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Stabilization of silt and clay soils
for selected sites in Hilla city by
(cement , hydrated lime)
A Thesis
Submitted to the Council of the College of Science,
University of Baghdad in Partial Fulfillment of the
Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in
Geology Engineering Geology
By
Abdul-kareem H. Abud Jumber Alrobaiee
Supervised By
Ass. Prof.
Dr. Saad N. Al-Saadi
Ass. Prof.
Dr. Amer A. Al-Kaldiy
1429 2008
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B
bst r ct
Most of subgrades of Hilla city are clayey silt soils, these soils areweak because of lack in its cohesion.
This investigation is conducted to study the effects of adding
(traditional stabilizers) (cement or hydrated lime) on stabilization and
bearing of the soil in some sites of Hilla city .
Three types of soils were selected from different sites , of Hilla city
from surface(Shallow depths) were used in this study.
Different ratios of cement were added (5%, 8%, 13% and 15% by
weight of dry soils)., and different ratios of (HL) were used (3% ,5%, 7%,
and 9 % by weight of dry soils).
All soil specimens were exposed to same curing conditions
(curing temperature 28-30c), different curing times (3, 7, 14, and 28 days)
and mellowing time (0) min.
All natural soil specimens were tested by physical, engineering,
and mineral tests before and after adding the traditional stabilizers.
The tests included (Atterberg limits, compaction test, unconfined
compression test), the effect of mellowing time, curing time and the
soaking were used to investigate the unconfined compressive strength.
The experimental results illustrate that , plasticity index and liquid
limit are decreased and plastic limit is increased for soil of (Chamber of
Commerce road shrine of the prophet Ayoob and soil of Hilla-Baghdad
road) when the stabilizer materials (cement or lime) were added, whereas
the soil of street 80 became non- plastic soil with any percentage of
stabilizers .
The results revealed that the maximum dry density is decreased
and the optimum moisture content is increased , when the hydrated Lime
is added but the maximum dry density decreased with cement addition up
to 8%, and it increases very little again with increasing cement content to
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C
(13%) or more whereas the optimum moisture content increases at any
percentage of cement in Hilla-Baghdad road, increases up to 8% in street
80 then decreases and increases up to 13% in the chamber of commerce
raod then decreases.
The results showed that the effect of curing time of soil on the
unconfined compressive strength value in late ages with the stabilizer of
(HL) was lower than that of soil specimens with the stabilizer of
(cement), and the results showed that the unconfined compressive
strength increases with Increasing of (sand percentage) in soil specimens
when traditional stabilizers (cement or hydrated Lime)are added .
Based on the results obtained , it can be concluded that the increase
of cement content leads to clear increase in the unconfined compressive
strength which is higher than that for specimens when the H.L is used,
except that with hydrated Lime (9%) for (street 80) soil, with soil Hilla-
Baghdad road, whereas for chamber of commerce raod soil the
unconfined compressive strength decreased at (7%) using hydrated lime
for 28 days Curing time
It was observed that the soaking with water decreases the
unconfined compressive strength but this reduction is less in later curing
time for the three soils treated with (cement or hydrated lime).
The economical benefit study showed that the traditional stabilizer
(cement) is better than hydrated lime , specially with 8% (cement ) due
to getting better unconfined compressive strength, acceptable and
reasonable costs ,compared with the costs of the other percentages of
cement .
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I
I V VII VIII XI -: -1 -2 -5 -5 --5 --7 -10 -10 -11 -11 --11 --13 --13 --13 --14 --14
-14 --14 --15 --16 -17: - -18
--18
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II
--() 19 20:24: 24: --25 25:
-26-26-28-30-31-33 36:-36--36--37- 40:-40-42 ( : (43 : - -44
--44 --44 --45 --47 -48 50:50-50-
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III
50-51-51-56- -57 57: : 61 64: 65-:
65-65-65-
-65- 65-66
: - -67 --67 --() 68 ---68-68-71-) 72)-
--72--73
-74--74--82
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IV
-90--90 --92
92------
98103--
---
103
---106
-111 --111 --112- -114
-115 - A B-C
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V
- - - -) ) -
- .Limestone - . -. -. -. -) )-- -) .
-. -. -. -
. () - .
-. -()
. -. - . %%-
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VI
() .%% -
.%% - . - (). -
. -
. -() . -. -
.
- () . - . - .
- . ()
-
.
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VII
- )-(
-. -. - . - . -.()-()
. -AASHTO(ASTM,1993). -. -. -. -. -. - ( ) . -
. - -. -% . -% - .-
-) )%
.),(-
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VIII
.--)(%
,( ) .
-
.- -
.-
-
.
- () .
-. -) .) -. -.
AASHTOAmerican Association of StateHighway and Transportation Officials
ASTMAmerican Society for Testing and
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IX
materials
cCohesionC.TCuring TimeCBRCalifornia Bearing RatioGsSpecific GravitykPaKilopascal =kN/m
2= /
L.LLiquid LimitM.D.DMaximum Dry Density
M.TMellowing TimeNCCLRNational Center for Construction
Laboratories and Research
NPNon-plasticO.MOrganic Matter
O.M.COptimum Moisture ContentP.IPlasticity IndexP.LPlastic LimitquUnconfined Compressive Strength
T.S.STotal Soluble SaltsUSCSUnified Soil Classification SystemW.CWater Content W.TWater Table
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- Clayey silt soils
Subgrade ))soft .
: hydro-consolidation cracks swelling
)( Fatigue .))
.
)(traditional stabilizers
.
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- Site of the Study Area( (
) ( .)-) )-()( ))(( )()( )( ) .-(.
) :)-))1978
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) ) :2-1 )1978 (
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) :)3-1))2003
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- of studyThe aim : :
. - -- -)Saco , 1965(
: Durability . -)Abdul-Kareem , 1978( ) CL,ML( Hydrated lime
)( Curing TimeCuring Temperature .
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)-(% %)-.( )-(. -)Ahmad , 1985(
)...(% 95%
LimeHydrated . ) Cohesion .(
-) Al-Tai , 2005( :
Resol - aResol Resorcinol Network -b
Resol Resins -c : . ) shear( ( .%)
--
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-(Eskioglou and Efthmiou ,2000)( (Aridea, Drame ,Grevena , Xanthi
:) ( ) -NaCl( )- -(
. 8-6% : ./17
((Fly ash 17/ ) -NaCl( .
-)Andromalos,et al., 2002( - )(%35-20)) (%23)
Lakeland )(Florida (%12).
Slope stability applications )(Factor of safety ((Static Load
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.
-)Wang, et al.,2003( Parish )Winn Rock Soil) (CaSO4 ()Louisiana( ( ( )Granulated Blast furnace Slag)(BFS(
C)Class C Fly ash()CFA() Silica Fume()SF( )Amorphous Silica)(AS (:
Expansion.
BFS CFA .
C: BFS:ASC:CFA:AS (AS)(SF)(AS)
.
-)Geiman , 2005( : )
Staunton Lynchburg( : ) (. :
Proprietary cementitious stabilizer
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)(Low Dosage Ratio . ( )Water-Cement Ratio
) /( )Plasticity Index/Water-lime Ratio(
.-) Reyes and Pando , 2007() CFBC(
HormiguerosPuerto Rico 4.2m :) CFBC) (
Circulating Fluidized Bed Combustion(
C .
- 5 %() 12.57% CFBC
Plasticity ) ) CFBC
.
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- ).)Mesopotamian Plain) (Buady, 1980Quaternary
deposits floodplain deposits )depression
fill deposits( .))Parsons , 1957 ) )
) .(
- : . )( ) .(
) () ) .-
-.
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)
) . /
)NCCLR( )-()..( .
) ( ) (
)-( ) .(
- .--
) .( )-( )-(
( .)
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) () ) .Abdul- Kareem, 1978
)-()-) .))
() %
()
20.9075.6510.556.2648.44 13.7364.7112.587.4792.9615.4657.6116.828.01123.82
14.549.3923.138.84177.261.7437.9929.2310.14269.50.132.8932.9111.36317.530.032.0534.8211.90348.680.034.3834.4111.46311.2 0.1239.4730.9710.1238.02
3.6249.3525.138.69156.4 12.6362.9117.437.1373.82 18.6374.3812.536.1651.48
-- Temperature
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).( ).(
. --Rain Fall )-( )-(
).( .
( ) .Al-Tawel , 1983
-- Relative Humidity () () )
. ( )-(
).(% ).() .%( .(.(
--Sun Shine ( ) )./()./(
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-(( ) .(
--Evaporation : ( Mzaor,1990(
. )-()()-( ).( ).(
)( .
- Methods of Research--
: Cracks
.
\.NCCLR
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-- : () -
.)-()()( )-( .
) - 80) -- Laboratory work .
. Water Content Specific Gravity Atterberg Limits
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Grain Size Analysis )Soil Classification.(
. %Sulphates Content %GypsumChloride% Total Soluble Salt % (T.S.S)
Organic Matter %%CarbonatespH.
. )X-ray diffraction. (
- ( )
. -
) ) : ( ( Maximum Dry Density Optimum Moisture Content.
( (
)( . - : Mellowing Time Curing Time
Unconfined Compressive Strength.
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)- ( .-Office work
) Microsoft Exeel, Harvard Graphics(.
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--Soil Stabilization--
. : ( (
) ( Johnsonville SouthCarolina)1935(.
)1945- 1939( (Woods , 1960)(Das, 2004 ). . ()Strength(:
Permeability( :) ( )Durability( )( Inglesand Matcalf, 1972)(.
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Bowles, 1984)(
.. .. .. . . .. .. :))1991 .)Compaction(Mechanical stabilization .Cement stabilization .Lime stabilization .Bitumen stabilization .Chemical stabilization . . . --
Mechanical stabilization or compaction :
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: .. .. .)Lambe, 1951( ( Cohesion )( ) )1962:
Lambe ,(. .)(
Laboratory compaction-:
)( Lubrication.
.((Lambe ,1951
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(R.R. Proctor ) 1933 ASTM D- 698 AASHTO T- 99(Lambe ,1951).
.)Modified Proctor Test(ASTM D-1557AASHTO T-180
Lambe and Whitman ,1979)(.
) -( Maximum Dry Density Optimum Moisture Content) -(
(Peck, et al.,1974)
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) :)- ) ( )( Peck, et al.,1974
Modified Proctor test
Standard Procter test
Water content, percent of dry weight
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) :)- (ASTM-D698 ( Peck, et al.,1974
Field compaction-:
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Optimum Moisture Content)()O.M.C(
)-(%
.-1 .Smooth wheel rollers.Rubber tired rollers2-.Sheep foot rollers3-
) .) Maximum Dry Density
)M.D.D( . )-........(=%
Vibratory Compaction- :)(
-Vibroflotation )Granular Soils(
.
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) )Silt
)Gravel()Brown , 1977. (
-) )Pounding
) () (
)Lakas , 1980. ( --Chemical stabilization
: Lime stabilization- :(( Ingles and Matcalf , 1972 . (Shear strength)
(Bearing capacity). .p.I. .. .Workability.
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.. A2-
7,A2-6) (A7,A6,A5,A4) ()AASHTO( )GC , GM , CL-ML , SC , SM , CH , CL , MH , ML( (Unified Soil Classification System)(Epps, et al.,1971)
-: :
Quick Lime (CaO))QL(Hydrated Lime Ca(OH)2HL)( (Lime slurry). (HL) (QL) ( )
.)( Ingles and Matcalf, 1972-Limestone : ..
.. .( AL-Rawi , 1973)) .)-
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) - ( .))
-Soil- Lime Reaction1-
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Ion exchange and flocculation-agglomeration plasticity .((Little , 1995workability
(Lyotropic
series)K+
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.( ( Eades and Grim , 1960( Mallela et al, 2004)
( ) ( ) ( )22....................2 122 -+ -+ OHCaOHCa
(345kPa)28
)( )Thompson, 1966(.
(Lees, et al., 1982) Montimorillonite kaolinite .
)Lime carbonation-3 ( (CO2) (
CaCO3) ) .)Arman and Munfakh , 1970
.-.
( ) ( ) ( )24....minminlub32
12---++
-+CAHHydrateatesAluCalciumAluclayleSoOAlOHCa
( ) ( ) ( )23......lub2
12---++
-+ CSHHydratesilicateCalciumSilicaclayleSoSiOOHCa
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Factors Affecting soil- Lime stabilization :
pH1- pH(7.0) .))Thompson, 19662-( - )
.((Lees, et al., 1982Organic Matter Content-3 )-(%
.)(Sabbagh , 1973Curing4- :
.)(Anday, 1963-
: Workability .
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(Diamond and Knitter , 1965 ).
1-Plastic properties LimitShrinkage
Plasticity Index Liquid Limit Plastic Limit )(Das, 2004.)-(
) :)-)Das , 2004(
(( Volume change2- ) .(Diamond and Knitter, 1965
3-
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Flocculation .)(Eades and Grim ,1960 Compaction properties4-
Maximum Dry Density Optimum Moisture Content O.M.C
M.D.D ).((Diamond and Knitter, 1965)(Al-Rawi, 1972)
Swelling5- .)( Lambe, 1962Freezing and Thawing6- Dolomite%)()(Meteous,1964
Monohydrate Lime 28 350psiExpansion25
.Wetting and drying7-
Meteous , 1964)(
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( ( Strength8- )Meteous , 1964(
.
Compaction Effort9- )250 - %50%(728 .)(Meteous,1964
-Mixture Design and Strength Characteristics
. .1-
Thompson procedure and Eades and Grim procedure Optimum Lime Content
pH - ..12.4pH Illinois pH Thompson, 1966)(.
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Louisiana procedure2- 50psi (subbase)100psi (base).
)6in() 8in( .)(Thompson, 1966Illinois procedure3-
.
) -( l00psi Subbase150psi 2in)(
.)(Thompson, 1966)(4inTexas procedure-4 )P.I( ) 40()Chart( ( )2-5
: P.I
100 %
. Chou,1987)(
(Geiman,2005).
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) :)- Chou , 1987)) .)(Geiman , 2005
Cement Stabilization--
Percent Hydrated Lime
Based on dry weight of soil
Enter P.I. at top
Read amount for 100% soil binder
from curves
Follow curved line down to 100% soil
binder to be anticipated
At intersection of this line read
% lime from curves modified for
aggregate at top
Example : for P. I. 39
& 55% - No. 40
Excluded Binder Area Soil Section, Materials & Test Division, Tx DOt
PercentSoilBinder-WetMethod
IncreaseThis%anAmountA
nticipated
formConstructionOperations
Agg Soils
P. I. Wet Method
P. I. Wet Method
%.
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(High unit weight ).((Woods,1960
Portland Cement : )( . (Herzog , 1963)
-Soil Cement Reaction:
Tri-calcium silicate ( C3S))3CaO.SiO2(di-calcium silicate (C2S))2CaO.SiO2(
Tri-calcium aluminate (C3A))3CaO.Al2O3(
Tetra Calcium alumino - ferrite (C4AF))4CaO.Al2O3-Fe2O3(
))Stocker , 1963)Naqshabandi, 1990( AL-
( )
eCrystallinmediate
OHOAlCaOOAlCaO OH
Im
27................6..3.3 232322 -
CementHydration .
.((Herzog , 1963
( )
( )allineMicrocrystSlow
OXHSiOCaOSiOCaO OH
26..................2.2222
2 -
( ) ( )( )allineMicrocrystModerate
OHCaOXHSiOCaOSiOCaO OH
25................2.3 22222
-+
( )
eCrystallinModerate
OHCaSOOAlCaOOAlCaO OHCaSO
28.................3.3..2.3243232
24 - +
( )29.......
edundetermin6..3..42323232
2
-
+
AmorphouscompoundeCrystallinSlow
OHOAlCaOOFeOAlCaO OH
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.((C3A)(O' Flaharty , 1983CaSO4.2H2O pH Ca(OH)2 Calcium Ions .
.((Herzog , 1963)(Croft, 1967-. ( (
( (Ca+2 Double-Diffused Layer ) (
) (
) ( ( .(-(( Herzog,1963
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) -(: )Croft , 1967(
--Moisture-Density Relationship M
.D. D O.M.C : (Saco ,1965)M
.D .D(%12) O.M.C . -(Al-Rawi,et al., 1967)
) ((Soil-cement) .
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( 1991 (
. -Atterberg Limits ) (
. (Croft, 1967)
Liquid Limit Plasticity Index
plastic Limit L.L 40 .(40(Woods, 1960
-Unconfined Compressive Strength ) ( Rates of hardeningsetting time(Woods,1960).
excessive drying .(( Ingles and Matcalf,1972 )SiltyClay Soil( (%18-10)
:
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400 800 psi ) , ( 2760 5520 ) kN / m7)2
(650-1050) psi ,( 4480-7240)kN/m2.((Woods,196028Bituminous stabilization-
(Waterproofing ability)
1994)Punmia,et al.,( .
-Types of Bituminous Materials CS2.CCl4 -Natural Asphalt Lakes
Rocks veins .
-Manufactured Asphalt. ((Young, et al., 1998
Asphalt cement-
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.
Cutback Asphalt- .((Young, et al., 1998Emulsified Asphalt- ((Emulsifying agent
2) (
. :
-Cationic Emulsion .
-Anionic Emulsion
( )-
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) :)- ))Young, et al. , 1998
-
Mechanism of Bituminous Stabilization .), 1972)MatcalfIngles and : - Water proofing action
Flow channels(( Plug Theory ).)Membrance Theory
-Cementing Action .(O' Flaherty ,1983)
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)- ( ( (Grouting ) .) .)(Benzekri and Marchand, 1978
.)2004(
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Materials Used In Soil Stabilization and Laboratory Tests .
-Materials of study-- Soil
Sandy silt soil (AASHTO))ML A4(. )(
Silty Clay Soil )CL (AASHTO )A6(. -
Clayey Silt ) ((AASHTOML )A4 ()( .)-
-- Lime Hydrated lime) Ca (OH)2(.
)-( / IOS , No 807)(.
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) :)-
) )()
.ActivityCO2%.%
Mg% + CaO%.%MgO%.%Fe2O3%.% Al2O3%.SiO2%.SO3%.
) .)L.O.I) %.)%90
Ca (OH)2%.
--Cement Ordinary Portland
cement -( (./ )IOS , No 5(.
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) .:)-
Test
.Result
Limits According to
IOS
CaO% 62.10
SiO2% 20.46
Al2O3% 5.80
Fe2O3% 3.72
MgO % 3.10 < = 5%
K2O %
Na2O %SO3 % 2.61 < = 2.5% if C3A < 5%
< = 2.8% if C3A > 5%
Loss On Ignition % 1.71 < =4%TOTAL 99.50
Free Lime % 1.29
Insoluble Residue % 0.92 < =1.5%L.S.F. Lime Saturation Factor 0.88 0.66-1.02
M.S. Modulus Silica 2.15M.A . Modulus Alumina 1.56
C3S % 40.33
C2S % 28.23
C3A % 9.07
C4AF % 11.32
Setting Time , min , Initial
Final
115
200
> = 45 min
< = 600 min
Fineness (Blaine) in m2
/ kg 302 > = 230Compressive Strength MN / m
2, at
3 days
7 days
17. 0
26.0
> = 15
> = 23
Soundness (Auto Clave) . % 0.40 < = 0.8
-- Water
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Distilled Water ( ) )-( .
) :)-
/pH7.2
N.T.U 6.1 Nephelometic Turbidity UnitMg/L 128Mg/L 220CaMg/L 51.5
MgMg/L 17.3
SO4Mg/L 220
PO4Mg/L 0.28
NaMg/L 88
KMg/L 4.3
NO3Mg/L 2.1
-
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)ASTM (
)-( .)(Geiman,2005
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..-Mixing of soil and stabilizer. ) ( ) ( ASTM
(Geiman,2005) .-Mixing procedure.
)357% (9 )5813(%
(Das,2004) )-( ) O.M.C(
)- (. -Amount of stabilizer
: )-(=
: = )-(
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-Mellowing Time
() .15 ( - ( .
: ) (
3%%5 )Sealed Container(
) 15( ) 120( )(-(( .
-Specimen Molding Procedures. Unconfined compressive strength test
) 5.04 cm (10.1cm)( ) )0.80 kg ) )20.3cm 15) (
)-. )
ASTM D2166-82( ) ().)-(
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) )(:)-.)Sabbagh,1973(
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():)-()-( )( .
( .)* **
=
) :)-
) ....3-3(
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2.5 kg5.5Ib0.8kg1.8 Ib30.5cm12 in20.3cm8 in5.0cm2 in2.5cm1 in10.13cm4.4 in5.0cm2 in11.7cm4.6 in10.1cm4 in
352515
(-(( )- (. (Sabbagh, 1973
:)-(.
80
1.7451.7741.7901.7671.757/1.7331.7621.7781.7551.745/
% 1415.516.317.117.51415.516.317.117.5%
()
1.6271.6401.6501.6431.616/1.6111.6241.6341.6271.60/
% 18.21920.52122.518.21920.52122.5%
1.5661.6381.6581.6481.603/1.5531.6251.6451.6351.590/
% 16.118.219.320.522.516.118.219.320.522.5%
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) -(: ( )
.
-Curing
&
&
&
&
&
!
!
!
!!
''
'' '%
%%
%%
$$
$
$
$(
(
(
(
(
14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 221.55
1.58
1.61
1.64
1.67
1.7
1.73
1.76
1.79
80 80
($%'!&
%
/
(
-
()
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Aluminum foil
( .)-
.:)-(
-Curing Temperature
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)- (. -Curing Time
)(.-Laboratory Tests
:/
Soil Index Tests- -Moisture content )) ASTM- D2216-80 )(24 ) :)
w.c. %100.
13
32
-
-=
WW
WWCW -----------(3-4)
W1- gm-W2+ W3-+ - Atterberg limits ) ( - ASTM
D4318 - 84)( 40)) (475 (
7/22/2019 Stabilization of Silt and Clay Soils
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)( Flow curve)( . 3.25mm
Plasticity Index (P.I) =Liquid Limit L.L Plastic Limit (P.L)-Specific gravity
ASTM - D854-83)(
((Pycnometer Lambe ,1951).(
W2-W1
G.s = ------------------------* G.T ------(3-5)
W2- W1 + W4- W3
: GSW1:W2:W3: TW4: T
G.T: T-Grain size analysis
.((ASTM D422 84
((200 (200) (200) sieve analysis 200 50
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Hydrometer) ) .
-Classification ASTM D 2487-85 Unified soil classification system ( USCS) )
.)-() ( ) AASHTO ( .)-
) )-)3 , 2 , 1() .)ASTM-D 2487-85
1
2
3
-() -
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Chemical Tests- (NCCLR/ - ( .
) .:)-
%
%
%
%
%
pH%......
()
.......
-
......
-SO3Sulphate content B.S)(
Test- Number -9- %10HCl BaCl2 :%10
.-SO3%=) .......-(
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-Gypsum content:.
Gypsum =.% -Total soluble salts Test Earth manualASTM )( ) (
:)(P = C D / 10000
:
PCSalt Content DDilution-Chlorides
B.S 1733-1975Vogel test. 200
)( (2k2Cr2O3) indicator ( AgNO3 )
)( . % = ( ) 35.50.10.1
35.5
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-Organic matter content B.S 1377-1975 . 20ml
H2SO410ml 200ml Indicator
.
67.05.101%.
1
2-=
V
VMO
:
V2V1
10.5 - B.S 1377-1975 2 100ml50ml HCl )2N(100ml 50ml
(0.4 .)
= % -50-pH-value( (
pH .))Eades and Grim,1966
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analysisMinerology (X-Ray Diffractometer (XRD )peak( : ()230( 45(
)%15(
( 1980(. )Grim,1968( . -)Untreated Samples( . - ) 550( .)XRD( -
.
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--
) ( D4318-84)-.( ASTM-
( (
(ASTM- D698-78) (102mm117mm).
-- Mellowing Time
) ( )-( .
- . (ASTM - D2166-82).
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= 1mm\min)-(
.:)-(
- (( ..
)( .
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION - :)-( ()- . :
) ( )Atterberg Limits( Compaction Test .-
-- )(Sandy Silt Soil )( ( USCS()ML() AASHTO( )A4(.
maximum Dry Density)
()./ ( (Optimum Moisture Content)).(%. ) (% ).(
.
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---() Silty Clay Soil
) USCS()CL( ) AASHTO( )A6(. )/.()(maximum Dry Density %).()(Optimum Moisture Content) (% ) .(
.--() Clayey Silt Soil ) USCS()ML() AASHTO( )A4(.
maximum Dry Density )(). / ) Optimum Moisture Content)().(%.
) (% ).( . -
ASTMAASHTO) () ) .-
7/22/2019 Stabilization of Silt and Clay Soils
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.:)-(
123
-80()
-
.MoistureContent%
.Specific Gravity... . Atterberg
Limits
L.L% .P.L%.P.I% .
GrainSize Of Soils
Sand%. .Silt%27.4 .Clay% .USCSMLCLML .AASHTOA4A6A4.M.D.D .../ .O.M.C%... .Sulphate%... .Gypsum %... .Chloride %... .Carbonate %.Total
Soluble Salts %...
.%Organic Matter... .pH...
7/22/2019 Stabilization of Silt and Clay Soils
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) - (())AnalysisSieve Hydrometer (
.
010
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0.0
001
0.0
01
0.01
0.1
1
10
Size(D)mm
Percentfinerbyweight
()
-
80
-
Sand
Silt
Clay
Gravel
)
-
(
7/22/2019 Stabilization of Silt and Clay Soils
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-analysisMineralogical --X.R.D )( )Grim,1968(
.
(Lees, et al., 1982) . )-(
..A ) ( )-(: %Non-clay Minerals% Clay Minerals
***********80-***********()
***********-
= < 10 %*
10-20 %** =
20-40 %***=
7/22/2019 Stabilization of Silt and Clay Soils
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-) ) ) ) ASTM - D4318
- 84): ) -- )-( ) ( :
)Agglomeration( )(80 .
) :)- .
%
-80 -(( L.L%P.L%P.I%L.L%P.L%P.I%L.L%P.L%P.I%
0272433925143727103-NPNP38261235287
5-NPNP37271034286
7-NPNP3627934295
9-NPNP3628833294
NPL.LP.LP.I
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--( - (
) ( : (80( .
.
.:)-(
%
-80() -
L.L%P.L%P.I%L.L%P.L%P.I%L.L%P.L%P.I% 027243392514372710
5-NPNP38281037307
8-NPNP3829936306
13-NPNP3729836315
15-NPNP3730735314
NPL.LP.LP.I
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- --) -)(-( )-()-()-(
)%(80 - ( )
(M.D.D)) O.M.C(
)Flocculation( ).)Diamond and Knitter ,1965()Said,1974
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( -(: ) (.
%
/%
80
%0
1.72014.21
1.74515.492
1.778 M.D.D16.3 O.M.C3
1.72517.14
1.68519.25
3
1.601611.62216.82
1.654 M.D.D18.07 O.M.C3
1.62119.04
1.54621.05
5
1.56815.51
1.613172
1.653 M.D.D18.6 O.M.C31.62519.54
1.57520.55
7
1.5716.51
1.62017.52
1.652 M.D.D19.1 O.M.C3
1.625204
1.57521.25
9
1.57517.21
1.62518.62
1.651 M.D.D19.75 O.M.C3
1.62520.54
1.57521.65
7/22/2019 Stabilization of Silt and Clay Soils
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%
/%
()
0
1.61118.21
1.62419.52
1.634 M.D.D20.5 O.M.C3
1.62721.04
1.6022.55
3
1.49518.01
1.51420.52
1.523 M.D.D22.0 O.M.C3
1.51323.494
1.49625.605
5
1.491191
1.504212
1.514 M.D.D22.4 O.M.C3
1.50923.041.49225.05
7
1.48519.51
1.49721.52
1.503 M.D.D22.8 O.M.C3
1.494244
1.48025.55
9
1.475191
1.484212
1.492 M.D.D23.01 O.M.C3
1.48124.404
1.47025.205
7/22/2019 Stabilization of Silt and Clay Soils
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%
/%
-
0
1.55316.11
1.62518.22
1.645 M.D.D19.3 O.M.C3
1.63520.54
1.59022.55
3
1.4619.61
1.50520.52
1.539 M.D.D22.1 O.M.C3
1.50124.654
1.461265
5
1.4119.311
1.4520.322
1.525 M.D.D22.61 O.M.C31.50244
1.4725.45
7
1.4120.21
1.4521.222
1.495 M.D.D23.07 O.M.C3
1.47624.54
1.4425.75
9
1.40321.91
1.4322.52
1.466 M.D.D23.72 O.M.C3
1.441254
1.415265
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:)-( .
% O.M.CM.D.D gm/cm3%
80
01.77816.3
31.65418.07
51.65318.6
71.65219.1
91.65119.75
()
01.63420.5
31.52322.0
51.51422.4
71.50322.8
91.49223.3
-
01.64519.3
31.53922.1
51.52522.6
71.49523.07
91.46623.72
7/22/2019 Stabilization of Silt and Clay Soils
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:)-( 80 .
% %
%
%
%
' '
'
'
'
) )
)
)
)
$
$
$
$
$
(
(
(
(
(
14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 221.5
1.55
1.6
1.65
1.7
1.75
1.8
%0 %3 %5 %7 %9
($)'%
/
(
(
%
%
%
% % %
7/22/2019 Stabilization of Silt and Clay Soils
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( -(: .()
##
##
#' '
'
'
') )
))
)
$ $
$$
$
(
(
((
(
17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 261.45
1.5
1.55
1.6
1.65
%0%3%5%7%9
($)'#
/
(
(
%
%
%% % %
7/22/2019 Stabilization of Silt and Clay Soils
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-(:( .
# #
#
#
#
' '
'
''
!
!!
!
!
$ $
$
$
$
(
(
((
(
14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 301.4
1.43
1.46
1.49
1.52
1.55
1.58
1.61
1.64
1.67
1.7
1.73
1.76
1.79
%0 %3 %5 %7 %9
($!'#
/
(
(
%
%
%%
%%
7/22/2019 Stabilization of Silt and Clay Soils
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--) -)(-( )-)(-)(-(
) 0581315(% : 8% %15
15 %0 % .))Saco, 1965()AL-Qaisee ,2004
7/22/2019 Stabilization of Silt and Clay Soils
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)-(:) ( .%
%/
80
0
1.733141
1.76215.52
1.778 M.D.D16.3 O.M.C3
1.75517.14
1.74517.55
5
1.735151
1.7415.62
1.76 M.D.D16.7 O.M.C3
1.7517.24
1.72818.15
8
1.70116.91
1.71117.42
1.72 M.D.D17.6 O.M.C3
1.70818.54
1.695195
13
1.7116.41
1.73172
1.745 M.D.D17.5 O.M.C3
1.73118.64
1.7019.65
15
1.7215.61
1.74316.52
1.755 M.D.D17.1 O.M.C3
1.7418.14
1.72195
7/22/2019 Stabilization of Silt and Clay Soils
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%
%/
((
0
1.61118.21
1.62419.52
1.634 M.D.D20.5 O.M.C3
1.62721.04
1.6022.55
5
1.550191
1.562202
1.575 M.D.D20.7 O.M.C3
1.56021.84
1.53923.15
8
1.53020.41
1.542212
1.558 M.D.D21.8 O.M.C3
1.54522.64
1.5323.45
13
1.53020.81
1.54521.992
1.569 M.D.D22.9 O.M.C3
1.544244
1.53125.35
15
1.550191
1.56920.82
1.577 M.D.D22.65 O.M.C3
1.560244
1.54325.35
7/22/2019 Stabilization of Silt and Clay Soils
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%
%/
0
1.55316.11
1.62518.22
1.645 M.D.D19.3 O.M.C3
1.63520.54
1.5922.55
5
1.54161
1.58218. 42
1.601 M.D.D20 O.M.C3
1.59121.34
1.56822.75
8
1.518.31
1.54320.52
1.553 M.D.D21.4 O.M.C31.531234
1.492245
13
1.531191
1.55321.42
1.561 M.D.D22.7 O.M.C3
1.5523.54
1.5125.15
15
1.53517.81
1.55919.52
1.591 M.D.D23.2 O.M.C3
1.578244
1.53725.55
7/22/2019 Stabilization of Silt and Clay Soils
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) :)- .%
M.D.D gm/cm3
O.M.C %
80
01.77816.3
51.76016.7
81.72017.6
131.74517.5
151.75517.1
()
01.63420.5
51.57520.7
81.55821.8
131.56922.9
151.57722.65
-
01.64519.3
51.60120
81.55321.4
131.56122.7
15159123. 2
7/22/2019 Stabilization of Silt and Clay Soils
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:)-( 80 .
% %
%
%
%
''
'
'
'
))
))
)
$$
$
$
$
(
(
(
(
(
14 15 16 17 18 19 201.66
1.69
1.72
1.75
1.78
% 0 % 5 %8 %13 %15
($)'%
/
(
(
%
%%
%%
%
7/22/2019 Stabilization of Silt and Clay Soils
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:)-( ()
# #
#
#
#
' '
'
'
'
) )
)
)
)$$
$
$
$
(
(
(( (
18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 261.5
1.55
1.6
1.65
%0 %5 %8 %13 %15
($)'#
/
(
(
%
%
% %
%%
7/22/2019 Stabilization of Silt and Clay Soils
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:)-( - .
# #
#
#
#
'
'
' '
'
))
) )
)$
$$
$$
(
(
(
((
14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 301.49
1.52
1.55
1.58
1.61
1.64
1.67
1.7
1.73
1.76
1.79
%0 %5 %8 %13 %15
($)'#
/
(
(
%
%% %
%%
7/22/2019 Stabilization of Silt and Clay Soils
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-Unconfined Compressive Strength Testing --
Effect Of Mellowing Time On Unconfined Compressive Strength
. ( -( )-()-()- ( .
) 15( - ) ) .
() . ) -(:
30-28%7%35()
%
kg/cm2
15.515.812.715.81515.61416.316%5%10.27.99.47.59.0311.58.79.29.013
kg/cm2
10.28.68.78.68.87.57.68.99.5%5%6.85.66.37.17.156.97.15.87.73
-
kg/cm2
10.810.96.48.787.989.878.077.27%5%6.546.576.727.076.487.196.956.676.753
10
12
14
16
18
%3
7/22/2019 Stabilization of Silt and Clay Soils
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)-(: 80 ( .))30-28(
) :)- ()) ( .))30-28
8
10
12
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120
) )
(2/
)
%3 %5
/
(
7/22/2019 Stabilization of Silt and Clay Soils
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) :)- 7)(
))30-28 -- --- .
)-( ( ) .
/
(
7/22/2019 Stabilization of Silt and Clay Soils
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:)-( ( 30-28( .
()
%
%
28
%
/
% 281473
80
/
1.31.51.61.7030.7616.3.
9151820.35125.516.7.
1521.828358133.317.6.1930394613142.117.5.
23.539475815146.817.1.
-()
/
1.41.671.82.02044.220.5.
4.59.29.810.65135.520.7.6.512.815.519.18193.821.8.8.315.0820.325.513207.222.9.916.521.528.515216.622.65.
-/
1.711.902.02.26032.119.3.
.7.359.1811.616.425123.420.8.7911.5516.125.028184.621.4.
12.1816.5423.73813211.922.7.1317.6325.3240.515211.523.2.
) -( ( ) .
7/22/2019 Stabilization of Silt and Clay Soils
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:)-( )% (15,13,8,5 ) (
%%% 80
59001094
813531959
1319002606
1525003312
-5451455
8666845
138031212
158881311
-5383626
85081007
137701581
158261692
80-) -() )-
) ( )0581315(%
28 3 .
( )41..............100%Increasing3
328-
-=
qu
ququ
) )- qu2828qu33
7/22/2019 Stabilization of Silt and Clay Soils
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( -() -( ()
() )1094195926063312( )581315 .%)
( )42..............1000%
0%%%Increasing -
-=
qu
ququ
)-) qu%
qu%00%
) :)- .80 ()-
2
/
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30
%0%5%8%13%15
()
/
%%
%
%
%
7/22/2019 Stabilization of Silt and Clay Soils
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) -() )- ) ()0581315(% .((1-4
-()-( ) )%0( () 2-
4)( ) 45584512121311(%) :%)581315
) -(: .
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30
()
(2
/)
%0 %5 %8 %13 %15
/
(
% %%
%
%
7/22/2019 Stabilization of Silt and Clay Soils
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) -() )- ) ()
0
5
8
13
15
%) ()(1-4 -) (-(
. 2-4)( )62610071581(1692%28
.%)1558(
) -(: . ---
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30
) (
(2/
)
%0 %5 %8 %13 %15
/
%%
%%
%
7/22/2019 Stabilization of Silt and Clay Soils
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) -(
.() :)-( )30-28(
()
%
%
28%
/
%1473
28
80
/
1.31.51.61.7030.716.3.
5.210.4112.815.23192.318.07.5.911.231520.55247.418.6.6.512.3716.323.67267.619.1.610.415.5229266.619.75.
-
()
/
1.41.671.82.02044.220.5.
4.65.97.389.73110.822.0. 5.16.47.8310.55105.822.4.4.85.87.159.87104.122.8.4.96.17.219.6995.923.3.
-
/
1.711.92.012.26032.1619.3.
.3.565.87.3210.013181.122.1.3.255.477.7912.55284.622.6.3.125.548.6914.97377.523.07. 3.325.147.98149321.623.72.
) -( () .
7/22/2019 Stabilization of Silt and Clay Soils
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) :)- () .
80-) -() )- )( 80 .%))03579
)(1-4).(
) -) (-(
)() 2-4(
%7 ) OH- (
% .
% )%( )%)
803594794
56491106
77241288
95931194
()3253380
5283420
7247385
9265375
-3208343
5188453
7191559
9170519
7/22/2019 Stabilization of Silt and Clay Soils
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0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30
()
(2
)
%0%3%5%7%9
:)-( .80 ((-
) ()- )- ()
( .)1-4
) -) (-( ) (
) 2-4( )()%(
) OH-( % .
.
/
%
%
%%
%
7/22/2019 Stabilization of Silt and Clay Soils
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00.75
1.5
2.253
3.75
4.55.25
66.75
7.58.25
9
9.7510.5
11.25
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30
()
(2
/
)
%0%3%5%7%9
) :)- () .
- ) -() -( .%))03579
) .)1-4
) -) (-( ) (
) 2-4(. ) 3% ( )( ) %7 ( ) OH-(
% . .
/
(
%
%
%
%
%
7/22/2019 Stabilization of Silt and Clay Soils
114/143
) :)- .
0
1.5
3
4.5
6
7.5
9
10.5
12
13.5
15
16.5
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30
) (
(2/
(
%0 %3 %5 %7 %9
/
(
%%
%%
%
7/22/2019 Stabilization of Silt and Clay Soils
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--Effect of Soaking on Unconfined Compressive Strength ---
. ( -() ( . ) (
) ) ) () .)- )-(:
(287 )- .
%
7 /
/28
28
80
01.501.750100100
515.511.519.816.325.817.6
821.8183430.517.410.2
1336.33346.6449.05.5
1539.1336.225856.87.42.0
()
01.6702.02010010058.374.1110.615.45149.1
812.86.918.510.14645.4
1315.088.126.916.546.238.6
1517.0111.3228.518.933.533.6
-
01.902.260100100
59.184.1816.421254.426.9
811.555.825.021949.7824
1316.54113829.533.4922.3
1517.8312.840.53228.2120.9
7/22/2019 Stabilization of Silt and Clay Soils
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80-) ()- )-
)058() 1315(% . ) -( :
( )43................100%Reduction1
21-
-=
qu
ququ
:
qu1 qu2
:(-( () .80
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0 3 6 9 12 15 18
(%)
(2/
)
7 28 28
/
(
(%)
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()- ) -() - (
)05813(15% )-(
) .)3-4
) :)-.))
-) -() - ( )) ( )-
)3-4(.
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0% 5% 10% 15% 20%
(%)
(2
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)
772828
/
(%)
7/22/2019 Stabilization of Silt and Clay Soils
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) :)-.))
--- ) -( ))
( ( .)-(
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
0 3 6 9 12 15 18
%
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7 7 28 28
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(
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)- ( 728 )-30(
.
%
7 / 28 / 7
28
8001.501.750100100
310.1719.516.830.6913.84
511.238.421.519.325.210.23712.3710.323.621.616.738.47
910.47.822.320.4258.52
()
01.6702.020100100
35.93.59.76.940.6728.8
56.44.110.58.235.9321.9
75.83.39.87.543.1023.46
96.13.49.67.444.2622.9
- 01.902.260100100
35.863.110.016.848.532.06
55.472.712.57.850.6337.675.542.814.91049.4532.8
95.142.5148.651.3638.5
80-) -( )-(
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) :)- .))
((-((-) )-
) ( ) -(.
) % () ) .))3-4
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
(%)
(2/
)
7 728 28
/
(%)
7/22/2019 Stabilization of Silt and Clay Soils
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) :)- ) -)
() .
-) -() -(
) ( ) -( ) 3%(
)() .)3-4
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
( %)
(2
/
)
772828
(%)
/
(
7/22/2019 Stabilization of Silt and Clay Soils
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:)-() .)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
%
(2/
)
7 728 28
(%)
/
(
7/22/2019 Stabilization of Silt and Clay Soils
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-Economical analysis .
) (
).( ).( :--
) )-
() % .
7/22/2019 Stabilization of Silt and Clay Soils
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) :)- .% / +
()
/
80517608821.12020.3
81720137.633.02435
131745226.8554.44446
151755263.2563.18058
-5157578.7518.90010.6
81558124.6429.91319.1
131569203.3248.79625.5
151577236.5556.77228.5
- 5160180.0519.21216.42
81553124.2429.81725.02
131561202.9348.70338
151591238.6557.27640.5
--) - () (
% ()80
% .
7/22/2019 Stabilization of Silt and Clay Soils
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) :)- ( ) .
% / +()
/
80
3165449.626.20215.2
5165382.6510.33120.5
71652115.64.23.691651148.59.22
-
3152345.69.9.75151475.7.10.571503105.21.9.891492134.28.9.6
-
3153946.17.10.015152576.25.12.571495104.65. 14.991466131.94.14
. Subgrades ) Strength Stiffness Durability( .
.
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Conclusions and Recommendations
-Conclusions
: - )P.I( Plasticity Index, Liquid Limit (L.L) ()
(Plastic Limit (P.L ( ( . -
% % . - Mellowing Time
. -Curing Time
. - .
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- % % %
.% -
. - ) ( .
-Recommendations For Future Works () :8%) ) . ()
-:- traditional stabilizersNon-
.)(-
. (- (
.
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( ( .
.139))1980 (2002) . 179
)2003( .
(1988) .
1985 - .208
.((1999((1986
. ((1997 .
((1991 .576
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2000 ( ) / //5//5
.593-599 1991
105.
(1978) .111((1967 .174 ) 2003 ( 190
) NCCLR( ) .2007-2004(8
)2004( .591 )2006(
. )1978() .)2000-1977
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(
)
....
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(
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Subgrades Clayey Silt Soils )soft. ( ) )(traditional stabilizers) : .
cement:)581315( %
Hydrated Lime)3.%( ) Curing Temperature)30-28( Curing Time(
.)(Mellowing Time28,14,7,3)( ) )
.L.LP.I
P. L () )
) 80 . )(maximum dry density
optimum moisture content)(
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8% %13
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