SOUTHEASTERN BAPTIST THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY
CHART OF IMPORTANT NEW TESTAMENT SCHOLARS
IN THE HISTORY OF BIBLICAL INTERPRETATION
FROM THE ENLIGHTENMENT TO MODERN TIMES
SUBMITTED TO DR. ANDREAS J. KÖSTENBERGER
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF:
BTI9800 SEMINAR IN THE HISTORY OF BIBLICAL INTERPRETATION
BY
NOAH W. KELLEY
OCTOBER 30, 2015
2
Introduction
The following is a summary of important interpreters of the New Testament and their works. For each of the scholars I have listed his
or her name, dates of birth and death, major work(s), and contribution to the field. Important scholars are listed in bold; likewise with
the most important works.1
While I first thought of arranging the chart according to areas of research, I realized that this would require either duplication of
material (when a particular scholar was active in several fields), or missing information (if I record a scholar in one place where they
made multiple contributions). For that reason they are, for the most part, presented in the order in which they were discussed by
William Baird in his History of New Testament Research, Vols. 1–3.2 (Toward the end I have supplemented Baird’s list of scholars
with some evangelical scholars from Bible Interpreters of the Twentieth Century.3) This preserves the somewhat chronological and
topical arrangement that Baird used.
However, I have also included for each scholar a section marked “Area of Research” in which I list some key terms relating to their
work. This allows the user to search the document for a particular subfield (such as “Textual Criticism,” or “New Testament
Introduction”) to find which scholars contributed to that subfield.
1 The choice of which Scholars to place in bold admittedly reflects my own interests, which include Greek grammar, linguistics, New Testament
theology, the relation of history and theology, exegesis and hermeneutics. Likewise, regarding which books are listed in bold, they are either books that I wanted
to be familiar with because of their historical importance and influence, or books that reflect the development of my areas of interest. In addition, I also tried to
place in bold not only those scholars and books that pertain to my interests, but also those who were pivotal in the development of the field of New Testament
studies. 2 William Baird, History of New Testament Research, Vol. 1: From Deism to Tübingen (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1992); idem, History of New
Testament Research, Vol. 2: From Jonathan Edwards to Rudolf Bultmann (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2003); idem, History of New Testament Research, Vol. 3:
From C. H. Dodd to Hans Dieter Betz (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2013). 3 Walter A. Elwell and J. D. Weaver. Bible Interpreters of the Twentieth Century: A Selection of Evangelical Voices (Grand Rapids: Baker Books,
1999). Scholars drawn from this book will be marked by an asterisk (*).
3
Chart of New Testament Interpreters
Name Dates Major Work(s) Contributions
Lightfoot, John 1602
–
1675
Harmony of the Foure Evangelists (1644)
A Commentary upon the Acts of the Apostles: Chronicall
and Critical (1645)
Horae Hebraicae et Talmudicae (Hebrew and Talmud
Exercitations, 1658-1678).
Area of Research: Gospels, Jewish
Backgrounds
Contribution: His “primary contribution to
NT research is his pioneering use of
rabbinic literature to illuminate the
historical setting of the biblical texts.”4
His major work in this regard was his
Horae Hebraicae et Talmudicae (1658-
1678)
Simon, Richard 1638
–
1712
OT:
Histoire critique du Vieux Testament (1678)
NT:
Histoire critique du texte du Nouveau Testament (1689)
Histoire des versions du Nouveau Testament (1690)
Histoire critique des principaux commentateurs du
Nouveau Testament (1693)
Nouveau Testament de Notre-Seigneur Jesus-Christ
(1702)
Area of Research: Old Testament
Criticism, New Testament Criticism
Contribution: Simon influenced many
later thinkers through his scholarship. He
used historical criticism to undercut the
Protestant principle of sola scriptura. He
also wrote in the vernacular in order to
make biblical scholarship available to the
public. Baird calls him the “founder of
modern biblical criticism.”5
4 Baird, 1:12. 5 Baird, 1:17.
4
Mill, John 1645–
1707
Novum Testamentum (1707) Area of Research: Textual Criticism
Contribution: The great work of Mill’s
life was the critical edition of the New
Testament. The text is basically the same
as Stephanus (3rd ed., 1550), but he
provided important notes and a text-
critical apparatus.
Bentley, Richard 1662
–
1742
Area of Research: Textual Criticism
Contribution: Bentley proposed a
complete revision of the NT that was
never made. However, he rescued Codex
Alexandrinus from a fire in Cambridge.
Locke, John 1632
–
1704
Epistemology:
“An Essay on Human Understanding” (1690)
Christianity:
The Reasonableness of Christianity (1695)
“A Discourse of Miracles” (1702-3)
New Testament:
A Paraphrase and Notes on the Epistles of St. Paul
(1705)
Area of Research: Epistemology,
Philosophy
Contribution: Locke’s concern with
linguistics and the historical background
of the NT anticipated later NT
scholarship. However, his enduring
impact on the study of the NT is his
view of epistemology and his view of
revelation as that which we cannot find
out by reason, but what does not
contradict it. Deists would build upon this
view of knowledge and propose that
reason was sufficient for religion.
5
Spener, Philip Jakob
1635–
1705
Pia Desideria (1675)
Contribution: Advocated for the practice of the life of faith as more important than
mental assent to correct doctrine. The
church and society can be revitalized if
people will live by the Spirit and the
Word, rather than being content with
lifeless orthodoxy. His enduring NT
influence lies in his role as the founder of
Pietism.
Franke, August
Hermann
1663
–
1727
Manuductio ad lectionem scripturae sacrae (1693) Area of Research: Hermeneutics, Exegesis
Contribution: Franke believed that faith is
more important than reason for
understanding the Bible. He believed that
“the major goal in interpretation of the
Bible is to distinguish between the husk
and the kernel, the letter and the spirit.”6
The letter of the Bible is important
because the spiritual meaning can only be
reached through the literal meaning. His
exegetical method was a significant
contribution to NT research.
Bengel, Johann
Albrecht
1687
–
1752
Novum Testamentum Graecum (1734)
Gnomon Novi Testament (1742)
Area of Research: New Testament
Exegesis, Textual Criticism
Contribution: His Greek NT includes
important text-critical notes. He
developed a number of important text-
critical principles. His Gnomon is a series
6 Baird, 1:65.
6
of notes on the NT. He engages in careful linguistic and historical interpretation.
Wettstein,
Johann Jakob
1693
–
1754
Critical Edition of the Greek New Testament (1751–
1752; it uses the 1624 Elzevir edition text, but including
his own notes and critical apparatus)
Area of Research: Textual Criticism
Contribution: Wettstein advanced the
text-critical study of the GNT. His
prolegomena gives 19 principles for
evaluating textual variants. His apparatus
increased the number of variants available
to the text critic. His textual judgments
were less tethered to orthodoxy, and
represented a step toward the modern
critical text.
Ernesti, Johann
August
1707
–
1781
Institutio interpretis Novi Testamenti (Principles of
New Testament Interpretation, 1761)
Notes on the Books of the New Testament (1786)
Area of Research: Hermeneutics, Exegesis
Contribution: By training a classical
philologist, Ernesti’s “main contribution
to the history of NT research is apparent:
the rigorous use of linguistic and
grammatical analysis in the service of
historical interpretation.”7
Semler, Johann
Salomo
1725
–
1791
Abhandlung von freier Untersuchung des Canon
(1771–1775)
Four volume work on theological hermeneutics: Vol 1
and 2: Vorbereitung zur theologischen Hermeneutik
(1760–1761); Vol 3 and 4: Hermeneutische Vorbereitung
(1765–1769)
Paraphrases on NT books (1769–1792)
Area of Research: New Testament
Criticism, Canon, Hermeneutics
Contribution: Semler divorced faith from
reason. His most important work was his
writing on the canon, in which he argued
for the free investigation into the books of
7 Baird, 1:114.
7
the Bible. He denied that Scripture was all God’s word; rather, he thought that
Scripture contained God’s word, and
historical research was necessary to
discern what was truly inspired. Semler is
most important because he made a
division between the Bible and the
Word of God. This wedge becomes a
continual problem in the history of
interpretation. He was also one of the
first scholars to dispute the unity of some
NT books (Romans and 2 Corinthians).
He also anticipated the work of F. C. Baur
by positing a Pauline Gentile faction and
Petrine Jewish faction in the early church.
He was influenced by S. J. Baumgarten
who was also the professor of F. C. Baur.
Michaelis,
Johann David
1717
–
1791
Einleitung in die göttlichen Schriften des Neuen
Bundes (1788; English trans. Introduction to the New
Testament, 1802)
Area of Research: New Testament
Introduction
Contribution: Michaelis established the
science of New Testament Introduction as an independent discipline.
His Introduction was intended as a
conservative defense of the Bible, but
ended up undercutting its authority. He
distinguished between inspired and
reliable. Matthew and John were apostolic
and inspired, while Mark and Luke were
not. He then tried to discern how Matthew
and John relate, and was concerned that
they conflicted. He resolved it by positing
8
that Matthew was a translation, and that conflicts are with the translation, not the
original (which we do not have). His work
is the result of a combination of orthodox
and Enlightenment presuppositions.
Griesbach,
Johann Jakob
1745
–
1812
Synopsis (1774)
“Inquiry into the sources from which the Evangelists
drew their narratives of the resurrection of the Lord”
(1783)
“Treatise by which it is demonstrated that the entire
Gospel of Mark was extracted from the records of
Matthew and Luke” (1789)
Novum Testamentum (1796, 1806)
Lectures on the Hermeneutics of the New Testament
(posthumously, 1815)
Area of Research: Textual Criticism,
Gospels: Synoptic Problem, New
Testament Exegesis
Contribution: Griesbach was the first
Enlightenment scholar to attempt a
revision of the Greek New Testament.
He also advocated for Matthean priority
as a solution to the synoptic problem.
Eichhorn, Johann
Gottfried
1752
–
1827
Einleitung in das Neue Testament (Introduction to the
New Testament, 2nd ed. 1820–1827)
Area of Research: New Testament
Introduction, Hermeneutics, Gospels
Contribution: Eichhorn used a “mythical
method of interpretation” in order to
explain away the supernatural elements in
the Bible (for example, Gen 1-3).
His critical Introduction proposed that an
early lost Gospel was the source for the
canonical Gospels, and that they represent
mythical expansions on the earlier
apostolic document (an “UrGospel”).
Lessing, Gotthold
Ephraim
1729
–
1781
Nathan the Wise (n.d.)
“On the Proof of the Spirit and of Power” (n.d.)
Area of Research: Literature and Drama,
Philosophy, Gospels
9
“A New Hypothesis Concerning the Evangelists Regarded as Merely Human Historians” (n.d.)
Published The Wolfenbüttel Fragments (1774–1778,
written by H. S. Reimarus)
Contribution: Nathan the Wise argued for religious tolerance. In “Proof,” Lessing
posits his famous “‘ugly ditch’—the
chasm between faith and history.”8 This
demonstrates the influence of German
idealism. In “New Hypothesis,” Lessing
posits an Urgospel upon which the
canonical Gospels are dependent.
Lessing caused great controversy by his
publishing of the The Wolfenbüttel
Fragments (see below).
Reimarus,
Hermann Samuel
1694
–
1768
Apology for the Rational Worshippers of God,
published as Fragments of an Unknown, or The
Wolfenbüttel Fragments (published by Lessing)
Area of Research: Historical Jesus/History
of Early Christianity
Contribution: Published posthumously by
Lessing in seven parts, this essay is anti-
supernatural similar to the writings of
Deists. In the seventh part, Reimarus
writes that Jesus taught a moral message
of the Kingdom, but his disciples made
up Christianity by stealing the body
and lying about it.
Herder, Johann
Gottfried
1744
–
1803
Ideen zur Philosophie der Geschichte der Menscheit (4
vols., 1784-1791)
Area of Research: Philosophy of History,
Historical Backgrounds, Gospels
Contribution: Herder interprets the history
of humanity according to an evolutionary
model, with Jesus as a central figure in
bringing human religion to a higher, more
8 Baird, 1:168.
10
spiritual level. He emphasizes the human dimension in hermeneutics, and
anticipates the history of religions school
by advocating for the study of Persian
religion as New Testament background.
He proposes an oral Gospel that becomes
an Urgospel that is the basis of the
synoptics.
Gabler, Johann
Philipp
1753
–
1826
Updated Eichhorn’s two volume Urgeschichte.
His most important work is “Discourse on the Proper
Distinction between Biblical and Dogmatic Theology,
and the Right Determination of the Aims is of Each”
(l787)
Area of Research: Biblical Theology
Contribution: In his “Discourse,” he
argued for a “distinction between
Biblical and Dogmatic Theology.” He
suggested that historical exegesis would
solve many doctrinal disputes. He also
used the categories of accommodation and
myth to separate between what the
biblical authors taught (true BT) and the
universal truths that could be distilled
from those teachings (pure BT).
Kant, Immanuel 1724
–
1804
Critique of Pure Reason (1781).
Kant is one of the most important philosophers of this
time. He separated between the metaphysical and the
experiential and focused on morality. He was influenced
by Descartes. He argued that you cannot know about a
thing in itself, including God. But there is a universal
moral law.
Area of Research: Philosophy
Contribution: God becomes non personal
“supreme being” as the last figure in a
syllogism that starts with our experience.
This is the root of existentialism as well.
This division between reason and
experience is the foundational problem for
modern man. However, God has crossed
the gap in revelation and incarnation.
11
Schleiermacher,
Friedrich Daniel
Ernst
1768–
1834
On Religion: Speeches to Its Cultured Despisers (Über die Religion: Reden an die gebildeten unter ihren
Verächtern. 1799).
Brief Outline of the Study of Theology (Kurze
Darstellung des theologischen Studiums; 1810, Eng.
Trans. 1850).
The Christian Faith (Der Christliche Glaube nach den
Grundsätzen der evangelischen Kirche im
Zusammenhang dargestellt. 1821–1822).
Hermeneutics (n.d.).
Introduction to the New Testament (Einleitung ins neue
Testament, from lectures in 1829–1832).
Life of Jesus (Das Leben Jesu. 1864).
Area of Research: Systematic Theology, Hermeneutics, New Testament
Introduction, Historical Jesus
Contribution: His most important work
is The Christian Faith. He is often called
the father of modern liberal theology.
Baird says that he is “the most
important theologian of the nineteenth
century.”9 In terms of New Testament, he
had a huge impact through his
hermeneutics in that he pushed beyond
exegesis and inquired into the nature of
understanding. His Introduction
continued the general trends in critical
studies. His Life of Jesus was an
interpretation of Jesus according to
Schleiermacher’s view of religion as
“dependence upon God” and Jesus as the
perfect example of “God-consciousness.”
(This is the seed form of Bultmann’s later
existentialism. Religious experience is not
dependent on historicity.) However, on
many important issues, he continues the
enlightenment trend of trying to
rationalize and de-mystify the miraculous.
de Wette, Wilhelm
Martin Leberecht
1780
–
1849
Theodore, or the Skeptic’s Conversion (Theodor, oder
des Zweiflers Weihe; Eng. Trans., 1841).
De morte Jesu Christi expiatoria commenlatio (1831).
Area of Research: Old Testament, New
Testament, Systematic Theology.
9 Baird, 1:208.
12
Lehrbuch der historisch-kritischen Einleitung in die Bibel Alten und Neuen Testamentes. Vol. 1: Lehrbuch
der historisch-kritischen Einleitung in die kanonischen
und apokryphischen Bücher des Alten Testamentes. 7th
rev. ed (1852). Vol 2: Lehrbuch der historisch-kritischen
Einleitung in die kanonischen Bücher des Neum
Testaments. 5th rev ed. (1848; English translation: An
Historico-Critical Introduction to the Canonical Books
of the New Testament. Translated from the 5th ed.;
1858). Concise Exegetical Handbook to the NT (Kurzgefasstes
exegetisches Handbuch zum Neuen Testament, 4 vols.,
1845–1848)
Biblical Dogmatics (Biblische Dogmatik Alten und
Neuen Testaments, 1831).
Contribution: He tried to occupy a middle ground between rationalism and
supernaturalism. For de Wette, “The
essence of religion is feeling.”10 With
regard to the Gospels, he preferred John to
the synoptics and was generally skeptical
about the authorship of many New
Testament books.
Strauss, Davis
Friedrich
1808
–
1874
Life of Jesus (1835).
Defense of My Life of Jesus (1836–7).
Glaubenslehre (1940–1).
Life of Jesus for the German People (1864).
The Christ of Faith and the Jesus of History (1865).
The Old Faith and the New (1872).
Area of Research: Gospels: Historical
Jesus/History of Early Christianity,
Hermeneutics
Contribution: Embraced radical
Hegelianism and rejected Theism. He
criticized any attempt to reconstruct a
historical Jesus from the Gospel accounts.
He attacked rationalism and
supernaturalism and advocated for a
mythological interpretation in which the
whole of the Gospel narratives were
considered basically non-historical
narratives that were written to give shape
to the early church’s faith in Jesus.
10 Quoted in Baird, 1:223.
13
Baur, Ferdinand
Christian
1792
–
1860
Paul the Apostle of Jesus Christ (1845).
Critical Investigations of the Canonical Gospels (1847).
Die Epochen der kirchlichen Geschichtschreibung (On
the Writing of Church History, trans., 1968)
Geschichte der christlichen Kirche (1853–62; trans.,
The Church History of the First Three Centuries).
Das Markusevangelium nach seinem Ursprung und
Charakter. Nebst einem Anhang über das Evangelium
Marcion’s (1851).
Vorlesung über neutestamentliche Theologie (1864).
Area of Research: History of Early
Christianity
Contribution: Embraced moderate
Hegelianism. Baur’s philosophy of
history viewed data and interpretation to
be working together in dialectical
relationship.11
Reconstructed early Christianity
around a conflict between Jewish
(Petrine) and Gentile (Pauline)
Christianity that was reconciled in
early Catholicism.
Baur also proposed that only Romans, 1
and 2 Corinthians and Galatians, are
authentically Pauline.
Baird says that Baur’s legacy is mixed: he
is known for his creative energy and his
all-encompassing theory, but he made
many historical errors and is guilty of
circular reasoning.12
He pioneered tendency criticism.
Gieseler, Johann
Carl Ludwig
1792
–
1854
Historical-Critical Experiment Concerning the
Formation and Earliest Fate of the Written Gospels
(1818).
Area of Research: Gospels: Synoptic
Problem
Contribution: Advocated for common
oral tradition as a solution to the
Synoptic Problem.
11 Baird, 1:260. 12 Baird, 1:262, 268–269.
14
Marsh, Herbert 1758–
1839
“Dissertation on the Origin and Composition of Our Three First Canonical Gospels” (1789).
Area of Research: Gospels: Synoptic Problem
Contribution: Advocated for a common
written Gospel as a solution to the
Synoptic Problem. Also “gives tacit
support to the two-document hypothesis”
in supposing that the Evangelists used
“Aleph” (a narrative document) and
“Beth” (a sayings document).13
Wilke, Christian
Gottlob
1786
–
1854
Die Hermeneutik des Neuen Testaments systematisch
dargestellt, 2 vols. (1843).
Der Urevangelist, oder exegetisch kritische
Untersuchung über das Verwandtschaftsverhältniss der
drei ersten Evangelien (1838).
Area of Research: Gospels: Synoptic
Problem
Contribution: Advocated for the Markan
Priority as a solution to the Synoptic
Problem. One of the most extensive
treatments of the subject in the history of
research. He said that Matthew used Mark
and Luke.
Weisse, Christian
Hermann
1801
–
1866
Philosophical Dogmatics (1855–62).
Contributions to the Criticism of the Pauline Epistles to
the Galatians, Romans, Philippians and Colossians
(1867).
The Gospel History Critically and Philosophically
Investigated (1838).
The Question of the Gospels in the Present Situation
(1856).
Area of Research: Gospels: Synoptic
Problem
Contribution: An idealist philosopher, he
advocated for the two-document
hypothesis as a solution to the Synoptic
Problem. Though he was skeptical about
the historical veracity of the Gospel
accounts and sounds at times like Strauss,
13 Baird, 1:300–301.
15
he believes that Mark gives the memories of Peter.
Bretschneider,
Karl Gottlieb
1776
–
1848
Probability Concerning the Character and Origin of the
Gospel and Epistles of John, the Apostle, Modestly
Submitted to the Judgment of the Erudite (1820).
Area of Research: Gospel of John
Contribution: Argued against Johannine
authorship of the Gospel. Pitted the
Synoptics against John, and suggested that
the author of John was not an eyewitness,
not a Palestinian, and not a Jew. He was
part of the beginning of a rejection of
Johannine authorship. Many of his
arguments were later rejected, but the
overall view has prevailed.
Lachmann, Karl 1793
–
1851
“De ordine narrationum in evangeliis synopticis,”
Theologische Studien und Kritiken 8 (1835).
Produced a critical Greek New Testament:
1st edition (1831).
2 vol. critical edition (1842, 1850).
Area of Research: Gospels: Synoptic
Problem, Textual Criticism
Contribution: He worked in the classics
(Homer), but also the NT. He wrote an
essay on the Synoptic problem, in which
he focused on the order of the narratives,
in which he proposed that, which
Matthew and Luke did not use Mark,
Mark was closer to the primitive tradition
than the others. With regard to Textual
criticism, his key accomplishment was to
break away from the Textus Receptus. He
produced a critical text with an extensive
list of variants, though manuscript
evidence is limited.
16
Tischendorf,
Constantin von
1815–
1874
When Were Our Gospels Written? 4th ed. (1880). Produced a critical Greek New Testament:
1st edition (1841).
2nd Leipzig edition (1849).
8th edition, with prolegomena (1884).
Area of Research: Textual Criticism
Contribution: Baird says that Tischendorf
was “perhaps the greatest text critic of all
times.”14 He defended the authenticity of
the Gospels. He discovered Codex
Sinaiticus. Copied Codex Vaticanus.
Produced a critical Greek New
Testament.
Stuart, Moses 1780
–
1852
Grammar/Philology:
Exegetical Essays on Several Words Relating to Future
Punishment (1830).
A Grammar of the New Testament Dialect (1834).
Commentaries:
A Commentary on the Epistle to the Hebrews, 2 vols.
(1828).
A Commentary on the Epistle to the Romans (2nd ed.
1835).
A Commentary on the Apocalypse, 2 vols. (1845).
Translated:
Georg Winer’s Grammatik des neutestamentlichen
Sprachidioms (1825).
Ernesti’s Institutio (Engl. Elements of Interpretation,
1827).
Gesenius’s Hebrew Grammar (1851).
Area of Research: Hermeneutics,
Exegesis, Grammar/Philology,
Commentary
Contribution: Stuart was a conservative
scholar with great abilities. His major
works were his commentaries on
Romans, Hebrews, and Revelation.
However, he also translated some
important grammatical and linguistic
works into English.
14 Baird, 1:322.
17
Robinson, Edward 1794–
1863
The Bible and Its Literature; An Inaugural Address (1841).
Biblical Researches in Palestine . . . A Journal of Travels
in the Year 1838 (1856).
Later Biblical Researches in Palestine . . . A Journal of
Travels in the Year 1852 (1871).
Area of Research: Historical Backgrounds: Archeology
Contribution: Robinson Studied under
Stuart. He contributed to an understanding
of biblical geography. “He properly
identified more than one hundred biblical
sites.”15 His vivid description “may have
done more to promote the study of the
Bible than hosts of academic lectures on
higher criticism.”16
He also contributed to the area of biblical
linguistics.
Hodge, Charles 1797
–
1878
Systematic Theology, 3 vols. (reprint, 1952).
Commentaries:
A Commentary on the Epistle to the Ephesians (n.d.).
Commentary on the Epistle to the Romans (Rev. ed.,
1873).
An Exposition of the First Epistle to the Corinthians,
(1894).
An Exposition of the Second Epistle to the Corinthians
(1859).
Area of Research: Systematic Theology,
New Testament Exegesis, Commentary
Contribution: Hodge’s commentaries
have been very influential. His doctrine
of inspiration was “refined by his
disciples” and played “a crucial role in the
ongoing study of the NT in America.”17
Schaff, Philip 1819
–
1893
“The Principle of Protestantism” (controversial
Mercersburg address, 1844).
What Is Church History? A Vindication of the Idea of
Historical Development (1846).
Area of Research: Church History,
Historical Theology (dabbled in other
fields), New Testament Theology
15 Baird, 2:30. 16 Baird, 2:31. 17 Baird, 2:37.
18
The Person of Christ: His Perfect Humanity as Proof of His Divinity, with Impartial Testimonies to His
Character (1865, Rev. ed. 1913).
History of the Apostolic Church; with a General
Introduction to Church History (1874).
A Companion to the Greek Testament and the English
Version (1883).
Christ and Christianity: Studies on Christology, Creeds
and Confessions, Protestantism and Romanism,
Reformation Principles, Sunday Observance, Religious
Freedom, and Christian Union (1885).
Contribution: His most important works were in church history. He was dedicated
to critical research, but also committed to
his faith. He also supervised the
translation of J. P. Lange’s commentary
into English and accomplished many
other NT works. He led in the formation
of SBL. Schaff’s work is a “massive
accomplishment.”18
Hort, Fenton
John Anthony
1828
–
1892
With Westcott: The New Testament in the Original
Greek (1881–1882).
With Lightfoot and Westcott: The Revised Version of the
NT (1881).
Commentaries (incomplete):
The Apocalypse of St John I-III: The Greek Text, with
Introduction, Commentary, and Additional Notes (1908).
The Epistle of St James: The Greek Text with
Introduction, Commentary as far as Chapter IV, Verse 7,
and Additional Notes (n.d.).
The First Epistle of St Peter, 1.1–II. 17: The Greek Text
with Introductory Lecture, Commentary and Additional
Notes (1898).
Judaistic Christianity: A Course of Lectures (1894).
Prolegomena to St Paul’s Epistles to the Romans and the
Ephesians (1895).
Area of Research: Textual Criticism,
Commentary
Contribution: He is primarily known as a
textual critic. The Westcott and Hort
edition of the Greek New Testament is
his enduring legacy. It looks like much of
the work fell on Hort.
18 Baird, 2:52.
19
Westcott, Brooke
Foss
1825–
1901
With Hort: The New Testament in the Original Greek
(1881–1882).
With Hort and Lightfoot: The Revised Version of the NT
(1881).
A General Survey of the History of the Canon of the New
Testament, 7th ed. (1896).
The Gospel of Life: Thoughts Introductory to the Study of
Christian Doctrine (1892).
The Gospel of the Resurrection: Thoughts on Its Relation
to Reason and History (1906).
An Introduction to the Study of the Gospels, 7th ed.
(1888).
Commentaries:
The Epistle to the Hebrews: The Greek Text with Notes
and Essays (1889).
The Epistles of St John: The Greek Text with Notes and
Essays, 2d ed. (1886).
The Gospel According to St John: The Authorized
Version with Introduction and Notes (1894).
The Gospel According to St. John: The Greek Text with
Introduction and Notes, Edited by A. Westcott, 2 vols.
(1954).
Saint Paul’s Epistle to the Ephesians: The Greek Text
with Notes and Addenda (1950).
Area of Research: Textual Criticism, Commentary
Contribution: His “major contribution to
NT research is . . . his commentaries.”19
He wrote on the Gospel of John, John’s
Letters, and Hebrews.
He also helped Hort with the Greek New
Testament (most of the work fell on
Hort).
Lightfoot, Joseph
Barber
1828
–
1889
With Hort and Westcott: The Revised Version of the NT
(1881).
Historical Works:
Area of Research: History of Early
Christianity, Patristics, Historical
Interpretation, Commentary
19 Baird, 2:77.
20
The Apostolic Fathers. Part I. S. Clement of Rome: A
Revised Text with Introductions, Notes, Dissertations,
and Translations. 2 vols. (1890).
The Apostolic Fathers. Part II. S. Ignatius. S. Polycarp:
Revised Texts with Introductions, Notes, Dissertations,
and Translations. 3 vols. 2d ed. (1889).
The Christian Ministry (1901; originally published as an
excursus in his Philippians commentary)
Dissertations on the Apostolic Age: Reprinted from
Editions of St Paul’s Epistles (1892).
Commentaries:
The Epistle of Paul to the Galatians: With Introductions,
Notes and Dissertations (n.d.).
Notes on the Epistles of St Paul (I and II Thessalonians, I
Corinthians 1-7, Romans 1-7, Ephesians 1:1-14): Based
on the Greek Text from Previous Unpublished
Commentaries (1957).
Saint Paul’s Epistles to the Colossians and to Philemon:
A Revised Text with Introductions, Notes, and
Dissertations, 3d ed. (1879).
Saint Paul’s Epistle to the Philippians: A Revised Text
with Introduction, Notes, and Dissertations (1927).
Contribution: He was primarily a historian. He wrote commentaries on
Paul’s letters (including Galatians,
Philippians, Colossians and Philemon).
He also made important contributions to
early church history. His major work,
the Apostolic Fathers, undermined the
reconstruction of early church history
proposed by Tübingen.20
Ritschl, Albrecht 1822
–
1889
The Christian Doctrine of Justification and
Reconciliation (1874).
Area of Research: Systematic Theology,
New Testament Theology
Contribution: Though he was largely
conservative on critical issues, he
emphasized ethics over metaphysics. This
spiritual/ethical view of the kingdom
20 Baird, 2:71.
21
was influential for later liberal
theology. He rejected inspiration, the
wrath of God and substitutionary
atonement.
Weiss, Bernhard
1827
–
1918
Die Geschichtlichkeit des Markusevangeliums (1905).
Das Leben Jesu, 4th ed. 2 vols. (1902; Engl. The Life of
Christ).
Lehrbuch der Einleitung in das Neue Testament (1886;
Engl. A Manual of Introduction to the New Testament).
Lehrbuch der Biblischen Theologie des Neuen
Testaments, 3d ed. (1880; Engl. Biblical Theology of the
New Testament).
Das Marcusevangelium und seine synoptischen
Parallelen (1872).
Das Matthäusevangelium und seine Lucas-Parallelen
(1876).
Das Neue Testament: Handausgabe der Griechischen
Texte, 3 vols. (1896–1905).
Der Philipper-Brief ausgelegt und die Geschichte seiner
Auslegung kritisch dargestellt (1859).
A Commentary on the New Testament, 4 vols. (1906).
Contributions to the Meyer commentaries:
Commentaries on Matthew, Mark, Luke, John, Romans,
Pastoral Epistles, Hebrews, Johannine Epistles
Area of Research: Gospels: Historical
Jesus, Synoptic Problem, Textual
Criticism, New Testament Theology,
Commentary
Contribution: He published a number of
works on the synoptic problem that
basically affirmed the two-source view.
He also produced a mountain of other
works, including works on textual
criticism, introduction, biblical theology,
and commentaries. He also produced a
popular life of Jesus. He practiced BT as a
historical discipline. His text-critical
work is important as well, being one of
the three base texts for the Nestle text
(after 1901).
Baird concludes that Weiss was
immensely productive, through his
pictures of Jesus and Paul are slightly out
of focus.
Holtzmann,
Heinrich
1832
–
1910
Geschichte des Volkes Israel und der Entstehung des
Christenthums, with Georg Weber (1867).
Introduction to the New Testament (1886).
The Messianic Consciousness of Jesus (1907).
Lehrbuch der neutestamentlichen Theologie, 2d ed. 2
vols. (1911).
Area of Research: New Testament
Introduction, Commentary
Contribution: According to Baird,
Holzmann represented the critical
consensus: “. . . he articulated an
22
Commentaries on the Pastoral Epistles, Synoptic
Gospels, Acts, John, Johannine Epistles, Revelation
emerging critical consensus that was to prevail among liberal scholars for a
century: the two-document hypothesis; the
pseudonymity of Ephesians and the
Pastoral Epistles; the questionable
reliability of Acts; the problematic
authorship of the Catholic Epistles; the
theological, rather than historical,
character of the Fourth Gospel; the
importance of Hellenistic backgrounds for
the understanding of Paul and John.”21
He was massively important and
influential in the next century.
von Harnack,
Adolf
1851
–
1930
History of Dogma, 3 Vols. (1886–1890; Engl., 7 Vols,
1958).
What is Christianity? (1900; Engl. 1957).
The Mission and Expansion of Christianity in the First
Three Centuries (1906).
The Constitution and Law of the Church in the First
Two Centuries (1910).
Beiträge zur Einleitung in das Neue Testament (1909;
Engl. New Testament Studies).
Area of Research: Theology, History of
Early Christianity, Pauline Studies
Contribution: Harnack produced
numerous works on the historical
development of the early church and
Christian doctrine. He represents the high
point of Liberal theology, and famously
defined the “essence” of Christianity as
“Firstly, the kingdom of God and its
coming. Secondly, God the Father and the
infinite value of the human soul. Thirdly,
the higher righteousness and the
commandment of love.”22 He argues that
Catholic, ecclesial Christianity and
doctrine is a distortion of the pure religion
taught by Jesus. He contributed to Pauline
21 Baird, 2:121. 22 From What is Christianity? Quoted in Baird, 2:125.
23
studies in his investigation of the Pauline Letter Collection.
Wrede, William 1859
–
1906
Über Aufgabe und Methode der sogenannten
Neutestamentlichen Theologie (1897; Engl. “The Task
and Methods of ‘New Testament Theology,’” 1973).
Die Entstehung der Schriften des Neuen Testaments
(1907; Engl. The Origin of the New Testament, 1909).
Das Messiasgeheimnis in den Evangelien: Zugleich ein
Beitrag zum Verständnis des Markusevangeliums
(1901; Engl. The Messianic Secret, 1971).
Paulus (2nd ed., 1907; Engl. Paul, 1908).
Primary Area of Research: History, New
Testament Criticism, “New Testament
Theology,” Gospel of Mark, Pauline
Studies
Contribution: He reaffirmed the historical
nature of Biblical Theology, in a radical
sense in which it should be strictly
historical (“The appropriate name for the
subject-matter is: early Christian history
or religion, or rather: the history of early
Christian religion and theology”).23 His
most important contribution is raising the
issue of the “Messianic Secret” in Mark.
He proposed that Mark portrays Jesus and
hiding his messianic identity, but in
reality Mark is giving theology, not
history. This derailed the “Lives of Jesus”
based on Mark. He wrote that Paul
replaced the religion and person of Jesus
with a preexistent, heavenly being and this
changed the direction of Christianity.
Wrede was fairly radical.
Jülicher, Adolf 1857
–
1938
“The Religion of Jesus and the Beginnings of
Christianity,” in History of Christianity (1906).
Paulus und Jesus (1907).
Gleichnisreden Jesus (1886–1910, on parables).
Primary Area of Research: Historical
Interpretation, New Testament
Introduction
23 Baird, 2:145.
24
Introduction to the New Testament (1901; Engl. 1904).
Contribution: He is most well-known for his work on parables in that he argued
forcefully against allegorizing them. His
Introduction became the standard for
students at the end of the 19th century.
Deissmann, Adolf 1866
–
1937
The New Testament in the Light of Modern Research
(1929).
Die neutestamentliche Formel “in Christo Jesu” (1892).
Bibelstudien (1895).
Neue Bibelstudien (1897).
Bible Studies: Contributions Chiefly from Papyri and
Inscriptions to the History of the Language, the
Literature, and the Religion of Hellenistic Judaism and
Primitive Christianity (1901; republication/translation of
the two previous works).
Die sprachliche Erforschung der griechischen Bibel
(1898; Engl. The Philology of the Greek Bible, 1908).
Die Urgeschichte des Christentums im Lichte der
Sprachforschung (1910).
Die Hellenisierung des semitischen Monotheismus
(1903).
Licht vom Osten, 4th ed. (1923; Eng. Light from the
Ancient East).
Paul: A Study in Social and Religious History (1927).
The Religion of Jesus and the Faith of Paul (1923).
Primary Area of Research: New
Testament, Philology, Historical
Backgrounds: Archeology, Pauline
Studies
Contribution: Deissmann researched the
papyri and showed that the language of
the New Testament was common
Greek. He also distinguished between
letters (real communication between two
people) and epistles (literary productions
for mass consumption) and tried to
classify the New Testament letters
accordingly. He is important on the issue
of “union with Christ.”
Buttmann,
Alexander
1813
–
1893
A Grammar of the New Testament Greek, (1873; trans. J.
H. Thayer).
Primary Area of Research: Greek
Grammar
Contribution: Demonstrated the
difference between New Testament and
Classical Greek. He said that New
25
Testament Greek was influenced by LXX and vernacular Hellenistic (descended
from Attic).
Blass, Friedrich 1843
–
1907
Grammar of the New Testament (1905; trans. Henry St.
John Thackeray).
Revised by A. Debrunner and later R. W. Funk, now A
Grammar of the New Testament (BDF).
Commentaries on Matthew, Luke, John, Acts, and
Hebrews
Primary Area of Research: Greek
Grammar, Philology, Commentary
Contribution: demonstrated that the
Greek of the New Testament is common
Greek.
Cremer, Hermann 1834
–
1903
Biblisch-theologisches Wörterbuch der
Neutestamentlichen Gräcität, 7th ed. (1893).
Primary Area of Research: Systematic
Theology, Lexicography
Contribution: His lexicon dealt with
words that are theologically significant,
though he reverts back to the view that the
New Testament Greek is “special”
Greek. Became the precursor to Baur’s
lexicon.
Moulton, James
Hope
1863
–
1917
A Grammar of New Testament Greek (1908).
With George Milligan: The Vocabulary of the Greek
Testament (1929).
Primary Area of Research: Greek
Grammar, Lexicography
Contribution: His Grammar and lexicon.
He believed the New Testament was
written in common Greek.
Ramsey, William
M.
1851
–
1939
The Historical Geography of Asia Minor (1890).
The Social Basis of Roman Power in Asia Minor (1941).
Asiatic Elements in Greek Civilization, 2d ed. (1929).
The Church in the Roman Empire: Before A.D. 170
(1893).
Primary Area of Research: Historical
Background: Archeology
Contribution: Provided geographical
information for historical background of
26
The Cities and Bishoprics of Phrygia, 2 vols. (1895, 1897).
The Thousand and One Churches (1909).
A Historical Commentary on St. Paul’s Epistle to the
Galatians (1900).
St. Paul the Traveler and the Roman Citizen, 3rd ed.
(1897).
The Cities of St. Paul: Their Influence on His Life and
Thought (1907).
Pauline and Other Studies in Early Christian History
(1906).
The Letters to the Seven Churches of Asia (1904).
Was Christ Born at Bethlehem? 3rd ed. (1905).
Luke the Physician and Other Studies in the History of
Religion (1908).
the NT. Supported the South Galatian
hypothesis on the book of Galatians. He
wrote apologetic works defending the
historicity of the NT.
Dalman, Gustaf 1855
–
1941
Grammatik des jüdisch-palästinischen Aramäisch
(1894).
Aramäische Dialektproben unter dem Gesichtspunkt
neutestamentlicher Studien, 2nd ed. (1927).
Aramäisch-neuhebräisches Handwörterbuch zu Targum,
Talmud und Midrasch, 3rd ed. (1938).
The Words of Jesus: Considered in the Light of Post-
Biblical Jewish Writings and the Aramaic Language
(1909; trans. D. M. Kay).
Jesus—Jeshua: Studies in the Gospels (1929; trans. Paul
Ρ Levertoff).
Orte und Wege Jesu (1924; Engl. Sacred Sites and Ways:
Studies in the Topography of the Gospels, trans. Paul R
Levertoff, 1935).
Arbeit und Sitte in Palästina, 7 vols. (1927–1941).
Jerusalem und sein Gelände (1930).
Primary Area of Research: Aramaic
Grammar, Historical Backgrounds:
Archeology, Jewish Backgrounds
Contribution: He advanced the knowledge
of Aramaic. He believed that Jesus spoke
Aramaic as his native language. He also
believed that the early Jewish church was
bilingual (Aramaic and Greek). His work
in Holy Land geography and culture has
helped our understanding of the historical
and cultural background to Jesus and
the Gospels.
27
Schürer, Emil 1844–
1910
Geschichte des jüdischen Volkes im Zeitalter Jesu
Christi, 3 vols., 3rd and 4th ed. (1898–1901; Engl. A
History of the Jewish People in the Time of Jesus
Christ).
Primary Area of Research: Jewish Backgrounds
Contribution: His History of the Jewish
People was the unrivaled authoritative
work on Jewish history and life for
years. Most scholars believe his work is
valuable, but his portrayal of Judaism is a
caricature.
Charles, Robert
Henry
1855
–
1931
His first work was a critical edition of the Book of
Enoch: The Book of Enoch (1893).
The Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha of the Old
Testament with Introductions and Critical and
Explanatory Notes to the Several Books, 2 vols. (1913).
Critical History of the Doctrine of the Future Life: In
Israel, in Judaism, and in Christianity, or Hebrew,
Jewish, and Christian Eschatology from Pre-Prophetic
Times till the Close of the New Testament Canon (1898–
1899).
Religious Development between the Old and the New
Testaments (1914).
A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Revelation
of St. John, 2 vols. ICC (1920).
Primary Area of Research: Jewish and
Christian Eschatology; Apocalyptic;
Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha.
Contribution: His edition of the
Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha was the
standard for years. He produced numerous
works on Jewish and Christian
Apocalyptic.
Wendland, Paul 1864
–
1915
Die hellenistisch-römische Kultur in ihren Beziehungen
zu Judentum und Christentum (1912).
Primary Area of Research: Classics,
Philo.
Contribution: He worked on the
relationship between Hellenistic culture
and Christianity. He posited that
Christianity is essentially a Hellenistic
religion.
28
Hatch, Edwin 1835
–
1889
With Henry A. Redpath: A Concordance to the
Septuagint and Other Greek Versions of the Old
Testament (Including the Apocryphal Books), 3 vols.
(1897).
The Organization of the Early Christian Churches
(1880).
The Influence of Greek Ideas and Usage upon the
Christian Church (1888).
Essays in Biblical Greek (1889).
Primary Area of Research: Classics, LXX.
Contribution: Suggested that the early
church was influenced by Greco-Roman
associations in the development of
church government. While he recognizes
the influence of Greek culture upon the
church, he notes that the Greek element is
not essential to it.
Pfleiderer, Otto 1839
–
1908
Die Entstehung des Christentums (1905; Engl. Christian
Origins, trans. Daniel A. Huebsch, 1906).
Die Vorbereitung des Christentums in der griechischen
Philosophie, 2 ed., (1912).
The Early Christian Conception of Christ: Its
Significance and Value in the History of Religion (1905).
Das Urchristenthum, seine Schriften und Lehren, in
geschichtlichem Zusammenhang (1887; Engl. Primitive
Christianity: Its Writings and Teachings in Their
Historical Connections, trans. W. Montgomery, ed. W.
D. Morrison, 4 vols., 1906–1911).
Entwicklung des Christentums (1907; Engl. The
Development of Christianity, trans. Daniel A. Huebsch,
1910).
Primary Area of Research: Hellenistic
Backgrounds
Contribution: Pfleiderer taught that
Hellenistic backgrounds were key to
understanding the NT. He incorporated
Hellenistic backgrounds into a
“comprehensive view of the history of
early Christianity.”24
Weiss, Johannes 1836
–
1914
Die Predigt Jesu vom Reiche Gottes (1892; 2nd ed., 1900;
Engl. Jesus’ Proclamation of the Kingdom of God, trans,
and ed. R. H. Hiers and D. L. Holland, 1971).
Primary area of research: New Testament
Theology, Commentary
Contribution: He said that Jesus
preached an apocalyptic, and
24 Baird, 2:213.
29
Ueber die Absicht und den literarischen Charakter der Apostelgeschichte (1897; Engl. Purpose and Literary
Character of Acts).
Die Offenbarung des Johannes: Ein Beitrag zur
Literatur- und Religionsgeschichte (1904).
Das älteste Evangelium: Ein Beitrag zum Verständnis
des Markus-Evangelium und der ältesten evangelischen
Überlieferung (1903).
Der erste Korintherbrief, Meyer-Kommentar (1910).
Das Urchristentum (1914; Engl. Earliest Christianity: A
History of the Period A.D. 30–150, ed. Frederick C.
Grant, 2 vols., 1959).
ultimately mistaken, message. This undermined both liberal and conservative
attempts to find a foundation for theology
in Jesus’ teaching.
Schweitzer,
Albert
1875
–
1965
Das Abendmahlsproblem auf Grund der
wissenschafilichen Forschung des 19. Jahrhunderts und
der historischen Berichte. Heft 1: Das Abendmahl im
Zusammenhang mit dem Leben Jesu und der Geschichte
des Urchristentums (1901; Engl. Problem of the lord’s
Supper).
Von Reimarus zu Wrede: Eine Geschichte der Leben-
Jesu-Forschung (1906; Engl. The Quest of the
Historical Jesus: A Critical Study of Its Progress from
Reimarus to Wrede, trans. W. Montgomery, 1957).
Geschichte der paulinischen Forschung von der
Reformation bis auf die Gegenwart (1911; Engl. Paul
and His Interpreters: A Critical History, trans. W.
Montgomery, 1964).
Die Mystik des Apostels Paulus (1930; Engl. The
Mysticism of Paul the Apostle, trans. W. Montgomery
1931).
Primary area of research: Philosophy,
New Testament Criticism, Gospels:
Historical Jesus, Medicine, Organ (J. S.
Bach).
Contribution: Presented Jesus as an
apocalyptic preacher. His Quest, while
proposing his own historical Jesus, he
pointed out that 19th century liberalism
had painted a picture of Jesus in its
own image. Paul was a Jewish
eschatological mystic.
30
Gunkel, Hermann 1862–
1932
Schöpfung und Chaos in Urzeit und Endzeit: Eine
religionsgeschichtliche Untersuchung über Gen 1 und
Ap Joh 12 (1895).
Zum religionsgeschichtlichen Verständnis des Neuen
Testaments, 3rd ed (1930).
Primary area of research: Old Testament, History of Religions, Form Criticism
Contribution: began the history of
religions school by suggesting that
primitive myths form the basis of the
OT creation story and the NT
eschatological ending. He suggested that
Paul’s view of a preexistent redeemer
comes from Babylonian and Persian
myths via Hellenistic syncretism.
He also pioneered form criticism.
Reitzenstein,
Richard
1861
–
1931
Poimandres: Studien zur griechisch-ägyptischen und
frühchristlichen Literatur (1904).
Die hellenistischen Mysterienreligionen: Nach ihren
Grundgedanken und Wirkungen, 3rd ed. (1927; Engl.
Hellenistic Mystery-Religions: Their Basic Ideas and
Significance, trans. John E. Steely, 1987).
Das iranische Erlösungsmysterium:
Religionsgeschichtliche Untersuchungen (1921).
Area of Research: History of Religions
Contribution: suggests that Christianity
was influenced by Iranian pre-
Christian redeemer myths.
Bousset, Wilhelm 1865
–
1920
Das Wesen der Religion: Dargestellt an ihrer
Geschichte, 4th ed.. (1920; Engl. What Is Religion? Trans.
F. Β. Low, 1907).
Jesu Predigt in ihrem Gegensatz zum Judentum (1892).
Jesus, 4th ed. (1922).
Die Bedeutung der Person Jesu für den Glauben:
Historische und rationale Grundlage des Glaubens
(1910).
Die Religion des Judentums im späthellenistischen
Zeitalter (1903).
Hauptprobleme der Gnosis (1907).
Primary area of research: History of
Religions
Contribution: Applied history of religions
to Jesus and Jewish studies, as well as
Paul, John and the early church. He
affirmed that Judaism in the time of
Christ was influenced by the religious
life of the surrounding nations. Also,
the early church was influenced by the
Hellenistic religions.
31
Die Himmelreise der Seele (1901). Der Antichrist in der Überlieferung des Judentums, des
neuen Testaments und der alten Kirche: Ein Beitrag zur
Auslegung der Apocalypse (1895; Engl. The Antichrist
Legend: A Chapter in Christian and Jewish Folklore,
1896).
Die Offenbarung Johannis, KEK (Meyer), 6th ed. (1906).
Kyrios Christos: Geschichte des Christusglaubens von
den Anfängen des Christentums bis Irenaeus, 5th ed.
(1965; Engl. Kyrios Christos: A History of the Belief in
Christ from the Beginnings of Christianity to Irenaeus,
1970).
Montefiore,
Claude G.
1858
–
1938
The Synoptic Gospels: An Introduction and a
Commentary, 2nd ed., 2 vols. (1927).
Rabbinic Literature and Gospel Teachings (1930).
Some Elements of the Religious Teaching of Jesus:
According to the Synoptic Gospels (1910).
Judaism and St. Paul: Two Essays (1914).
Primary area of research: Torah, Judaism
Contribution: Positive evaluation of Jesus
from a Jewish perspective; he points out
that Christian interpretations of the
Pharisees are often caricatures, he saw in
Jesus a precursor to the liberal Jewish
view of the superiority of morality and
spirituality over ceremony.
Klausner, Joseph 1874
–
1958
The Messianic Idea in Israel: From Its Beginning to the
Completion of the Mishnah (1955).
Jesus of Nazareth: His Life, Times and Teaching (1925).
From Jesus to Paul (1943).
Contribution: Jesus and Christianity were
strongly pharisaic, it was Paul who
influenced the faith by taking it to the
gentiles and bringing along Hellenistic
Jewish elements.
Oxford Seminar
on the Synoptic
Problem
1894
ff
Sources used:
Albert Huck, A Synopsis of the First Three Gospels, 9th
ed. Hans Uetzmann; Eng. Ed. Frank Leslie Cross (1936).
Participants: J. C. Hawkins, W. C. Allen,
B. H. Streeter, chaired by William Sanday
32
W. G. Rushbrooke, Synopticon: An Exposition of the Common Matter of The Synoptic Gospels (1880).
Works Produced:
John C. Hawkins, Horae Synopticae: Contributions to
the Study of the Synoptic Problem, 2nd ed. (1909).
W. Sanday, ed. Studies in the Synoptic Problem: By
Members of the University of Oxford (1911).
Contribution: members of the seminar worked on the synoptic problem.
Contributed to the growing consensus
supporting Markan priority.
Sanday, William 1843
–
1920
Eight lectures on the Early History and Origin of the
Doctrine of Biblical Inspiration (1893).
An Examination of Harnack’s ‘What Is Christianity?’ A
Paper Read before the Tutors’ Association on October
24, 1901 (1901).
The Authorship and Historical Character of the Fourth
Gospel: Considered in Reference to the Contents of the
Gospel Itself: A Critical Essay (1872).
The Criticism of the Fourth Gospel: Eight Lectures on
the Morse Foundation, Delivered in the Union Seminary,
New York in October and November, 1904 (1923).
The Life of Christ in Recent Research (1907).
Outlines of the Life of Christ, 2nd ed. (1912).
Sacred Sites of the Gospels: With Illustrations, Maps and
Plans (1903).
With Arthur C. Headlam: A Critical and Exegetical
Commentary on the Epistle to the Romans, 5th ed., ICC
(1902).
Primary area of research: Gospels, Gospel
of John
Contribution: chairing the seminar on
the Synoptic Gospels was very
significant. Argued for the authenticity of
John’s Gospel (until near the end of his
life). Wrote a significant commentary on
Romans for ICC.
Streeter, B. H. 1874
–
1937
The Four Gospels: A Study of Origins: Treating of the
Manuscript Tradition, Sources, Authorship, and Dates,
rev. ed. (1930).
The Primitive Church: Studied with Special Reference to
the Origins of the Christian Ministry (1929).
Primary area of research: Gospels:
Synoptic Problem
33
Contribution: Proposed the four-source
theory as a form of Markan priority for
the solution to the synoptic problem.
Burkitt, F. C. 1864
–
1935
The Gospel History and Its Transmission, 3rd ed. (1911).
Two Lectures on the Gospels (1901).
With W. Sanday, F. G. Kenyon, F. H. Chase, A. C.
Headlam, and J. H. Bernard: Criticism of the New
Testament: St. Margaret’s Lectures (1902).
With Robert L. Bensly and J. Rendel Harris: The Four
Gospels in Syriac: Transcribed from the Sinaitic
Palimpsest (1894).
The Earliest Sources for the Life of Jesus, (1910).
Jesus Christ: An Historical Outline (1932).
Christian Beginnings: Three lectures (1924).
Church and Gnosis: A Study of Christian Thought and
Speculation in the Second Century (1932).
“Pagan Philosophy and the Christian Church,” and “The
Christian Church in the East,” in The Cambridge Ancient
History: Volume XII: The Imperial Crisis and Recovery
(1939).
Primary area of research: Gospels,
Textual Criticism
Contribution: Published works on the
Gospels, including textual criticism, and
origins of the Gospels. He defended some
conservative positions.
Schmidt, Karl
Ludwig
1891
–
1956
Der Rahmen der Geschichte Jesu: literarkritische
Untersuchungen zur ältesten Jesusüberlieferung (1919).
“Formgeschichle,” RGG, 2nd ed.
“Die literarische Eigenart der Leidensgeschichte Jesu,” in
Redaktion und Theologie des Passionsberichtes nach den
Synoptikern, ed. Limbeck (1981).
“Jesus Christus,” RGG, 2nd ed. (Engl. “Jesus Christ,” in
Twentieth Century Theology in the Making: Themes of
Biblical Theology, ed. Pelikan, 1969).
“ἐκκλησία,” TDNT.
Primary area of research: Gospels, Form
Criticism
Contribution: His major contribution was
examining the Gospels by means of form
criticism. He said that the Gospels have
no literary parallels because they are not
literature in the sense of literary works
(high literature), but rather folk literature.
He said that other than the passion
narrative, the Gospels do not present a
34
Die Judenfrage im Lichte der Kapitel 9-11 des Römerbriefes (1942).
history, but rather a series of stories fitted together into a narratival framework.
Dibelius, Martin 1883
–
1947
Geschichtliche und übergeschichtliche Religion im
Christentum (1925).
Gospel Criticism and Christology (1935).
Jesus, 3rd ed. (1960).
The Sermon on the Mount (1940).
Die Geisterwelt im Glauben des Paulus (1909).
Paul, ed. Werner Georg Kümmel, (1957, posthumously
and incomplete).
Die Formgeschichte des Evangeliums (originally 1919;
Engl. From Tradition to Gospel).
Die Botschaft von Jesus Christus: Die alte Überlieferung
der Gemeinde in Geschichten, Sprüchen, und Reden
(1935; Engl. The Message of Jesus Christ: The Tradition
of the Early Christian Communities, 1939).
Geschichte der urchristlichen Literatur (1926; Engl. A
Fresh Approach to the New Testament and Early
Christian Literature).
“Die Apostelgeschichte im Rahmen der urchristlichen
Literaturgeschichte,” in Aufsätze zur Apostelgeschichte,
ed. Greeven (1953; Engl. “The Acts of the Apostles in
the Setting of the History of Early Christian Literature”).
“Stilkritisches zur Apostelgeschichte” (1923; Engl.
“Style Criticism of the Book of Acts”).
Commentaries:
Contribution to Handbuch zum Neuen Testament series:
Colossians, Ephesians, Philemon, Pastoral Letters
(revised for Hermeneia series), 1 and 2 Thessalonians,
Philippians.
Contribution to Meyer series: James.
Primary area of research: History of
Religions, Form Criticism, Commentary
Contribution: His most important work is
on form criticism of the Gospels and
other Christian literature. He categorized
the Gospel stories according to their
forms. He also contributed to important
commentary series such as the Meyer
commentaries and Lietzmann’s Handbuch
zum Neuen Testament.
35
Bultmann,
Rudolf (early
Bultmann)
1884
–
1976
Der Stil der paulinischen Predigt und die kynisch-
stoische Diatribe (1910).
“Der religionsgeschichtliche Hintergrund des Prologs
zum Johannes-Evangelium” (1923; Engl. “The History of
Religion Background of the Prologue of the Johannine
Gospel”).
“Die Bedeutung der neuerschlossenen mandäischen und
manichäischen Quellen für das Verständnis des
Johannesevangeliums” (1925).
Das Urchristentum im Rahmen der Antiken Religionen,
2nd ed. (1954; Engl. Primitive Christianity in Its
Contemporary Setting, 1957).
Die Geschichte der synoptischen Tradition, 3rd ed.
(1957; Engl. The History of the Synoptic Tradition,
1963).
Die Erforschung der synoptischen Evangelien, 3rd ed.
(1960; Engl. “The Study of the Synoptic Gospels,”
1962).
Primary area of research: New Testament
Criticism, History of Religions, Form
Criticism, Gospels
Contribution: The greatest contribution of
the “early” Bultmann is his form-
criticism. He continued to develop the
theory and practice. As a result, he
thought a “historical Jesus” could not be
recovered.
Briggs, Charles
Augustus
1841
–
1913
Biblical Study: Its Principles, Methods, and History,
together with a Catalogue of Books of Reference (1883).
The Authority of Holy Scripture: An Inaugural
Address, 2nd ed. (1891).
The Bible, the Church and the Reason: The Three Great
Foundations of Divine Authority (1892).
With Francis Brown and S. R. Driver, A Hebrew and
English Lexicon of the Old Testament, with an
Appendix Containing the Biblical Aramaic: Based on
the Lexicon of William Gesenius (1980, originally in
1907).
Primary Area of Research: Old
Testament, Biblical Theology, New
Testament Theology
Contribution: His major contribution
(besides the Hebrew Lexicon) is his study
of the development of the idea of
Messiah in the OT and NT.
36
General Introduction to the Study of Holy Scripture: Principles, Methods, History, and Results of Its Several
Departments and of the Whole (1899).
Messianic Prophecy: The Prediction of the Fulfilment of
Redemption through the Messiah: A Critical Study of the
Messianic Passages of the Old Testament in the Order of
Their Development, 7th ed. (1898; 1st ed., 1886).
The Messiah of the Gospels (1894).
The Messiah of the Apostles (1895).
New Light on the Life of Jesus (1904).
The Ethical Teaching of Jesus (1904).
Moffatt, James 1870
–
1944
An Introduction to the Literature of the New Testament,
3rd ed. (1918; 1st ed., 1911).
The Historical New Testament: Being the Literature of
the New Testament Arranged in the Order of Its Literary
Growth and according to the Dates of the Documents, A
New Translation: Edited with Prolegomena, Historical
Tables, Critical Notes, and an Appendix, 2nd ed. (1901).
The New Testament: A New Translation (1913).
A New Translation of the Bible: Containing the Old and
New Testaments (1926).
A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Epistle to
the Hebrews, ICC (1924).
The First Epistle of Paul to the Corinthians, Moffat New
Testament Commentary (1938).
The General Epistles: James, Peter, and Judas, Moffat
New Testament Commentary (1928).
“The First and Second Epistles of Paul the Apostle to the
Thessalonians,” and “The Revelation of St. John the
Divine,” in The Expositor’s Greek Testament, ed. W.
Robertson Nicoll (1910)
Theology of the Gospels (1920).
Primary Area of Research: New
Testament Introduction, New Testament
Theology, Commentary
Contribution: Produced an influential
Introduction to the New Testament,
numerous commentaries and other
biblical-theological works, and a
translation of the whole Bible.
37
Love in the New Testament (1929). Grace in the New Testament (1932).
Paul and Paulinism (1910).
Burton, Ernest
DeWitt
1856
–
1925
“The Function of Interpretation in Relation to Theology”
(1898).
Syntax of the Moods and Tenses in New Testament
Greek, 3d ed. (1898).
The Study of New Testament Words (1891).
New Testament Word Studies, ed. Harold R. Willoughby
(1927; posthumously).
A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Epistle to
the Galatians, ICC (1921).
Some Principles of Literary Criticism and Their
Application to the Synoptic Problem (1904).
A Short Introduction to the Gospels, rev. ed. Harold R.
Willoughby (1926; revised posthumously).
With William Arnold Stevens: A Harmony of the
Gospels for Historical Study: An Analytical Synopsis of
the Four Gospels, 3rd ed. (1904).
Primary Area of Research: New
Testament, Greek Grammar/Linguistics,
Commentary
Contribution: His major work was his
Galatians commentary for the ICC series.
Mathews, Shailer 1836
–
1941
The Social Teaching of Jesus: An Essay in Christian
Sociology (1897).
The Messianic Hope in the New Testament (1905).
The Social Gospel (1910).
The Gospel and the Modern Man (1910).
The Faith of Modernism (1925).
The Atonement and the Social Process (1930).
Jesus on Social Institutions, ed. Kenneth Cauthen,
(1971).
Primary Area of Research: New
Testament, Hermeneutics, Sociological
Approach
Contribution: viewed all doctrine as
sociological in origin. He thought that
truth was what met the needs of people.
He advocated a social gospel in which
Jesus’s teachings were applied to society
to change the world. He considered
himself a modernist Christian. He applied
the kernel-husk approach to Jesus, Paul
38
and the early church: They all taught in terms of eschatology, but he said that was
the form while the essence was religious
and spiritual.
Case, Shirley
Jackson
1872
–
1947
“The Problem of Christianity’s Essence,” (1913).
The Christian Philosophy of History (1943).
The Evolution of Early Christianity: A Genetic Study of
First-Century Christianity in Relation to Its Religious
Environment (1914).
The Social Origins of Christianity (1923).
The Social Triumph of the Ancient Church (1933).
The Millennial Hope (1918).
The Revelation of John: A Historical Interpretation
(1919).
The Origins of Christian Supernaturalism (1946;
reprinted mostly from Experience with the Supernatural
in Early Christian Times, 1929).
Jesus: A New Biography (1927).
Primary Area of Research: Sociological
Approach, New Testament
Contribution: believed that doctrine is
always relative and functional. He
opposed supernaturalism and believed
God’s work was seen in nature, and
advocated for religious naturalism.
Warfield,
Benjamin B.
1851
–
1921
The Works of Benjamin B. Warfield, 10 vols. (1927–
1932):
“The Essence of Christianity,” in The Person and Work
of Christ.
“Christian Supernaturalism,” in Biblical and Theological
Studies.
“The Biblical Idea of Revelation,” in Inspiration and
Authority.
“Inspiration and Criticism,” in Inspiration and Authority.
“The Biblical Idea of Inspiration,” in Inspiration and
Authority.
“’It Says’: ‘Scripture Says’: ‘God Says,’” in Inspiration
and Authority.
Primary Area of Research: New
Testament, Biblical Theology, Systematic
Theology
Contribution: He championed a nuanced,
conservative view of inspiration and
inerrancy. His major contribution to NT
research is in the area of NT Christology.
39
“The Terms ‘Scripture and ‘Scriptures’ as Employed in the New Testament,” in Inspiration and Authority.
“The Formation of the Canon of the NT,” in Inspiration
and Authority.
Acts and Pastoral Epistles: Timothy, Titus, and
Philemon, The Temple Bible (1902).
“The Historical Christ,” in Person and Work of Christ.
“The Supernatural Birth of Jesus,” in Biblical and
Theological Studies.
“The Person of Christ according to the NT,” in Person
and Work of Christ.
“The Christ that Paul Preached,” in Person and Work of
Christ, 84.
“The NT Terminology of Redemption,” Person and
Work of Christ.
Machen, J.
Gresham
1881
–
1937
The Origin of Paul’s Religion (1921).
New Testament Greek for Beginners (1923).
Christianity and Liberalism (1923).
What Is Faith? (1925).
The Virgin Birth of Christ (1930).
The Christian Faith in the Modern World (1936).
Primary Area of Research: Historical
Interpretation, New Testament Greek.
Contribution: fought for conservative
Christianity over liberal revisions of the
faith.
Feine, Paul 1859
–
1933
Einleitung in das Neue Testament (1912).
Paulus als Theologe (1906; Engl. St. Paul as a
Theologian, 2 vols.).
Der Apostel Paulus: Das Ringen um das geschichtliche
Verständnis des Paulus (1927).
Theologie des Neuen Testaments (1910).
Primary Area of Research: New
Testament Theology, New Testament
Introduction, Pauline Studies
Contribution: affirmed the uniqueness of
the Christian religion, against the
History of Religions School.
40
Zahn, Theodor 1838–
1933
The Apostles’ Creed: A Sketch of Its History and an Examination of Its Contents (1899).
Geschichte des Neutestamentlichen Kanons, 2 vols.
(1889, 1890).
Forschungen zur Geschichte des neutestamentlichen
Kanons und der altkirchlichen Literatur, 9 vols. (1881–
1916).
Grundriss der Geschichte des Neutestamentlichen
Kanons: Eine Ergänzung zu der Einleitung in das Neue
Testament, 2nd ed. (1904).
Die bleibende Bedeutung des neutestamentlichen Kanons
(1898).
Einleitung in das Neue Testament, 2 vols. (1897, 1899;
Engl. Introduction to the New Testament).
Edited the Kommentar zum Neuen Testament, and
contributed volumes on Matthew, Luke, John, Acts,
Romans, Galatians, and Revelation.
Primary Area of Research: Historical Interpretation, Canon, New Testament
Introduction, Commentary
Contribution: a conservative scholar who
worked tirelessly on the canon, NT intro,
and commentaries.
Schlatter, Adolf 1852
–
1938
“Atheistische Methoden in der Theologie” (1905).
“Die Theologie des Neuen Testaments und die
Dogmatik” (1909).
Der Glaube im Neuen Testament, 6th ed. (1982; this work
won a prize in 1883).
Einleitung in die Bibel, 4th ed. (1923).
Die Geschichte der ersten Christenheit, 2nd ed. (1926;
Engl. The Church in the New Testament Period, 1955).
Die Geschichte des Christus, 2nd ed. (1922; Engl. The
History of the Christ: The Foundation for New
Testament Theology, 1997).
Die Theologie der Apostel, 2nd ed. (1922; Engl. The
Theology of the Apostles: The Development of New
Testament Theology, 1999).
Primary Area of Research: New
Testament Exegesis, New Testament
Theology, Old Testament, Systematic
Theology, Ethics
Contribution: A conservative interpreter
who did not rely on the current method of
interpretation. He wrestled with the text
and rejected “atheistic views of history.”
He wrote NT theology and commentaries
that bypassed trivia to emphasize the
meaning of the text.
41
Erläuterung zum Neuen Testament, 3 vols. (1922–1923; a series of commentaries on every book of the NT, for
the nonspecialist).
Major critical commentaries:
Matthew, John, Luke, James, 1 and 2 Corinthians, Mark,
Romans, Pastoral Epistles, 1 Peter.
Lagrange, Marie-
Joseph
1855
–
1938
La méthode historique, surtout à propos de l’Ancien
Testament (1903; Engl. Historical Criticism and the Old
Testament, 1905).
Le sens du christianisme d’après l’exégèse allemande
(1918; Engl. The Meaning of Christianity according to
Luther and His Followers in Germany, 1920).
Le judaïsme avant Jésus-Christ, 3d ed. (1931).
Le messianisme chez les juifs (1909).
Évangile selon saint Marc, 4th ed. (1947).
Évangile selon saint Luc, 8th ed. (1948).
Évangile selon saint Matthieu, 8th ed. (1948).
Évangile selon saint Jean, 7th ed. (1948).
L’Évangile de Jésus-Christ, 2d ed. (1954; Engl. The
Gospel of Jesus Christ, 2 vols., 1958).
Saint Paul: Épître aux Romains, 4th ed., (1950).
Saint Paul: Épître aux Galates, 2d ed. (1925).
Introduction à l’étude du Nouveau Testament: Première
partie: Histoire ancienne du canon du Nouveau
Testament, 2d ed. (1933).
Introduction à l’étude du Nouveau Testament: Deuxième
partie: Critique textuelle (1935).
Introduction à l’étude du Nouveau Testament: IV
Critique historique (1937).
Primary Area of Research: Old
Testament, New Testament, History,
Exegesis
Contribution: Brought Roman Catholic
Scholarship into mainstream NT
scholarship. He started the École Pratique
d’Études Bibliques (now known as École
Biblique et Archéologique Française). He
also founded the Revue biblique (the first
RCC journal for critical scholarship). He
produced historical background resources,
important commentaries, and wrote on the
use of scientific criticism of the NT.
42
von Soden,
Hermann
Freiherr
1852–
1914
Die Schriften des Neuen Testaments in ihrer ältesten
erreichbaren Textgestalt, auf Grund ihrer
Textgeschichte, 2nd ed., 4 vols. (1911, 1913).
Primary Area of Research: Textual Criticism
Contribution: He produced a massive
text-critical work. Though many scholars
are critical of the work because of its
many weaknesses, it is a resource that
should not be ignored.
Harris, James
Rendell
1852
–
1941
The Teaching of the Apostles, Newly Edited, with
Facsimile Text and a Commentary: From the MS. of the
Holy Sepulchre, Jerusalem (1887).
The Diatessaron of Tatian: A Preliminary Study (1890).
Codex Bezae: A Study of the So-Called Western Text of
the New Testament (1891).
The Codex Sangallensis (Δ): A Study in the Text of the
Old Latin Gospels (1891).
On the Origin of the Ferrar-Group: A Lecture on the
Genealogical Relations of New Testament MSS.
Delivered at Mansfield College, Oxford on Nov. 6th, 1893
(1893).
Stichometry (1893).
New Testament Autographs (n.d.).
With Vacher Burch: Testimonies, 2 vols. (1916, 1920).
Primary Area of Research: Textual
Criticism
Contribution: His work on the Western
text showed that it was more valuable
than Westcott and Hort had said.
Lake, Kirsopp 1872
–
1946
Text of the New Testament (1900).
Codex 1 of the Gospels and Its Allies (1902).
The Historical Evidence for the Resurrection of Jesus
Christ (1907).
Codex Sinaiticus Petropolitanus: The New Testament,
the Epistle of Barnabas and the Shepherd of Hermas
(1911).
Primary Area of Research: Textual
Criticism, Acts
Contribution: His most significant
contributions were in the area of textual
criticism. He produced a pocket guide to
textual criticism, edited mss (such as
Codex Sinaiticus). He investigated the
43
With Robert P. Blake: “The Text of the Gospels and the Koridethi Codex” (1923).
The Earlier Epistles of St. Paul: Their Motive and Origin
(1911).
Edited with Foakes Jackson: The Beginnings of
Christianity, 5 vols. (1920–1933, on the book of Acts).
relationship between mss (such as family 1 and 13). He suggested that Θ was a
distinct textual family, the caesarean text.
(Since then this has mostly been
abandoned.)
Robertson,
Archibald
Thomas
1863
–
1934
A Short Grammar of the Greek New Testament (1908).
A Grammar of the Greek New Testament in the Light
of Historical Research (1914).
Luke the Historian in the Light of Research (1920).
A Harmony of the Gospels for Students of the Life of
Christ: Based on the Broadus Harmony in the Revised
Version (1922).
An Introduction to the Textual Criticism of the New
Testament (1925).
Word Pictures in the New Testament, 6 vols. (l930–
1933).
Primary Area of Research: Greek
Grammar
Contribution: His “Big Grammar” was a
“monumental accomplishment.”25
Bauer, Walter 1877
–
1960
Griechisch-Deutsches Wörterbuch zu den Schriften des
Neuen Testaments und der übrigen urchristlichen
Literatur, 4th ed. (1952; Engl. A Greek-English Lexicon
of the New Testament and Other Early Christian
Literature, 3rd ed., 2000, Bauer Danker, Arndt and
Gingrich).
Rechtgläubigkeit und Ketzerei im ältesten Christentum
(1934; Engl. Orthodoxy and Heresy in Earliest
Christianity).
Primary Area of Research: Lexicography,
History of Early Christianity
Contribution: His Lexicon was intended
as a revision of Preuschen’s 1910
Lexicon. Its two strengths are the great
number of words that Baur discovered had
parallel in other koine literature, and his
extensive treatment of difficult words
such as preposition.
25 Baird, 2:414.
44
His contribution to the history of early Christianity was his book Orthodoxy and
Heresy, which suggested that heresy
preceded orthodoxy, and that the
earliest period saw a variety of
Christianities, rather than one
normative version.
Strack, Hermann
L.
1848
–
1922
Einleitung in Talmud und Midras, 5th ed. (1930; Engl.
Introduction to the Talmud and Midrash, 1931,
completely revised in in 1982 by Stemberger and
translated by Bockmuehl).
With Billerbeck: Kommentar zum Neuen Testament aus
Talmud und Midrasch, 4 vols. (1922–1928).
Primary Area of Research: Judaism,
Jewish Backgrounds
Contribution: His work on Judaism was
relatively fair minded, and his
commentary with Billerbeck provided
some helpful parallels for the Jewish
background of the NT.
Billerbeck, Paul 1853
–
1932
With Strack: Kommentar zum Neuen Testament aus
Talmud und Midrasch, 4 vols. (1922–1928).
Billerback was primarily a pastor.
Contribution: He likely wrote most of the
work for the Commentary with Strack
Moore, George
Foot
1851
–
1931
History of Religions, 2 vols. (1949).
“Christian Writers on Judaism” (1921).
Judaism in the First Centuries of the Christian Era: The
Age of the Tannaim, 3 vols. (1927, 1930).
Primary Area of Research: Old
Testament, Judaism, History of Religions
Contribution: his study of Judaism
offered a corrective in that he studied it on
its own terms. He defended it regarding
frequent charges made by Christian
scholars that Judaism viewed God as
distant, and that it was a legalistic
religion.
45
Lietzmann, Hans 1875–
1942
“Der Theolog und das Neue Testament” (1934; Engl. “The Theologian and the New Testament”).
Wie wurden die Bücher des Neuen Testaments heilige
Schrift?: Fünf Vortrage (1907).
Revision of Albert Huck’s gospel Synopsis.
Founding editor and contributor to Handbuch zum Neuen
Testament (contributed 1 and 2 Corinthians in 1907,
Galatians in 1910, and Romans in 1906).
Der Menschensohn: Ein Beitrag zur neutestamentlichen
Theologie (1896).
Petrus und Paulus in Rom: Liturgische und
archäologische Studien (1915).
Messe und Herrenmahl: Eine Studie zur Geschichte der
Liturgie (1926; Engl. Mass and Lord’s Supper: A Study
in the History of the Liturgy).
Geschichte der alten Kirche, 4 vols. (first volume in
1932; Engl. A History of the Early Church).
Primary Area of Research: New Testament, History of Religions, Textual
Criticism, Canon; History of Early
Christianity
Contribution: He made a number of
contributions in the area of NT exegesis,
canon studies, textual criticism, and
history of early Christianity.
Lohmeyer, Ernst 1890
–
1946
Kyrios Jesus: Eine Untersuchung zu Phil. 2:5-11
(1927/28).
Galiläa und Jerusalem (1936).
Das Evangelium des Markus (KEK [Meyer], 1937).
Das Evangelium des Matthäus, ed. Werner Schmauch
(KEK [Meyer], 1955, posthumously).
Die Briefe an die Philipper, an die Kolosser und an
Philemon, ed. Werner Schmauch (KEK [Meyer], 1930).
Die Offenbarung des Johannes (Handbuch Zum Neuen
Testament, 1926).
Primary Area of Research: New
Testament, Commentary
Contribution: brilliant example of the use
of critical skills in theological exegesis.
His work is Permeated by German
Idealism. His work on the Christ-hymn of
Phil 2:5-11 is important.
*Vos, Geerhardus 1862
–
1937
The Teaching of Jesus concerning the Kingdom of God
and the Church (1903; repr. 1972).
Grace and Glory: Sermons Preached in the Chapel of
Princeton Theological Seminary (1922; repr. 1994).
Area of Research: Biblical Theology
Contribution: He “formulated a
distinctively evangelical and Reformed
46
The Self-Disclosure of Jesus: The Modern Debate about the Messianic Consciousness (1926; repr. 1976).
The Pauline Eschatology (1930; repr. 1979).
Biblical Theology: Old and New Testaments (1948).
approach to biblical Theology.”26
Emphasized the eschatological nature
of revelation, the organic development
of redemptive history, and the intrusion
of the eschatological into history.
*Lenski, Richard
C. H.
1864
–
1936
Commentaries on the books of the NT (1931–1938).
Kings and Priests: The Universal Priesthood of Believers
(1927).
Area of Research: New Testament
Exegesis, Systematic Theology,
Commentary
Contribution: He is most well-known for
his commentaries, which are heavily
philological and theological.
Cadbury, Henry J. 1883
–
1974
The Style and Literary Method of Luke (1920, his PhD
dissertation).
“Between Jesus and the Gospels” (1923, a critique of
form criticism).
Edited and contributed with F. J. Foakes Jackson and
Kirsopp Lake: The Beginnings of Christianity, 5 vols.
(1920–1933).
The Making of Luke-Acts (1927).
The Book of Acts in History (1955).
The Peril of Modernizing Jesus (1937).
Jesus: What Manner of Man (1947).
“Critical Study of the New Testament” (1926).
“Some Foibles of New Testament Scholarship” (1958).
Primary Area of Research: New
Testament Criticism, Luke-Acts.
Contribution: His greatest contribution
was in his work on Luke-Acts. He also
warned about the risk of making Jesus in
our own image. He is an example of a
careful, rigorous scholar who refuses to
make unwarranted claims. He practiced
critical scholarship but rejected fads.
Manson, T. W. 1893
–
1958
“The Nature and Authority of the Canonical Scriptures,”
in A Companion to the Bible, ed. T. W. Manson (1939;
presents his understanding of the Bible).
Primary Area of Research: Gospels, New
Testament Criticism, New Testament
Theology
26 Dennison, James T. Jr., “Geerhardus Vos,” in Bible Interpreters of the Twentieth Century, 86.
47
The Teaching of Jesus: Studies of Its Form and Content (1931).
The Sayings of Jesus (1949, originally 1938).
“The Life of Jesus: A Study of the Available Materials”
(1942).
The Servant-Messiah (1953).
“The New Testament and Other Christian Writings of the
New Testament Period” (1939).
The Beginning of the Gospel (1950).
Ethics and the Gospel (1960).
The Church’s Ministry (1948).
On Paul and John: Some Selected Theological Themes
(1963).
Contribution: Combined critical research
with faith. Wrote on the teachings of
Jesus. Proposed that some historical
knowledge was possible and formed an
important part of Christology. Wrote on
NT ecclesiology and ministry, and on the
theology of John and Paul.
Dodd, C. H. 1884
–
1973
The Meaning of Paul for Today (1920).
The Authority of the Bible (1929).
The Epistle of Paul to the Romans (1932).
The Present Task in New Testament Studies (1936).
The Parables of the Kingdom (1936).
The Apostolic Preaching and Its Developments (1936).
The Johannine Epistles (1946).
Gospel and Law: The Relation of Faith and Ethics in
Early Christianity (1951).
According to the Scriptures: the Sub-Structure of New
Testament Theology (1952).
The Interpretation of the Fourth Gospel (1953).
Historical Tradition in the Fourth Gospel (1963).
The Founder of Christianity (1970).
Primary Area of Research: New
Testament, Pauline Studies, Johannine
literature
Contribution: His most distinctive ideas
are that of “realized eschatology” and his
understanding of the “kerygma.” In his
book According to the Scriptures, he
proposed that the NT writers took
seriously the context of OT passages
that they quoted. He proposed the
proclamation about Christ as the
underlying unity of the NT. His most
important works were on the Gospel of
John.
Barth, Karl 1886
–
1968
Early Barth:
The Epistle to the Romans (1919; completely revised
2nd ed. in 1922).
Primary Area of Research: Theology and
Dogmatics, Biblical Theology, New
Testament Exegesis, Commentary
48
Die Auferstehung der Toten: Eine akademische Vorlesung über I. Kor. 15, (1924; Engl. The Resurrection
of the Dead, 1933).
“The Debate on the Critical Historical Method:
Correspondence Between Adolf von Harnack and Karl
Barth,” in The Beginnings of Dialectical Theology:
Volume One, ed. James M. Robinson (1968).
Barmen Confession (1934; he was the “primary
author”).27
Das Wort Gottes und die Theologie (1924; Engl. The
Word of God and the Word of Man, 1957; contains “early
Barth’s” view of the Bible).
Mature Barth:
Church Dogmatics, 12 vols, 13th unfinished (1928ff).
Fides quaerens intellectum: Anselms Beweis der
Existenz Gottes im Zusammenhang seines
theologischen Programms (1931; Engl. Anselm: Fides
quaerens intellectum: Anselm’s proof of the existence
of God in the context of his theological scheme).
Shorter Commentary on Romans (1941).
Erklärung des Philipperbriefes (1927; Engl. The Epistle
to the Philippians).
Erklärung des Johannes Evangelium (1976;
posthumously; Engl. Witness to the Word).
Contribution: His Romans commentary
was controversial but attached the liberal
theology of the 19th and early 20th century.
His Church Dogmatics is an important
book in the history of Christian Doctrine,
and contains great amounts of exegesis.
Bultmann,
Rudolf
(later Bultmann)
1884
–
1976
The Presence of Eternity: History and Eschatology,
Gifford Lectures 1955 (1957).
Jesus (1926; Engl. Jesus and the Word, 1934).
“Die Christologie des Neuen Testaments” in Glauben
und Verstehen (1933).
Primary Area of Research: New
Testament Criticism, New Testament
Theology, Hermeneutics, Gospel of John
27 Baird, 3:64.
49
“Das christologische Bekenntnis des Ökumenischen Rates” (1951; Engl. “The Christological Confession of
the World Council of Churches”).
“The Problem of Theological Exegesis” (1925).
“Ist voraussetzungslose Exegese möglich?” (1957;
Engl. “Is Exegesis without Presuppositions
Possible?”).
“On the Problem of Demythologizing” (1952).
Jesus Christ and Mythology (1958).
Das Evangelium des Johannes, KEK (1941; Engl. The
Gospel of John: A Commentary, 1971).
Der zweite Brief an die Korinther, ed. Erich Dinkier,
KEK (1976; posthumously).
Theologie des Neuen Testaments (1948–1953).
Contribution: Existentialist interpretation of the NT. His commentary on John’s
Gospel and his NT Theology are
important in NT research.
His program of existential interpretation
of Scripture and “demythologizing”
hermeneutic are also historically
important. His claim that the historical
Jesus could not be recovered and his turn
to the Christ of the proclamation were also
important.
Käsemann, Ernst 1906
–
1998
Das wandernde Gottesvolk: Eine Untersuchung zum
Hebräerbrief (begun in prison in 1937, published in
1959; Engl. The Wandering People of God: An
Investigation of the Letter to the Hebrews).
Die Legitimität des Apostels: Eine Untersuchung zu II
Korinther 10–13 (1956).
“Begründet der neutestamendiche Kanon die Einheit der
Kirche?” (1951 Göttingen lecture; Engl. “The Canon of
the New Testament and the Unity of the Church”).
Jesu letzter Wille nach Johannes 17 (1966; Engl. The
Testament of Jesus: A Study of the Gospel of John in the
Light of Chapter 17).
“Das Problem des historischen Jesus” (lecture in 1953
that prompted the New Quest; Engl. “The Problem of
the Historical Jesus”).
“Sachgassen im Streit um den historischen Jesus”
(n.d.; Engl. “Blind Alleys in the ‘Jesus of History’
Controversy”).
Primary Area of Research: New
Testament Theology, New Testament
Exegesis, History of Religions, Gospels:
Historical Jesus.
Contribution: He began the new quest for
the historical Jesus. Emphasized
apocalyptic thinking as the background to
Christian theology. He said that
apocalyptic is the mother of Christian
theology. He influenced Peter
Stuhlmacher, Leander Keck, and J. Louis
Martyn.
50
“Die Anfänge christlicher Theologie” (1960 lecture;
Engl. “The Beginnings of Christian Theology.”).
“Zum Thema der urchrisdichen Theologie” (n.d.;
Engl. “On the Subject of Primitive Christian
Apocalyptic”).
“Gottesgerechtigkeit bei Paulus” (1961 lecture; Engl.
“‘The Righteousness of God’ in Paul”).
“Rechtfertigung und Heilsgeschichte im Römerbrief”
(mid-1960s lecture responding to Krister Stendahl’s
“Introspective Conscience” article; Engl. “Justification
and Salvation History in the Epistle to the Romans”).
An die Römer, HNT 8a (1973; Engl. Commentary on
Romans).
Bornkamm,
Günther
1905
–
1990
Bibel—Das Neue Testament: Eine Einführung in seine
Schriften im Rahmen der Geschichte des Urchristentums
(1971; Engl. The New Testament: A Guide to Its
Writings).
“Die Sturmstillung im Matthäus-Evangelium” (1948;
Engl. “The Stilling of the Storm in Matthew”).
“Enderwartung und Kirche im Matthäusevangelium”
(first in 1954 and revised and expanded in
Überlieferung und Auslegung im Matthäusevangelium;
Engl. “End-Expectation and Church in Matthew”).
“Das Wort Jesu vom Bekennen,” in Geschichte und
Glaube. (inaugural address at Königsberg).
“Bekenntnis im Hebräer Brief” (1942).
Gesetz und Schöpfung im Neuen Testament (1934). “Die
Offenbarung des Zornes Gottes (Rom 1-3)” (1935);
revised and expanded for publication in Das Ende des
Gesetzes; Engl. “The Revelation of God’s Wrath:
Romans 1-3”).
Primary Area of Research: New
Testament Criticism, New Testament
Exegesis, New Testament Theology,
Historical Jesus, Redaction Criticism
Contribution: In Biblical Theology he
explored the concepts of “confession” and
“reward” in the NT. He pioneered
redaction criticism. He contributed a
book on Jesus to the Second Quest for
the Historical Jesus. He wrote an
influential book on Paul.
51
Jesus von Nazareth (1st ed. 1956; 13 eds. total; Engl. Jesus of Nazareth, 1960).
“Glaube und Geschichte in den Evangelien,” in Der
historische Jesus und der kerygmatische Christus:
Beiträge zum Christusverständnis in Forschung und
Verkündigung (1960).
Paulus (1969; Engl. Paul, 1971).
Robinson, James
M.
1924
–
The Problem of History in Mark (1957).
“Jesus’ Understanding of History” (1955).
“The Meaning and Validation of Biblical Faith” (1959).
A New Quest of the Historical Jesus (1959).
“The Quest of the Historical Jesus Today” (1958-59).
Kerygma und historischer Jesus (1960).
Primary Area of Research: Historical
Backgrounds: Nag Hammadi Codices, Q
Research, New Testament Criticism,
Gospels: Historical Jesus, Hermeneutics
Contribution: Brought Bultmann’s
existentialist hermeneutics to America.
Wrote on the New Quest for the
Historical Jesus. He promoted the “New
Hermeneutics.”
Nag Hammadi
Codices (NHC)
1947
–
1950s
See Baird 197–198 for a list of the contents of the NHC.
The Facsimile Edition of the Nag Hammadi Codices
(1982-84).
The Coptic Gnostic Library, edited with English
Translation, Introduction and Notes, published under
the Auspices of The Institute for Antiquity and
Christianity, 1975-1995.
James M. Robinson, et al., The Nag Hammadi Library in
English, translated and introduced by members of the
Coptic Gnostic Library Project of the Institute for
Antiquity and Christianity, Claremont, California, 3d ed.
(1990, 1996).
The Gospel of Thomas.
Contribution: previously, all of our
information about Gnosticism came from
its opponents; now we can study it for
ourselves by means of primary sources.
These resources provide information
about Gnosticism. These resources also
give information about the early church.
They give resources that address the
question of the relationship between
Gnosticism and the NT. They show that
Gnosticism was not a Christian heresy,
but a syncretistic movement located in the
Hellenistic world.
52
They also explode the idea that
Christianity depended on a gnostic
redeemer myth: “the hypothesis of a
fully developed, universally recognized
pre-Christian myth of the redeemed
redeemer . . . has been exposed as a
scholarly fabrication.”28
The Gospel of Thomas has caused a stir
because some have suggested that it
preserved ancient teachings of Christ that
have not been preserved elsewhere.
Dead Sea Scrolls
(DSS)
1947
ff Emmanuel Τον, editor in chief, Discoveries in the
Judaean Desert, 39 vols. (1955–2002).
Contributions: The DSS contributes to our
understanding of the OT canon as it was
understood in the first centuries BC. For
text criticism, the DSS provide a text that
is 1,000 years earlier than the previous
earliest Hebrew MSS. They also show the
reliability of the MT tradition. Use of the
title “Son of God” in the DSS to refer to
the future king demonstrates that it is not
necessary to posit a Hellenistic
background to explain these concepts in
the NT. Most importantly, they highlight
the diversity of Judaism in NT times.
Colwell, Ernest
Cadman
1901
–
1974
Area of Research: Textual Criticism,
Greek Grammar
28 Baird, 3:206.
53
Contribution: Influenced Eldon Jay Epp. Articulated “Colwell’s Rule.”
*Metzger, Bruce
M.
1914
–
2007
(4th ed. with Bart Ehrman): The Text of the New
Testament: Its Transmission, Corruption, and
Restoration, 4th ed. (2005).
A Textual Commentary on The Greek New Testament:
A Companion Volume to the United Bible Societies’
Greek New Testament, 4th rev. ed. (1994; 1st ed. 1970).
The Canon of the New Testament (1987).
Participated in the translation of the Apocrypha for the
RSV.
Area of Research: Textual Criticism,
Canon, Apocrypha, Translation
Contribution: He held to a moderate
eclectic theory of textual criticism. He
wrote on the issues related to the canon.
He influenced students such as Michael
W. Holmes and Bart D. Ehrman.
Epp, Eldon Jay 1903
–
The Theological Tendency of Codex Bezae
Cantabrigiensis in Acts (1966).
Area of Research: Textual Criticism
Contribution: He suggested that Scribes
had “biases” like authors do. Influenced
Gordon D. Fee and Larry W. Hurtado.
Aland, Kurt 1915
–
1994
With Barbara Aland: The Text of the New Testament: An
Introduction to the Critical Editions and to the Theory
and Practice of Modern Textual Criticism (1989).
Nestle-Aland Novum Testamentum Graece (now in the
28th edition).
United Bible Societies The Greek New Testament (now
in the 5th edition).
Area of Research: Textual Criticism
Contribution: Founded the Institut für
Neutestamentliche Textforschung.
Promoted the research of textual criticism
issues, edited one of the most popular
critical texts; wrote an introduction to NT
textual criticism.
Kilpatrick, George
D.
1910
–
1989
Area of Research: Textual Criticism
Contribution: Promoted Thoroughgoing
Eclecticism. Influenced James K. Elliott.
54
Bodmer Papyri 50s–60s
P66 (Bodmer II): ca. 200. Contains most of the Gospel of John and is similar to the Alexandrian text.
P72 (Bodmer VII–VIII): ca. 3rd or 4th century. Contains 1
and 2 Peter, Jude. Similar to Vaticanus (B).
P75 (Bodmer XIV–XV): ca. 3rd century. Contains parts of
Luke and John. “Largely agrees with Vaticanus.”29
Importance: Most of the manuscripts are from the third or fourth century.
International
Greek New
Testament Project
(IGNTP)
1984,
1987
The New Testament in Greek: The Gospel according to
St. Luke: Part One: Chapters 1–12 (1984).
Part Two: Chapters 14–24 (1987).
The New Testament in Greek IV: The Gospel according
to St John, Volume One, The Papyri (1995).
Importance: The goal of this project is to
present the textual evidence, not to
reconstruct the text.
Editio Critica
Maior
Novum Testamentum Graecum Editio Critica Maior: 4
Catholic Letters, Part 1: Text; Installment 1: James
(1997).
Importance: The goal of this project is to
present the textual evidence as well as to
present a reconstructed text. Apparently it
is very close to the NA text.30
Jeremias,
Joachim
1900
–
1979
Wrote 28 articles for Kittel’s Theological Dictionary.
Die Abendmahlsworte Jesu (1935, 3d ed. in 1960; Engl.
The Eucharistic Words of Jesus).
Die Gleichnisse Jesu (1947, 8th ed. in 1970; Engl. The
Parables of Jesus).
The Central Message of the New Testament (1965).
Neutestamentliche Theologie: Erster Teil: Die
Verkündigung Jesu (1970; Engl. New Testament
Theology, vol. 1).
Area of Research: New Testament,
Gospels: Historical Jesus, Historical
Backgrounds: Archeology, Jewish
Backgrounds
Contribution: Jeremias’s most important
contribution is his work on Parables and
on the Eucharistic Words of Jesus. He
makes a difference between the ipsissima
vox and ipsissima verba of Jesus. He
also works with the Aramaic background
to the New Testament and affirms the
importance of the “Historical Jesus.”
29 Baird, 3:246. 30 Baird, 3:254.
55
Black, Matthew
1908
–
1994
“The Development of Judaism in the Greek and Roman
Periods,” in Peake’s Commentary on the Bible (1962).
The Book of Enoch or I Enoch: A New English Edition:
With Commentary and Textual Notes (1985).
The Scrolls and Christian Origins (1961).
An Aramaic Approach to the Gospels and Acts (3rd ed.,
1967).
“Pharisees” in the Interpreter’s Dictionary of the Bible
(1962).
Romans (1973).
Area of Research: New Testament, Jewish
Backgrounds, 1 Enoch, DSS, Aramaic
Background
Contribution: Black’s most important
contribution is in his work on the Aramaic
background to the Gospels. He proposed
that behind the Greek Gospels there is an
Aramaic tradition that stands closer to
the words of Jesus.
Davies, W. D. 1911
–
2001
Paul and Rabbinic Judaism: Some Rabbinic Elements
in Pauline Theology (1st ed. 1947; 4th ed., 1980).
Torah in the Messianic Age and/or the Age to Come
(1952).
The Setting of the Sermon on the Mount (1964).
With Dale C. Allison, A Critical and Exegetical
Commentary on the Gospel According to Saint
Matthew, 3 vols., ICC (1988–97).
The Gospel and the Land: Early Christianity and Jewish
Territorial Doctrine (1974).
Area of Research: New Testament,
Pauline studies, Gospel of Matthew,
Jewish Backgrounds
Contribution: Davies viewed Paul’s
thought as essentially Rabbinic
Judaism that had been baptized into
Christ. Paul viewed Jesus as the New
Torah. Justification is not the center for
Paul, but rather Christ crucified.
Davies claimed that the New Exodus
motif runs through Matthew.
Sanders, E. P. 1937
– Judaism: Practice and Belief, 63 BCE–66 CE (1992).
Jewish Law from Jesus to the Mishnah: Five Studies
(1990).
Paul and Palestinian Judaism: A Comparison of
Patterns of Religion (1977).
Paul, the Law, and the Jewish People (1983).
Jesus and Judaism (1985).
The Historical Figure of Jesus (1993).
Area of Research: New Testament,
Pauline Studies, Gospels: Historical Jesus,
Jewish Backgrounds, Judaism
Contribution: He gave impetus to the
“New Perspective on Paul” (NPP) by
claiming that Judaism was not a
56
legalistic religion of works, but
characterized by “covenantal nomism.”
Hengel, Martin 1926
–
2009
Judentum und Hellenismus: Studien zu ihrer
Begegnung unter besonderer Berücksichtigung
Palästinas bis zur Mitte des 2 Jh. v. Chr., 2 vols. (2nd
ed. WUNT 10; 1973; Engl. Judaism and Hellenism:
Studies in their Encounter in Palestine during the
Early Hellenistic Period).
Juden, Griechen und Barbaren: Aspekte der
Hellenisierung des Judentums in vorchristlicher Zeit
(1976; Engl. Jews, Greeks and Barbarians: Aspects of
the Hellenization of Judaism in the pre-Christian
Period).
The “Hellenization” of Judaea in the First Century after
Christ (1989).
Area of Research: New Testament,
Pauline Studies, Jewish Backgrounds,
Hellenistic Backgrounds
Contribution: Proposed that Jewish and
Hellenistic influence was not an
absolute dichotomy. He said that the
background to Christianity is
fundamentally Jewish; any Hellenistic
influence is filtered through Judaism. He
wrote on the Zealots, crucifixion; he
promoted an understanding of Jewish
backgrounds.
Kümmel, Werner
Georg
1905
–
1995
Römer 7 und die Bekehrung des Paulus (1929).
Martin Dibelius and Werner Georg Kümmel, Paulus
(1951; Engl. Paul).
Einleitung in das Neue Testament, 21st ed. (1983; Engl.
Introduction to the New Testament).
Das Neue Testament: Geschichte der Erforschung
seiner Probleme, 2nd ed. (1970; Engl. The New
Testament: The History of the Investigation of Its
Problems).
Das Neue Testament im 20. Jahrhundert: Ein
Forschungsbericht, SBS 50 (1970).
Verheißung und Erfüllung: Untersuchungen zur
eschatologischen Verkündigung Jesu, 3d ed. (1956; Engl.
Promise and Fulfilment: The Eschatological Message of
Jesus).
Area of Research: Pauline Studies, New
Testament Introduction, History of New
Testament Research, New Testament
Theology
Contribution: His Introduction reflected
the critical consensus; his history of NT
research praised the success of the
historical method.
57
Die Theologie des Neuen Testaments nach seinen Hauptzeugen: Jesus, Paulus, Johannes, 2nd ed. (1972;
Engl. The Theology of the New Testament: According to
its Major Witnesses: Jesus—Paul—John).
Koester, Helmut 1926
–
Synoptische Uberlierferung bei den apostolischen Vätern
(1957; his dissertation).
Introduction to the New Testament, vol. 1: History,
Culture, and Religion of the Hellenistic Age; vol. 2:
History and Literature of Early Christianity (2nd ed.;
1995, 2000).
Ancient Christian Gospels: Their History and
Development (1990).
Edited Ephesos: Metropolis of Asia: An Interdisciplinary
Approach to Its Archaeology, Religion, and Culture
(1995).
Edited Pergamon: Citadel of the Gods: Archaeological
Record, Literary Description, and Religious
Development (1998).
“The Structure and Criteria of Early Christian Beliefs,”
in James M. Robinson and Helmut Koester, Trajectories
through Early Christianity (1971).
Area of Research: New Testament
Introduction, Early Church History, Non-
canonical Gospels, Archeology
Contribution: Produced an important
reference work for NT Introduction.
Investigated Christianity historically by
use of non-canonical sources.
Conzelmann,
Hans
1915
–
1989
Die Mitte der Zeit: Studien zur Theologie des Lukas
(3rd ed., 1960; Engl. The Theology of Luke).
“Jesus Christus,” in Religion in Geschichte und
Gegenwart (3rd ed.; Engl. Jesus: The Classic Article from
RGG Expanded and Updated; 1973).
Grundriss der Theologie des Neuen Testaments (2nd ed.,
1968; Engl. An Outline of the Theology of the New
Testament).
Area of Research: Luke-Acts, New
Testament Theology, Redaction
Criticism
Contribution: He wrote on the importance
of salvation history to Luke-Acts
(popularized this approach), and showed
that Luke arranges God’s work in the
word according to three stages: 1. Israel,
58
With Andreas Lindemann, Arbeitsbuch zum Neuen Testament (8th ed.; 1985; Engl. Interpreting the New
Testament).
Commentaries:
Martin Dibelius, Die Pastoralbriefe, ed. Hans
Conzelmann (3rd ed.; HNT; 1955; Engl. The Pastoral
Epistles, Hermeneia, 1966).
Die Apostelgeschichte (HNT; 1963; Engl. Acts of the
Apostles, Hermeneia, 1987).
Der erste Brief an die Korinther (KEK; 1969; Engl. 1
Corinthians, Hermeneia, 1975).
Die kleineren Briefe des Apostels Paulus (1970).
2. The ministry of Jesus, and 3. The church age.
Marxsen, Willi 1919
–
1993
Der Evangelist Markus: Studien zur
Redaktionsgechichte des Evangeliums (2nd ed., 1959;
Engl. Mark the Evangelist: Studies on the Redaction
History of the Gospel).
Einleitung in das Neue Testament: Eine Einführung in
ihre Probleme (4th ed.; Engl. Introduction to the New
Testament: An Approach to its Problems).
Der Exeget als Theologe: Vorträge zum Neuen
Testament (1968).
Das Neue Testament als Buch der Kirche (1966; Engl.
The New Testament as the Church’s Book).
Die Auferstehung Jesu als historisches und als
theologisches Problem (1964; Engl. “The Resurrection of
Jesus as a Historical and Theological Problem”).
“Christliche” und christliche Ethik im Neuen Testament
(1989; Engl. New Testament Foundations for Christian
Ethics).
Area of Research: New Testament
Theology, Redaction Criticism, Gospel of
Mark, New Testament Ethics
Contribution: He produced an important
redaction-critical study of Mark.
Emphasized theology as the “handmaid of
faith.” Focused on the earliest stratum of
tradition as finally authoritative.
59
Farmer, William
R.
1921–
2000
The Synoptic Problem: A Critical Analysis (1964).
The Last Twelve Verses of Mark (1974).
Synopticon: The Verbal Agreement Between the Greek
Texts of Matthew, Mark and Luke Contextually
Exhibited (1969).
The Gospel of Jesus: The Pastoral Relevance of the
Synoptic Problem (1994).
Area of Research: Gospels: Synoptic Problem
Contribution: Argued for the Griesbach,
or “Two Gospel Hypothesis” in which
Mark used Matthew and Luke in writing
his Gospel. He also argued that the “long
ending” of Mark is original.
Farrer, Austin n.d. “On Dispensing with Q,” in Studies in the Gospels:
Essays in Memory of R. H. Lightfoot (1957).
Area of Research: Gospels: Synoptic
Problem, Q Research
Contribution: Argued against the
existence of Q
Goulder, Michael 1927
–
2010
Midrash and Lection in Matthew (1969–71).
The Evangelists’ Calendar: A Lectionary Explanation of
the Development of Scripture (1972).
Luke: A New Paradigm, 2 vols. (1989).
Area of Research: Gospels: Synoptic
Problem, Q Research
Contribution: Argued that Matthew used
Mark but no Q. Matthew was intended as
a Christian lectionary.
Kloppenborg, John
S.
n.d. The Formation of Q: Trajectories in Ancient Wisdom
Collections (1987).
Excavating Q: The History and Setting of the Sayings
Gospel (2000).
Area of Research: Q Research
Contribution: prolific attempts to
explicate the setting(s) and message(s) of
Q
Schnackenburg,
Rudolf
1914
–
2002
Das Johannesevangelium, 4 vols., (1965–75; Engl. The
Gospel According to St. John, 3 vols., 1968).
Die sittliche Botschaft des Neuen Testaments
(extensively revised 3rd ed., 1986; Engl. of the 2nd ed.,
The Moral Teaching of the New Testament, 1973).
Area of Research: Gospel of John,
Gospels: Person and Teaching of Jesus,
Commentary
60
Die Person Jesu Christi im Spiegel der vier Evangelien (1993; Engl. Jesus in the Gospels: A Biblical
Christology).
La Théologie du Nouveau Testament: État de la question,
StudNeot (1961; Engl. New Testament Theology Today).
Contribution: His commentary on John and volumes on NT ethics are important.
Brown, Raymond
E.
1928
–
1998
An Introduction to the New Testament (1997).
The Community of the Beloved Disciple (1979).
An Introduction to the Gospel of John (2003).
The Gospel According to John, 2 vols., AB (1966,
1970).
The Epistles of John, AB 30 (1982).
The Birth of the Messiah: A Commentary on the
Infancy Narratives in the Gospels of Matthew and Luke
(1993).
The Virginal Conception and Bodily Resurrection of
Jesus (1973).
The Death of the Messiah: From Gethsemane to the
Grave: A Commentary on the Passion Narratives in the
Four Gospels, 2 vols. (1994).
The Churches the Apostles Left Behind (1984).
An Introduction to New Testament Christology (1994).
Area of Research: Hermeneutics, New
Testament Introduction, Johannine
Literature, Gospel of John, Gospels:
Historical Jesus, Christology
Contribution: His commentary on John,
book on the Johannine Community, and
the works on the Birth and death of
Christ are the most important.
Meier, John P. 1942
–
Law and History in Matthew’s Gospel: A Redactional
Study of Mt. 5:17–48 (1976).
A Marginal Jew: Rethinking the Historical Jesus:
Vol. 1: The Roots of the Problem and the Person
(1991).
Vol. 2: Mentor, Message, and Miracles (1994).
Vol. 3: Companions and Competitors (2001).
Area of Research: Gospel of Matthew,
Gospels: Historical Jesus
Contribution: His book A Marginal Jew
“is one of the most important books on
the historical Jesus in the history of NT
research.”31 He proposes that Jesus
31 Baird, 3:423.
61
Vol. 4: Law and Love (2009).
should be viewed as a Jewish person in a Jewish context.
Funk, Robert W. 1926
–
2005
Honest to Jesus: Jesus for a New Millennium (1966).
A Greek Grammar of the New Testament and Other
Early Christian Literature: A Translation and Revision
of the nineteenth German edition incorporating
supplementary notes of A. Debrunner (1991).
A Beginning-Intermediate Grammar of Hellenistic
Greek, 3 vols. (2nd ed., 1973).
The Poetics of Biblical Narrative (1988).
New Gospel Parallels, 2 vols. (1985).
Parables and Presence: Forms of the New Testament
Tradition (1982).
With the Jesus Seminar:
The Five Gospels: The Search for the Authentic Words of
Jesus: New Translation and Commentary (1993).
The Acts of Jesus: The Search for the Authentic Deeds of
Jesus (1998).
The Gospel of Jesus: According to the Jesus Seminar
(1999).
Area of Research: Greek Grammar,
Linguistics, Hermeneutics, Parables,
Gospels: Historical Jesus.
Contribution: His work on NT Greek is
very helpful. His translation of
Blass/Debrunner and his Beginning-
Intermediate Grammar is very useful.
His critical work connected to the
Historical Jesus is unhelpful.
Cullmann, Oscar 1902
–
1999
“The Necessity and Function of Higher Criticism” (1949;
also in The Early Church: Studies in Early Christian
History and Theology, ed. A. J. B. Higgins (Philadelphia:
Westminster, 1956).
Nouveau Testament, Que sais-je? (1966; Engl. The New
Testament: An Introduction for the General Reader).
Vorträge und Aufsätze, 1925–1962 (1966).
Etudes de théologie biblique (1968).
Des sources de l’Evangile à la formation de la theologies
chrétienne (1969).
Area of Research: New Testament
Theology
Contribution: He wrote important works
arguing for a history of salvation
(Heilsgeschichte) approach to the NT.
On Cullmann, see: Robert Yarbrough,
Salvation Historical Fallacy?
62
Christus und die Zeit: Die urchristliche Zeit- und
Geschichtsauffassung (1st ed., 1946, 3rd ed., 1962;
Engl. Christ and Time: The Primitive Christian
Conception of Time and History).
Königsherrschaft Christi und Kirche im Neuen
Testament (1941; Engl. “The Kingship of Christ and the
Church in the New Testament,” in Early Church).
“Die Hoffnung der Kirche auf die Wiederkunft Christi
nach dem Neuen Testament” (“The Return of Christ: The
New Testament Hope,” in Early Church).
Heil als Geschichte: Heilsgeschichtliche Existenz im
Neuen Testament (1965; Engl. Salvation in History).
Die Christologie des Neuen Testaments (1957; Engl. The
Christology of the New Testament).
Petrus: Jünger, Apostel, Märtyrer: Das historische und
das theologische Petrusproblem (1952; Engl. Peter:
Disciple, Apostle, Martyr: A Historical and Theological
Study).
The State in the New Testament (1956).
Les premiers confessions de foi chrétiennes (1943; Engl.
The Earliest Christian Confessions).
Urchristentum und Gottesdienst (1950; Engl. Early
Christian Worship).
Les sacrements dans l’évangile johannique: La vie de
Jésus et le cult de l’église primitive (1951).
Das Gebet im Neuen Testament (1944; Engl. Prayer in
the New Testament).
Die Tauflehre des Neuen Testaments: Erwachsenen- und
Kindertaufe (1948; French: Le baptême des enfants et la
doctrine biblique du baptême, 1948; Engl. Baptism in the
New Testament).
“The Meaning of the Lord’s Supper in Primitive
Christianity,” in Essays on the Lord’s Supper (1958).
63
Knox, John 1900
–
1999
Philemon Antony the Letters of Paul: A New View of Its
Place and Importance (rev. ed., 1959).
Marcion and the New Testament (1942).
Chapters in a Life of Paul (rev. ed., 1987).
Criticism and Faith (1953).
Limits of Unbelief (1970).
Myth and Truth: An Essay on the Language of Faith
(1964).
Jesus: Lord and Christ. A Trilogy Comprising: The Man
Christ Jesus, Christ the Lord, On the Meaning of Christ
(1958).
The Death of Christ: The Cross in New Testament
History and Faith (1958).
The Humanity and Divinity of Christ: A Study of Pattern
in Christology (1967).
The Early Church and the Coming Great Church (1955).
The Church and the Reality of Christ (1962).
Area of Research: New Testament
Criticism, New Testament Theology,
Christology, Pauline Studies, Biblical
Chronology
Contribution: His critical conclusions
were imaginative and unconventional,
though not convincing. His NT theology
criticized Paul, subsumed Christology
under Ecclesiology, and promoted an
unorthodox view of the divinity of Christ
(and probably the humanity of Christ as
well).
Minear, Paul
Sevier
1906
–
2007
And Great Shall Be Your Reward: The Origins of
Christian Views of Salvation (1941; his dissertation).
Eyes of Faith: A Study in the Biblical Point of View
(rev. ed., 1966).
The Bible and the Historian: Breaking the Silence About
God in Biblical Studies (2002; collection of essays).
The Gospel According to Mark (1962).
John: The Martyr’s Gospel (1984).
The Kingdom and the Power: An Exposition of the New
Testament Gospel (1950; reprint 2004).
Images of the Church in the New Testament (1960).
Horizons of Christian Community (1959).
New Testament Apocalyptic (1981).
Area of Research: New Testament
Criticism, Hermeneutics, Eschatology,
Apocalyptic, New Testament Theology,
New Testament Ecclesiology
Contribution: His distinctive contribution
was his interest in the biblical conception
of time, apocalyptic, hermeneutics of
faith, and his book on the images of the
church in the NT.
64
I Saw a New Earth: An Introduction to the Visions of the Apocalypse (1968).
*Hendriksen,
William
1900
–
1982
Commentary Series on the NT (with Simon J.
Kistemaker; 1954ff).
More than Conquerors (1940. Rev. ed., 1982).
Translated the Book of Revelation for the NIV.
Area of Research: New Testament
Exegesis, Commentary, Book of
Revelation
Contribution: Most well-known for his
commentaries on the NT.
Bruce, F. F. 1910
–
1990
Historical/NT:
The New Testament Documents: Are They Reliable?
(1961).
New Testament History (1969).
Tradition Old and New (1970).
The Canon of Scripture (1988).
The Teacher of Righteousness in the Qumran Texts
(1957).
Biblical Exegesis in the Qumran Texts (1959).
Second Thoughts on the Dead Sea Scrolls (1966).
Paul: Apostle of the Heart Set Free (1977).
Jesus and Paul: Places They Knew (1981).
Biblical Theology:
New Testament Development of Old Testament Themes
(1968).
The Time is Fulfilled: Five Aspects of the Fulfilment of
the Old Testament in the New (1978).
Jesus: Past, Present, and Future: The Work of Christ
(1979).
The Message of the New Testament (1972).
Old Testament:
Area of Research: New Testament, Old
Testament, History, Apologetics, New
Testament Backgrounds (DSS), Biblical
Theology, Pauline Studies, Commentary
Contribution: Conservative historian, NT
scholar and exegete. His Acts
commentary was important, and he shows
that faith commitments are not an
impediment to scholarship. His work on
Paul was also important.
65
The Hittites and the Old Testament (1947). Israel and the Nations: From the Exodus tο the Fall of
the Second Temple (1963).
Commentaries:
Galatians (NIGTC); Hebrews (NICNT); Acts (NICNT);
Colossians, Philemon, Ephesians (NICNT); Philippians
(NIBC); Romans (TNTC); 1 and 2 Corinthians (NCB); 1
and 2 Thessalonians (WBC); Ephesians, John
The Acts of the Apostles: The Greek Text with
Introduction and Commentary (3rd ed., 1990; first ed.
1951).
The Epistle to the Galatians: A Commentary on the
Greek Text (NIGTC, 1982).
*Ladd, George
Eldon
1911
–
1982
The Gospel of the Kingdom (1959).
Jesus Christ and History (1963).
The Young Church: Acts of the Apostles (1964).
The New Testament and Criticism (1967).
The Pattern of New Testament Truth (1968).
“The Search for Perspective,” Interpretation 25.1 (Jan
1971): 41–62.
A Commentary on the Revelation of John (1972).
A Theology of the New Testament (1974; 2nd ed., edited
by Donald A. Hagner, 1993).
The Presence of the Future (1974; repr. of Jesus and
the Kingdom [1964]).
I Believe in the Resurrection of Jesus (1975).
The Blessed Hope (1980).
Area of Research: New Testament
Criticism, New Testament Theology,
Eschatology, Philosophy of History
Contribution: He popularized the concept
of inaugurated eschatology (i.e., the
“already” and “not yet” of the Kingdom of
God) in evangelical circles. He gave
attention to the problem of history and
articulated a supernaturalist philosophy
of history.
He attempted to engage the world of New
Testament scholarship as a committed
evangelical. He determined to use the
methodology of historical critical
scholarship while maintaining his
evangelical presuppositions and
commitments.
66
*Morris, Leon
Lamb
1914
–
2006
The Apostolic Preaching of the Cross (1955; 2nd ed.,
1960).
The Gospel according to John. NICNT (1971).
The Epistle to the Romans (1988).
The Gospel according to Matthew. PNTC (1992).
New Testament Theology (1986).
With D. Α. Carson and Douglas J. Moo: An Introduction
to the New Testament (1992).
Participated in the translation of 1 and 2 Corinthians for
the NIV.
Area of Research: New Testament
Introduction, New Testament Theology,
Commentary
Contribution: His works are solidly
evangelical and scholarly. Many of his
works are evangelical standards.
*Guthrie, Donald 1916
–
1992
New Testament Introduction (1970, rev. ed., 1990).
New Testament Theology (1981).
The Epistle to the Hebrews: An Introduction and
Commentary. TNTC (1983).
Area of Research: New Testament
Introduction, New Testament Theology.
Contribution: He wrote numerous
commentaries and other works, but his
Introduction and Theology are his most
enduring works.
Gerhardsson,
Birger
1926
–
2013
Memory and Manuscript: Oral Tradition and Written
Transmission in Rabbinic Judaism and Early
Christianity (1998; first ed., 1961; from his
dissertation).
Tradition and Transmission in Early Christianity (1964)
The Reliability of the Gospel Tradition (2001).
The Origins of the Gospel Tradition (1979).
The Testing of God’s Son (Matt 4:1–11 & Par). An
Analysis of an Early Christian Midrash (1966).
The Mighty Acts of Jesus According to Matthew (1979).
Area of Research: New Testament,
Gospels, Judaism, Jewish Backgrounds
Contribution: He suggested that the
early church memorized much of the
traditions about Jesus after the pattern
of Pharisaic/Rabbinic teaching
methods, making them early and reliable.
He attempted to use this to reject form
critic claims about the changes that the
church made.
67
*Martin, Ralph Philip
1925–
2013
Carmen Christi: Philippians ii.5-11 in Recent
Interpretation and in the Setting of Early Christian
Worship (1967. Rev ed. 1983).
Worship in the Early Church (1964, Rev. ed., 1974).
Area of Research: New Testament Exegesis
Contribution: Martin was interested in the
concept of worship in the NT, and the
book of Philippians. He also produced
numerous works, including commentaries.
Schüssler
Fiorenza,
Elizabeth
1938
– In Memory of Her: A Feminist Reconstruction of
Christian Origins (1st ed. 1983; later ed. 1992).
Jesus: Miriam’s Child, Sophia’s Prophet: Critical
Issues in Feminist Christology (1995).
Jesus and the Politics of Interpretation (2000).
Bread Not Stone: The Challenge of Feminist Biblical
Interpretation (1984).
But She Said: Feminist Practices of Biblical
Interpretation (1992).
Rhetoric and Ethic: The Politics of Biblical Studies
(1999).
The Power of the Word: Scripture and the Rhetoric of
Empire (2007).
Democratizing Biblical Studies: Toward and
Emancipatory Educational Space (2009).
The Book of Revelation: Justice and Judgment (2nd ed.,
1998).
Area of Research: New Testament
Criticism, Feminist Hermeneutics, Book
of Revelation, Gospels: Historical Jesus
Contribution: Her primary contribution is
her attempt to read the Bible through the
lens of radical feminism. Her
deconstruction/reconstruction of
various topics includes the Bible itself,
Christology and hermeneutics.
Martyn, J. Louis 1925
–
2015
History and Theology in the Fourth Gospel, 3rd ed.
(2003).
Galatians: A New Translation with Introduction and
Commentary, AB 33A (1997).
Theological Issues in the Letters of Paul (1997).
Area of Research: New Testament
Theology, Gospel of John, Pauline
Studies: Galatians
Contribution: His understanding of the
“two-tiered drama” in John’s Gospel has
been very influential. He was the founder
68
of the Johannine Community
hypothesis (convinced Raymond E.
Brown). His commentary on Galatians
was also important.
Keck, Leander E. 1928
–
Bible in the Pulpit: The Renewal of Biblical Preaching
(1978).
Taking the Bible Seriously (1962).
The New Testament Experience of Faith (1976).
“Will the Historical-Critical Method Survive? Some
Observations,” in Orientation by Disorientation:
Studies in Literary Criticism and Biblical Literary
Criticism, Presented in Honor of William A. Beardslee,
ed. Richard A. Spencer (1980).
Paul and His Letters, 2nd ed. (1988).
Romans, ANTC (2005).
Translated and Edited: David Friedrich Strauss, The
Christ of Faith and the Jesus of History (1977).
A Future for the Historical Jesus: The Place of Jesus
in Preaching and Theology (1971).
Who is Jesus? History in Perfect Tense (2000).
“Toward a Renewal of New Testament Christology,”
NTS 32 (1986): 362–77.
Area of Research: New Testament
Theology, Pauline Studies, Gospels:
Historical Jesus
Contribution: He wrote important books
on Paul and Jesus.
Furnish, Victor
Paul
1931
– Theology and Ethics in Paul (1st ed., 1968; 6th ed.,
2009).
The Love Command in the New Testament (1972).
The Moral Teaching of Paul: Selected Issues, 3rd ed.
(2009).
II Corinthians: Translation with Introduction, Notes
and Commentary, AB 32A (1984).
1 Thessalonians, 2 Thessalonians, ANTC (2007).
Area of Research: New Testament Ethics,
Pauline Studies, New Testament
Theology
Contribution: His most important books
are his book on Paul and ethics and his
commentary on 2 Corinthians.
69
“Paul the Theologian,” in The Conversation Continues: Studies in Paul and John, in Honor of J. Louis Martyn
(1990).
The Theology of the First Letter to the Corinthians
(1999).
Betz, Hans Dieter 1931
– Galatians: A Commentary on Paul’s Letter to the
Churches in Galatia, Hermeneia (1979).
2 Corinthians 8 and 9: A Commentary on Two
Administrative Letters of the Apostle Paul, Hermeneia
(1985).
Der Apostel Paulus und die sokratische Tradition. Eine
exegetische Untersuchung zu seiner “Apologie,” 2
Korinther 10–13, BHT (1972).
The Sermon on the Mount: A Commentary on the
Sermon on the Mount, including the Sermon on the
Plain (Matthew 5:3–7:27 and Luke 6:20–49),
Hermeneia (1995).
Area of Research: History of Religions,
Hellenistic Backgrounds, Classical
Rhetoric, Pauline Studies, Gospel of
Matthew
Contribution: His commentaries on
Galatians, 2 Cor 8–9, and the Sermon on
the Mount are important. They each
demonstrate how Betz uses classical
rhetoric to interpret the documents.
*Fee, Gordon D. 1934
–
New Testament Exegesis: A Handbook for Students and
Pastors (1983; 2nd ed., 1993).
The First Epistle to the Corinthians. NICNT (1987).
Paul’s Letter to the Philippians. NICNT (1995).
With Eldon J. Epp: Studies in the Theory and Method of
New Testament Textual Criticism (1993).
With Douglas Stuart: How to Read the Bible for All Its
Worth (1982; 2nd ed., 1993).
Papyrus Bodmer II (P66): Its Textual Relationships and
Scribal Characteristics (1968).
Area of Research: New Testament
Exegesis, Textual Criticism,
Hermeneutics
Contribution: He has written numerous
works on hermeneutics and exegesis.
*Carson, D. A. 1946
–
Books Written: Area of Research: New Testament,
Biblical Theology, Greek Linguistics,
Christ and Culture, Commentary
70
Divine Sovereignty and Human Responsibility: Biblical
Perspectives in Tension. (Revision of dissertation,
1981).
Exegetical Fallacies (2nd ed., 1996).
The Gagging of God: Christianity Confronts Pluralism
(1996).
The Gospel according to John (1991).
Greek Accents: A Student’s Manual (1985).
How Long, Ο Lord? Reflections on Suffering and Evil
(1990).
The Inclusive Language Debate (1999).
“Matthew,” in Expositor’s Bible Commentary (8:1–599;
1984).
The Sermon on the Mount: An Evangelical Exposition of
Matthew 5–7 (1978).
Showing the Spirit: A Theological Exposition of 1
Corinthians 12–14 (1987).
With Leon Morris and Douglas J. Moo: An Introduction
to the New Testament (1991).
Books Edited:
From Sabbath to Lord’s Day (1982).
Edited with Stanley Ε. Porter:
Biblical Greek Language and Linguistics: open
Questions in Current Research (1993).
Discourse Analysis and Other Topics in Biblical Greek
(1995).
Linguistics and the New Testament: Critical Junctions
(1999).
Contribution: “D. A. Carson may one day
be remembered as one of the last great
Renaissance men in evangelical biblical
scholarship. In an age of increasing
specialization and fragmentation, Carson,
to the admiring disbelief of many of his
colleagues, persistently refuses to limit his
interests. His publications cover a vast
range of subjects: New Testament Greek,
Bible translation, hermeneutics,
contextualization, the use of the Old
Testament in the New, preaching. Various
aspects of New Testament and biblical
theology, major commentaries on
Matthew and John, and even poetry.”32
32 Köstenberger, Andreas J. “D. A. Carson,” in Bible Interpreters of the Twentieth Century, 427–428.
71
Edited with H. G. M. Williamson: It Is Written: Scripture Citing Scripture (1988).
Edited with John D. Woodbridge:
Hermeneutics, Authority, and Canon (1986).
God and Culture (1993).
Scripture and Truth (1983).
Edited with G. K. Beale: Commentary on the NT Use of
the OT (2007).
*Wright, N. T. 1948
–
The Climax of the Covenant: Christ and the Law in
Pauline Theology (1991).
With Stephen Neill: The Interpretation of the New
Testament, 1861–1986 (1988).
The New Testament and the People of God. Vol. 1 of
Christian Origins and the Question of God (1992).
Jesus and the Victory of God. Vol. 2 of Christian
Origins (1996).
Paul and the Faithfulness of God. Vol. 3 of Christian
Origins (2013).
Area of Research: New Testament
Interpretation, Gospels: Historical Jesus,
Pauline Studies, Biblical Theology
Contribution: integration of literary
criticism, historical reconstruction, and
theology. Emphasis on “Story” to
understand the NT. He emphasizes the
theme of exile and restoration in the NT.
He has also worked with the historical
Jesus and Pauline theology. He is most
well-known for his adoption of the “New
Perspective on Paul.”
72
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Baird, William. History of New Testament Research, Vol. 1: From Deism to Tübingen. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1992.
____. History of New Testament Research, Vol. 2: From Jonathan Edwards to Rudolf Bultmann. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2003.
____. History of New Testament Research, Vol. 3: From C. H. Dodd to Hans Dieter Betz. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2013.
Bray, Gerald Lewis. Biblical Interpretation: Past & Present. Downers Grove, Ill.: InterVarsity Press, 1996.
Elwell, Walter A., and J. D Weaver. Bible Interpreters of the Twentieth Century: A Selection of Evangelical Voices. Grand Rapids:
Baker Books, 1999.
Evans, C. Stephen. The Historical Christ and the Jesus of Faith: The Incarnational Narrative As History. Oxford: [New York:
Clarendon Press, 1996.
Kümmel, Werner Georg. The New Testament: The History of the Investigation of Its Problems. Nashville: Abingdon Press, 1972.
McKim, Donald K. Dictionary of Major Biblical Interpreters. [2nd ed., new and expanded ed.]. Downers Grove: IVP Academic,
2007.
Neill, Stephen, and N. T Wright. The Interpretation of the New Testament, 1861-1986. 2nd ed. Oxford; New York: Oxford University
Press, 1988.
Noll, Mark A. Between Faith and Criticism: Evangelicals, Scholarship, and the Bible in America. 2nd ed. Grand Rapids: Baker Book
House, 1991.
73
Plantinga, Alvin. Warranted Christian Belief. New York, N.Y.: Oxford University Press, 2000.
_____. Where the Conflict Really Lies: Science, Religion, and Naturalism. New York: Oxford University Press, 2011.
Sproul, R. C. The Consequences of Ideas: Understanding the Concepts That Shaped Our World. Wheaton, Ill.: Crossway Books,
2000.
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