroortunty?:rsngnqulty,schools,ndchldrn’slfchncs.GrgJ.Dua ad rihad J. mua, ds. russll Sag Foudatio, 2011.
liii Ldd,HFndFsk,eB.“ClssMttrs.whywon’twadmtit?”The New York Times, D 11, 2011. Assd D 7, 2012o http://www.ytis.o/2011/12/12/opiio/th-uaddssd-lik-tw-povty-ad-duatio.htl?pagwatd=all
liv “Th coditio o eduatio 2011,” Tals 11-2 ad 12-2. natioal ct o eduatio Statistis. Assd D 6, 2012 ohttp://s.d.gov/pus2011/2011033.pd Assd D 2012. nAeP sos a o th ost t ya availal, whih isgally 2009.
lvMorrs,pml,Duncn,GrgJ.ndRodrgus,Chrstohr.“DosMonyRllyMttr?estmtngimctsofFmlyincomonchild’s Ahivt with Data o rado-Assigt expits.” 2004. Assd D 7, 2012 o http://www.gs.ui.du/pso/dua_g/dos/1dosoyatt.pd
lvi Husto, Altha c. “nw Hop o Failis ad child: Fiv-Ya rsults o a Poga to rdu Povty ad ro Wla.”mrDc, 2004.
lvii “Th coditio o eduatio 2012,” Figu 16-2. natioal ct o eduatio Statistis. Assd D 6, 2012 ohttp://s.d.gov/pogas/o/gus/gu-ls-2.asp Assd D 2012. Data is o 2009-10 shool ya.
liii chapa, chis t al. “Tds i High Shool Dopout ad copltio rats i th Uitd Stats: 1972-2009,” Tal 1.natioal ct o eduatio Statistis, 2011.. Data is o 2009.
lix “Th coditio o eduatio 2011,” Tal 21-1. natioal ct o eduatio Statistis. Assd D 10, 2012 o http://s.d.gov/pus2011/2011033.pd Data is o 2009.
lxellood,D.,ndT.Kn.”whoisGttngCollgeducton?FmlyBckgroundndthGrongGsnenrollmnt”,nS.Dnzgrad J. Waldogl (ds.), Securing the Future: Investing in Children rom Birth to College, russll Sag Foudatio, 2000.
lxiMrk,Lynn.“Runrmkstocl,rtrsfromGTCR.”Crain’s Chicago Business, Oto 19, 2012. Assd D 10, 2012
o http://www.hiagousiss.o/atil/20121019/neWS01/121019735/au-aks-it-oial-tis-o-gtlxii rau’s Op ed is availal h: http://atils.hiagotiu.o/2012-09-12/ws/t-psp-0912-stik-20120912_1_ps-tahsps-shools-hat-shool
lxiii rau’s appaa o chiago Toight is availal h: http://hiagotoight.wttw.o/tags/u-au
lxiv Sio, Stphai. “Pivat s yig pots o U.S. puli shools.” ruts, August 1, 2012.accssdDcmbr10,2012,thtt://n.rutrs.com/rtcl/2012/08/02/us-ducton-nvstmnt-diNL2e8J15FR20120802
lxv chiago Tahs Uio, “Th blak ad Whit o eduatio i chiago’s Puli Shools.” nov 30, 2012.Assd D 10, 2012 o http://www.tut.o/qust-t/sah/lak-ad-whit-o-hiago-duatio.pd
lxvi Sio, Stphai. “Pivat s yig pots o U.S. puli shools.” ruts, August 1, 2012.accssdDcmbr10,2012,thtt://n.rutrs.com/rtcl/2012/08/02/us-ducton-nvstmnt-diNL2e8J15FR20120802
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