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363
Archives
Archive of Amennakhte, 112
Archive of Amenothes, 248
Archive of Ananiah, 192 , 193 , 204
Archive of Djekhy and Ituredj, 202 , 205 ,
208 – 209
Archive of gooseherds of Hou, 192 , 193 , 205
Archive of Horemsaef, 82 – 83
Archive of Inena, 105 , 116
Archive of Menches, 245
Archive of Mesi, 100 , 112 , 128 – 129 , 130
Archive of Mibtahiah, 204
Archive of Milon, 199 , 226 , 243
Archive of Pefheryhesy, 200 – 201 , 203
Archive of Petiese, 204 – 205
Archive of Petubast, 147 – 148 , 161 , 169
Archive of Totoes, 248
Archive of Tsenhor, 201 , 203 , 205
Archive of Zenon, 226 – 227 , 245 , 247
Biblical Works Cited
Chronicles
2 Chronicles 12:1–12, 170
2 Chronicles 35:20–25, 206
Isaiah 37:9, 170
Kings
1 Kings 14:25, 170
2 Kings 19:9, 170
2 Kings 23:29–30, 206
2 Kings 23:31–34, 206
Classical Works Cited
Athenaeus
Deipnosophistai, 5.203d, 238
Aurelius Victor
Epitome de Caesaribus I, 6, 234
Diodorus
Book 15, 3.4, 196
Book 15, 29.1–2, 207
Book 15, 92.2, 196
Book 17, 52.6, 236
Herodotus
Book II, 30, 196 , 197 , 208
Book II, 154, 197
Book II, 157, 206
Book II, 158, 317
Book II, 159, 195
Book II, 161, 195
Book II, 161–162, 313 n 167
Book II, 161–163, 169
Book II, 163, 197
Book II, 164–166, 197 – 198
Book II, 168, 198 , 313 n 167
Book II, 169, 197
Book II, 177, 151 – 152 , 184
Book II, 178, 186 , 208
Book II, 179, 186 , 208
Book II, 182, 195 – 196
Book III, 12, 15, 160, 207
Book III, 91, 194 , 197
Book IV, 42, 208
Book IX, 32, 198
Book VII, 7, 207
Book VII, 89–99, 196
Jerome
Commentariorum in Danielem, 11, 5,
234 , 236
Justinian
Edict XIII, 8, 234
Plutarch
Life of Agesilaus, 36.9, 207
Life of Agesilaus, 37.1, 196 , 197
Polybius
Histories , 5.65, 240
Pseudo-Aristotle
Oikonomika 2.2, 184 , 185 , 199
SOURCE INDEX
Note : An n following a page number indicates a note.
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SOURCE INDEX364
Strabo
Book 17, 1.13, 236
Thucydides
Book 1, 104, 109–110, 112, 207
Inscriptions and Stelae
Amasis Stela, 207
Athribis Stela, 133
Autobiography of Harkhuf
lines D1–6, and 25–26, 26
lines R4–L9, 48 – 49
Autobiography of Pepynakht called Heqaib,
lines 4–9, 48
Autobiography of Sabni, lines 1–3, 48
Block Berlin 1105, 36
Block Berlin 1106, 36
Block Berlin 14108, 36
Block Cairo CG 1432 (Inscription of
Kaemnofret), 34 , 35 – 36
Block Cairo JdE 57139, 36
Block Saqqara RM 22.11.1956, 32 , 46
Chronicle of Prince Osorkon, 143
Decree of Horemheb, 95 – 96 , 98 – 99 , 101 , 108 ,
109 , 113 , 118 , 136
Doorlintel Cairo CG 1634, 32 , 38 , 46
Double Stela of Karnak, 110
Duties of the Vizier
line 19, 73
line 20, 64
lines 13–15, 64 – 65 , 67
lines 17–19, 63
lines 26–27, 63
lines 27–28, 58 – 59
‘Great Karnak Inscription,’ 133
Inscription G61 in Wadi Hammamat, 77 – 78
Instructions to the Vizier
lines R 9–13, R 21–22, R 24–25, and
R 32, 63
Karnak Oracular Text against Harsiese,
143 – 144
Memphis Decree of Year 9 of Ptolemy V (196
BCE), Rosetta, 199
lines 8–9, 222
lines 9–10, 242
lines 16–18, 243
Naukratis stela, 182 – 183 , 187
Nauri Decree
lines 30–42, 97 – 98
lines 42–47, 108 – 109
Nitokris Adoption Stela, 194 – 195
Palermo Stone, 15 – 16 , 19 , 48 , 50
Restoration Stela, 109
South, Middle and North Stelae at Nahr
el-Kelb, 133
South Saqqara Stone, 29
Statue Cairo CG 42121, 130
Stela Ashmolean 1894.107a, 146
Stela Berlin 1157, 89
Stela Berlin 14753, 86 , 89 , 186
Stela Boston MFA 03.1896 (Decree of
Neferirkare from Abydos), 25 – 26
Stela Brooklyn 69.116.1, 104
Stela Cairo CG 1435 (Autobiography
of Weni)
line 36, 30
lines 2–4, 25
lines 10–13, 24
lines 13–18, 31
lines 13–32, 47 , 49
lines 37–38, 47
lines 39–42, 47
lines 42–45, 47 , 50
lines 45–47, 47
Stela Cairo CG 34021, 126
Stela Cairo CG 34186, 126
Stela Cairo CG 34502, 104
Stela Cairo JdE 31408 (Israel Stela), 133
Stela Cairo JdE 31882 (Apanage Stela),
154 – 155 , 162 , 169
lines 1–8, 149 – 150
lines 8–23, 160 , 166 – 168
Stela Cairo JdE 36327 (Nitokris Adoption
Stela ), 194 – 195
Stela Cairo JdE 36861, 151
Stela Cairo JdE 37888, 160
Stela Cairo JdE 42787, 28 , 32 , 33 , 37 , 38 , 46
Stela Cairo JdE 45327, lines 2–9, 155 – 156
Stela Cairo JdE 48862 + 47086–47089
(Victory Stela of Piye), 170
Stela Cairo JdE 52453 (Stela juridique de
Karnak), lines 4–22, 59 – 61 , 75 , 85
Stela Cairo JdE 65834, 126 , 128
Stela Cairo JdE 66285, 166 , 169
lines 2–5, 155
lines 9–26, 160 , 164 – 165 , 168 – 169
lines 16–26, 164 – 165 , 168
Stela Cairo JdE 67095, 206
Classical Works Cited (cont.)
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SOURCE INDEX 365
Stela Cairo JdE 70218, 160 , 166
lines 2–9, 152 – 153
Stela Cairo TR 5/12/35/1, 126 , 128
Stela Cairo TR 11/1/35/1 (First Stela of
Kamose), 88
Stela Florence 1639 (2507), 204
Stela Florence 1658 (2536), 186 , 204
Stela Hermitage 5630, 150 – 151
Stela Liverpool University E. 583, 109 – 110
Stela Louvre C. 101, 186 , 204
Stela Luxor J 43 (The Second Stela of
Kamose), 88
Stela Manchester Museum 3306, 81
Stela Strasbourg 1378, 127 , 128
Stela Turin 2682, 110
Stuttgart Stela, 128
Third Stela of Kamose, 88
Trial of Mose, lines N4–9, 105 – 106
Ostraca
Bowl Louvre E 706 (Bakir, pls. 17–18), 204
Ostracon British Museum 5631, 93
Ostracon British Museum 66383 (Andrews
13), 244
Ostracon DeM 258, 108
Ostracon DeM 764, 101 – 102
Ostracon Liverpool County Museum M
13624 verso, 107 – 108
Ostracon Petrie 61, 129
Ostracon Stockholm MM. 14126, 108
Ostracon Universität Zürich 1869 ( O. Taxes
2, 156), 243
Ostracon Uppsala Victoria Museum 3001,
107 – 108
Ostracon Vienna Nationalbibliothek Aeg. 2,
111 – 112
Papyri
Abusir Payri, 39
Eloquent Peasant, B1 (Papyrus Berlin
3023), 86
lines 44–49, 59 , 61 – 62
lines B I 117–118, 220–221 and
223–224, 63
Great Harris Papyrus (Papyrus BM
EA 9999), 107 , 110 – 111 ,
124 , 135
Instructions for Merikare
lines P 106–109, 62
Leather Roll Berlin P. 10470, 73 – 75
Legal Code of Hermopolis West, 148 , 179 ,
216 , 217
Papyri Bibliotheque Nationale 203–213, 237
(P. Rollin 1882, 1884–86, 1889), 117
Papyri British Museum 10752 and 10753
sheet 3, 81
Papyri Cairo CG 31161, 31216, and
31246–31248, 238
Papyri Cairo CG 31219 and 31225, 237
Papyri Cairo CG (P.Cair.Zen. I)
59012–59014, 226 – 227
Papyri Lille II 50 and 51, 237
Papyrus Amherst (VI), 96
Papyrus Amherst XI, 117
Papyrus Amiens (Papyrus Musée de Picardie
88.3.5), 125
Papyrus Ashmolean 1945.94 (Grii th
Fragments), 149
Papyrus Ashmolean 1945.97 (Will of
Naunakhte), 112
Papyrus Assoc. Cairo 30605, lines 19–20, 219
Papyrus Baldwin (Papyrus BM EA
10061), 125
Papyrus Bauer-Meissner, 209
Papyrus Berkeley inv. unknown, Petition A,
lines 1–8, and Petition B, lines 1–7,
146 – 147 , 169
Papyrus Berlin P. 3047, 101
Papyrus Berlin P. 3048 verso, 158 , 161 , 168
Text 36, lines 11–19, 157
Papyrus Berlin P. 3063 (Papyrus
Reinhardt), 149
Papyrus Berlin P. 3110 ( Choix I 5), 193
Papyrus Berlin P. 9010, 28 , 32 , 37
Papyrus Berlin P. 9784
lines 1–13, 130
lines 14–19, 112 , 129 , 130
lines 20–33, 130
Papyrus Berlin P. 9785, 100 , 130 – 131
Papyrus Berlin P. 10005, 82 – 83
Papyrus Berlin P. 13446 A-H, K-L, 187
Papyrus Berlin P. 13476 (Cowley 35), 193
Papyrus Berlin P. 13491 (Cowley 10), 193
Papyrus Berlin P. 13621 + Papyrus Giessen
UB 101.3 recto, col. 2, lines 1–18,
217 – 218
Papyrus Berlin P. 23757 recto, 216
Papyrus Berlin P. 23890, 216
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SOURCE INDEX366
Papyrus Bibliotheque National 215, 198
Papyrus Bibliotheque National 223 ( Tsenhor
8), 205
Papyrus Bodleian Library MS Heb. c. 59 P
(Cowley 11), 193
Papyrus Boulaq 18, 78
col. 29, 2, lines 1–8, 78 – 79
col. 29, 2, lines 9–15, 79
Papyrus British Museum 10052, col. 5, lines
2–3, 96
Papyrus British Museum 10054 verso
col. 1, lines 1–3, 96
pages 2–3, 108
Papyrus British Museum 10055 (P. Salt
124), 94
recto, lines 1,1–1,6, 103
Papyrus British Museum 10056, 117
Papyrus British Museum 10057–10058 (Rhind
Mathematical Papyrus), Problem 62,
37 , 75 – 76
Papyrus British Museum 10068 verso, pages
2–8, 108
Papyrus British Museum 10113 ( Choix I 2),
192 – 193
Papyrus British Museum 10117 (Reich), 185
Papyrus British Museum 10221 (P. Abbot), 96
Papyrus British Museum 10240 (Reich), 244
Papyrus British Museum 10388
(Andrews 2), 245
Papyrus British Museum 10401, 125 , 199
Papyrus British Museum 10528
(Glanville), 226
Papyrus British Museum 10591, 216
Papyrus British Museum 10827 (Andrews
14), 243 , 244
Papyrus Brooklyn Museum 16.205, 146 , 152 ,
159 – 160 , 166
col. 2, line 2–col. 3, line 10, 146
Papyrus Brooklyn Museum 34.5596
(Wilbour papyrus), 82 ,
106 – 107 , 119
Papyrus Brooklyn Museum 35.1446,
recto, Insertion B, 55 – 58
recto, Insertion C, 55
Text A, line 63, 67
Papyrus Brooklyn Museum 47.218.32
(Kraeling 6), 204
Papyrus Brooklyn Museum 47.218.88
(Kraeling 10), 204
Papyrus Brooklyn Museum 47.218.91
(Kraeling 4), 204
Papyrus Brooklyn Museum 47.218.92
(Kraeling 9), 204
Papyrus Brooklyn Museum 47.218.93
(Kraeling 11), 192
Papyrus Brooklyn Museum 47.218.94
(Kraeling 12), 204
Papyrus Brooklyn Museum 47.218.95
(Kraeling 3), 204
Papyrus Cairo A-E, 125 , 136
Papyrus Cairo CG 30884 + 30864 +
31182, 147
Papyrus Cairo CG 50060, 190
Papyrus Cairo CG 50062, 186 , 190
Papyrus Cairo CG 50150 + 50155, 178 – 179
Papyrus Cairo CG 58043 ( Boulaq 8), 27
Papyrus Cairo CG 58058, 109
Papyrus Cairo CG 59012, 227
Papyrus Cairo CG 59013, 227
Papyrus Cairo CG 59014, 227
Papyrus Cairo CG 91061, 85
Papyrus Cairo JdE 37108 (Cowley 13), 204
Papyrus Cairo JdE 39410, 151
Papyrus Cairo JdE 43487 (Cowley 29), 193
Papyrus Cairo JdE 43502, 187
Papyrus Cairo JdE 58092 (P. Boulaq 10), 101
recto, lines 10–15, 102
verso, 129
Papyrus Cairo JdE 65739, 129 – 130
lines 2–14, 139 – 140
lines 15–17, and 19–21, 100
Papyrus Cairo Museum ASR 1576 (Segal
8), 205
Papyrus Carlsberg 628, 216
Papyrus Elephantine gr. 8, 226
Papyrus Ermitage 1116A and B, 117 – 118
Papyrus Florence Istituto Papirologico ‘G.
Vitelli’ + P. Carlsberg 301, 216
Papyrus Gebelein I verso B, 32 , 33 – 34 , 38 , 46
Papyrus Gebelein VI, 33 – 34 , 38 , 46
Papyrus Geneva D191 verso, lines 8–11, 93
Papyrus Génève D409 + Turin 2021, 95 , 96 ,
101 , 113
Papyrus Gurob II,1, 130
Papyrus Gurob II,2, 130
Papyri (cont.)
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SOURCE INDEX 367
Papyrus Harageh 3, 64
Papyrus Hekanakht
1 recto, lines 4–6, 76
1 recto, lines 5–6, 76
1 verso, lines 1–4, 76
2 verso, line 1, 76
2 verso, lines 2–3, 76
3 recto, line 8–verso, line 1, 76
3 recto, line 6–verso, line 1, 77
3 verso, line 1, 76
5 recto, lines 37–54, 77
6, 77
7 recto, line 15, 90
7 recto, lines 1–7, 90
Papyri Hibeh I 67 and 68, 237
Papyrus IFAO A+B, 135 – 136
Papyrus Leiden F 1942/5.15 (OMRO 61,
1980, p. 10), lines 3–9, 158
Papyrus Leiden I 350 verso, 119 – 120 , 131
Papyrus Leiden K 128, 169
Papyrus Loeb 43 ( Hou 8), 178
Papyrus Loeb 45 ( Hou 5), 183 – 184
Papyrus Loeb 48+49A ( Hou 12), 193
Papyrus Louvre 2428 ( Schreibertradition
108), 245
Papyrus Louvre 2429 ( Schreibertradition 5),
244 – 245
Papyrus Louvre 2430, 178 – 179
Papyrus Louvre AF 6345, 6346–6347, 149
Papyrus Louvre AF 9761 (Tsenhor 15), 178
Papyrus Louvre E. 3171, 116
Papyrus Louvre E. 3226, 116 – 117
Papyrus Louvre E. 3228 (RdE 6, 1951, p.
159–161), lines 5–12, 147 – 148
Papyrus Louvre E. 3228b ( Choix I 1), 161
Papyrus Louvre E. 3228c, 169
Papyrus Louvre E. 3228d ( Choix I 7), 169
Papyrus Louvre E. 3228e ( Choix I 6), 169
Papyrus Louvre E. 3228f, 169
Papyrus Louvre E. 3231a ( Tsenhor 14),
201 – 202 , 203
Papyrus Louvre E. 7128 ( Tsenhor 10), 185 ,
186 , 204
Papyrus Louvre E. 7832, 205
Papyrus Louvre E. 7836, 202 , 208 – 209
Papyrus Louvre E. 7839, 202 , 208 – 209
Papyrus Louvre E. 7843, 205
Papyrus Louvre E. 7850, 186 , 190
Papyrus Louvre E. 7851 recto and verso, 165
Papyrus Louvre E. 7856 verso, 165
Papyrus Louvre E. 9293 ( Choix I 3), 192
Papyrus Louvre E. 10935 ( Tsenhor 1), 201 , 203
Papyrus Mayer A, col. 1, lines 1–10, 96
Papyrus Philadelphia 24, 244
Papyrus Prachov, 149
Papyrus Purches
recto, lines 6–19, 90
recto, lines, 1–5, verso line 1, 90
Papyrus Revenue Laws
cols. 24–38, 221 – 222
col. 33, 221 – 222
col. 39, 237
col. 40, 237
col. 45, 237
col. 46, 237
cols. 47–48, 237
cols. 51–52, 242
col. 52, 227
cols. 54–55, 237
Papyrus Rylands, 177 , 180 – 181
1, 205
1, lines 3–7, 179 – 180
3, 204
4, 178 , 204
5, 204
6, 204 – 205
7, 205
9, col. 3, line 16, 206
9, col. 5, lines 14–15, 182
9, col. 5, line 18, 182
9, col. 6, line 1, 182
9, col. 6, line 5, 182
9, col. 7, lines 1–6, 208
9, col. 8, lines 1–3, 180 , 208
9, col. 9, lines 12–13, 208
9, col. 9, line 20–col. 10, line 1, 182
9, col. 10, lines 6–7, 182
9, col. 11, line 9–col. 12, line 21, 198
9, col. 11, lines 11–15, 177
9, col. 11, lines 16–18, 180
9, col. 11, lines 17–18, 177
9, col. 11, lines 17–19, 175 – 176
9, col. 12, lines 2–3, 9–21, 177
9, col. 13, lines 7–8, 199
9, col. 14, line 16–col. 15, line 2, 206
9, col. 14, line 17–col. 15, line 7, 180
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SOURCE INDEX368
9, col. 14, line 17–col. 15, line 19, 208
9, col. 15, lines 3–4, 177
9, col. 15, lines 8–9, 176
9, col. 15, lines 8–11, 180
9, col. 15, lines 9 and 15, 176
9, col. 15, lines 12–17, 180 – 181
9, col. 15, lines 17–19, 181
9, col. 16, lines 1–14, 181
9, col. 16, line 14–col. 17, line 1, 181
9, col. 17, lines 1–9, 181 – 182
9, col. 17, lines 1–20, 182
9, col. 17, line 9–col. 18, line 4, 182
9, col. 19, lines 8–21, 177
9, col. 19, line 13, 198
9, col. 20, lines 1–20, 177
9, col. 21, line 2, 177
Papyrus Sallier I
4,5–5,4, 116
9,2–9,9, 105
Papyrus Sorbonne 1277, 178 – 179
Papyrus Strasbourg 4 ( Hou 13), 192
Papyrus Tebtunis I, 5, lines 22–333, 226
Papyrus Tebtunis I, 5, re-edited as Corp. Ord.
Ptol. 53, lines 207–220, 215 – 216
Papyrus Tebtunis III 703, 237 – 238
Papyrus Turin 1875 (Turin Judicial Papyrus),
lines 1,1–2,9, 93
Papyrus Turin 1880 (Turin Strike
Papyrus), 122
Papyrus Turin 1887 (Turin Indictment
Papyrus), 94
Papyrus Turin 1895 + 2006 (Turin Taxation
Papyrus), 117 , 121 , 125 – 126
Papyrus Turin 2008 + 2016, 119 – 120 , 131 ,
136 – 137
Papyrus Turin 2118A (246) ( Choix I 9),
185 , 203
Papyrus Turin 2119 (244), 203
Papyrus Turin 2120 (247) ( Choix I 10),
185 , 203
Papyrus Turin 2121 (248) ( Choix I 18,
p. 117–124), 200 – 201 , 203
Papyrus Turin 2122 ( Tsenhor 7), 205
Papyrus Turin 2127 ( Tsenhor 16), 205
Papyrus UC 32037 (Kahun VII 1), 85
Papyrus UC 32055 (Kahun II 1), 33 ,
68 – 70 , 85
Papyrus UC 32058 (Kahun I 1), 70 – 72 , 85
Papyrus UC 32163 (Kahun I 3), 65 – 67 , 70
Papyrus UC 32164 (Kahun I 4), 66 , 70
Papyrus UC 32165 (Kahun I 5), 66 , 70
Papyrus UC 32166 (Kahun IV 1), 65
Papyrus UC 32167 (Kahun I 2), 70 , 72 , 85
Papyrus Vatican 2038C, 169
Reisner Papyri, 64 , 80 – 81
Tablet Cairo JdE 41790 (Carnarvon
Tablet I), 88
Tablet MMA 35.3.318
recto, 161
verso, 161 – 162
Tomb Robbery papyri, 96 , 108
Wilbour Papyrus, 82 , 106 – 107 , 119
Zivilprozessordnung, 179 , 216 , 217 – 218
Papyri (cont.)
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369
Abnormal Hieratic system of contracts,
156 , 187
Abu Ballas, 50
Abu Roash, 51
Abu Simbel, 126
Abusir
mortuary complex, 51
mortuary cults, 45
mortuary temples, 30 , 39 , 41 , 42 – 43
royal tombs, 21
sun temples, 44
work gangs, 40
Abydos
criminal justice, 97 – 98 , 176
donation stelae, 155 , 164 – 165 , 166
evidence of military, 81
mortuary complex, 89
mortuary temples, 82 , 97 , 123 – 124 , 125 , 135
slave purchases, 168
temple endowments, 111
tombs, 54
See also Wah-sut
Achaemenid Period
bottleneck taxes, 186 , 255
media of exchange, 9
Agesilaus, 197 , 207
agoranomic contract, 228 , 229 – 230
Aha, 15 t 1.1
Ahmose I, 95 t 4.1
campaign in Nubia, 132
campaign in the Levant, 132
land grant, 105 – 106
Akhenaten
divine temple, 124
donation stelae, 113
gang of the acropolis, 120
temple inventory, 109
See also Amenhotep IV
Akhetaten, 113 , 120 , 140 – 141 . See also Amarna ;
El-Amarna
Akhet-Khufu, 28 , 32 , 33
Akhmim, 216
Alexander IV, 213 t 7.1
burial tax, 225 – 226
Alexander ‘the Great,’ 211 , 213 t 7.1
measures of value, 230
property transfers, 227
Alexandria
dockyards, 249 – 250
foundations, 249 – 250
garrisons, 239
granaries, 234
revenue laws, 227
royal court, 249
royal treasury, 236
Allen, J. P., 90
Amada, 133
Amara West, 134
Amarna, 49 – 50 , 88 . See also Akhetaten ;
El-Amarna
Amasis, 175 t 6.1
army, 197
burial taxes, 186
census, 151 – 152 , 184
criminal justice, 176 , 177
expeditions, 206 – 207
Greek settlements at Naukratis, 186
land sales, 203
media of exchange, 190
patronage, 181 – 182
priestly positions/prebends, 205
private entrepreneurial activities, 208 – 209
private funerary endowments, 201 , 202
property dispute resolution, 179
royal navy, 195 – 196
sales tax, 185
SUBJECT INDEX
Note : A t following a page number indicates a table.
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SUBJECT INDEX370
slave sales, 204 – 205
state donations to temples, 198
Amenemhat I, 57 t 3.1 , 87 , 88
expeditions, 87
foundations, 89
mortuary complex, 89
royal residence, 89
Amenemhat II, 57 t 3.1
expeditions, 87
mortuary complex, 89
Amenemhat III, 57 t 3.1
military, 81
mortuary complex, 89
property transfer documents, 70 , 72
Amenemhat IV, 57 t 3.1
Amenemnisut, 145 t 5.1
Amenemope, 145 t 5.1
Amenhotep I, 95 t 4.1
campaign in Nubia, 132
campaign in the Levant, 132
Amenhotep II, 95 t 4.1
campaign in Nubia, 132
campaign in the Levant, 133
dockyard accounts, 117 – 118
Amenhotep III, 95 t 4.1
funerary establishments, 127
land transfers, 128 – 129
marketplaces, 131
slaves, 130
Amenhotep IV, 95 t 4.1
campaign in Nubia, 132
cattle exchange, 130 – 131
land transfers, 128 – 129
property dispute resolution, 100
property transfer, 112
slaves, 130
See also Akhenaten
Amenmesse, 95 t 4.1
Amennakhte, 112
Ameny-Qemau, 57 t 3.1
amethyst, 88
Amun-Re, 123 – 125
Amyrtaeus, 175 t 6.1 , 193
Anedjib, 15 t 1.1 , 18
Ankyronpolis, 237 . See also El Hiba ; Teudjoi
Antioch, 249
Apepi, 57 t 3.1
Aphek, 134 – 135
Apollonios, 226 – 227 , 251
Apries, 175 t 6.1
credit, 192 – 193
expeditions, 206
garrisons, 196
land sales, 203
revolt by soldiers, 197
royal navy, 195
tomb sale, 204
Aramaic, as administrative language, 173 – 174
Archaic Period, stores of wealth, 191 – 192
Armant, 97 . See also Hermonthis
Arsames, 195 , 196 , 209
Arses, 175 t 6.1 , 207
Arsinoe, 221 , 251 . See also Cleopatris
artaba, 230
Artaxerxes I, 175 t 6.1
expeditions, 207
house sale, 204
priestly positions/prebends, 205
Artaxerxes II, 175 t 6.1
credit, 192 , 193
house sale, 204
Artaxerxes III, 175 t 6.1
expeditions, 207
medium of exchange, 191
property dispute resolution, 178 – 179
Ashdod, 134 – 135 , 206 . See also Azotos
Askut, 89
Assiut, 21 – 22
Egyptian courts, 216
expeditions, 51
funerary cult, 68 , 79
media of exchange, 190
priestly positions/prebends, 205
temple endowments, 83 , 111
Assurbanipal, 170
Assyrian Empire, 206
Assyrians, 170 , 206
Aswan, 133 , 182
Aten, 124
Athribis, 111 . See also Tell el-Atrib
Augustus (Emperor), 234 , 256
Auserre, 76
Avaris, 54 , 92
expeditions, 88
founding of, 89
state foundations, 134
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SUBJECT INDEX 371
See also Tell el-Daba
Awibre Hor, 57 t 3.1
Ay, 95 t 4.1 , 128
Ayn Asil, 36 – 37 , 43 – 44 . See also Balat
Ayn Soukhna, 88
Azotos, 206 . See also Ashdod
Babylonia
bottleneck taxes, 86 , 186 , 255
expeditions, 206 – 207
Levant as part of, 206
media of exchange, 9
See also Neo-Babylonia
Baer, K., 76
Bakenrenef, 145 t 5.1 , 176
Balat
expeditions, 50
ka -chapels established, 43 – 44
provincial administrators, 42
use of clay tablets, 36 – 37
See also Ayn Asil
bargaining/negotiation costs, 3
Berenike, 251
Berlev, O., 82
Beth Shan, 133 , 134 – 135
Bingen, Jean, 234 – 235
Bir el-Abd, 134
Boethos, 250 – 251
Bogaert, Raymond, 235
bronze
coinage, 9 , 11
as store of wealth, 231
Bubastis, 43 , 115 , 171 . See also Tell Basta
Buhen, 87 , 89 , 134
burial taxes
Ptolemaic Period, 225 – 226 , 241
Saite and Persian Periods, 185 – 186
Byblos
Egyptian military expedition against, 87
foundations, 134
as shipbuilding source of wood, 49
Cadytis, 206 . See also Gaza
Cambyses, 175 t 6.1
burial taxes, 186
expeditions, 207
media of exchange, 190
priestly positions/prebends, 205
property dispute resolution, 178
state donations to temples, 198
Canopic Branch of Nile . See Nile (River),
Canoptic Branch
Carchemish, 206
Carians, 197 , 207
cattle tax, New Kingdom, 109
Causeway of Unas, 46 – 47
Chabrias, 184 , 185 , 196 , 197 , 199 , 207
chalkoi, 230
Chaonnophris, 213 t 7.1
choachytes
Ptolemaic Period, 244 – 245
Saite and Persian Periods, 186 , 200 – 201 , 202 ,
203 , 204 , 208 – 209
Third Intermediate Period, 165 , 171
choinix, 230
chous, 230
Cilicia, slaves from, 195 , 209
Classical Period, stores of wealth, 191 – 192
Cleopatra II, 213 t 7.1
courts, 215
customs duties, 226
Cleopatra III, 213 t 7.1
courts, 215
customs duties, 226
property transfers, 229 – 230
temple allowance, 223
Cleopatra VII, 213 t 7.1
Cleopatris, 251 . See also Arsinoe
cleruchic land
as allotment, 245 , 247 , 250
as payment for loyalty, 239
as private property, 247
taxation of, 221 , 245
cleruchs
at Battle of Raphia, 240
as core of Ptolemaic armies, 249
dif erence from machimoi, 239
cloth
as medium of exchange, 37 , 38 , 75 , 159
as store of wealth, 9 – 10 , 38
Coase, Ronald, 2 – 3 , 10
coin hoards
Ptolemaic Period, 231
Saite and Persian Periods, 191 – 192
compulsory labor
Third Intermediate Period, 149
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SUBJECT INDEX372
compulsory labor, 98
Middle Kingdom, 62 , 63 , 64 , 98
New Kingdom, 108 – 109
Old Kingdom, 17 , 30 , 31
Ptolemaic Period, 223
Third Intermediate Period, 151
contribution tax, Ptolemaic Period, 224
Cooney, K.M., 138
copper
coinage, 8 – 9
expeditions to mines, 133
as measure of value, 8 , 230
as medium of exchange, 8 , 75 , 111
Coptos, 21
criminal justice, 25 , 58
dockyards, 80 – 81
expeditions, 51
ka -chapels, 43 , 44
mny -laborers, 80
temple expeditions, 135
Coptos, Desert of, 135
corvée . See compulsory labor
Cyprus, 195 – 196 , 206 – 207 , 249
Cyrenaica, 194 , 206 , 249
Dahshur
mortuary complexes, 51 , 89
tombs, 21 , 54
Dakhla Oasis
expeditions, 50
ka -chapels, 43 – 44
property dispute resolution, 146
provincial administrators, 42
Dakka (Pselkis), 250
Daphnae
fortresses, 207 , 208
garrisons, 196 , 197
royal residence, 207
See also Defenneh
Darius I, 175 t 6.1
burial taxes, 186
cattle and fowl ownership, 205
credit, 192 , 193
expeditions, 207
foundations, 208
land donation to funerary cult, 203
priestly positions/prebends, 205
private entrepreneurial activities, 208 – 209
private funerary endowments, 201 – 202
property dispute resolution, 178
sales tax, 185
slaves sales, 205
taxation, 183 – 184
temple endowments, 198
tomb sale, 204
tribute, 194
Darius II, 175 t 6.1 , 204
Darius III, 175 t 6.1 , 178 – 179
deben, 37 , 75 – 76 , 114 , 190 , 192 , 230
Debod, 250
Defenneh, 207 . See also Daphnae
Deir el-Bahri
mortuary temple, 82 , 133
temple inventory, 110
Deir el-Balat, 134
Deir el-Medina, 92 – 93 , 94
cattle sales, 131
census, 107 – 108
entrepreneurial behavior, 137 – 139
gang of the necropolis ( see gang of the
necropolis (Deir el-Medina))
house exchanges, 129
low-value exchanges, 128
marketplaces, 131
oracular consultations, 102 , 143
patronage, 103
property dispute resolution, 99 , 100 , 101 – 102
property transfers, New Kingdom, 111 , 112
Delta, The
Middle Kingdom, 62 , 89
New Kingdom, 132
Saite Period, 186 , 197
Second Intermediate Period, 54 , 58
Third Intermediate Period, 142
Demedjibtawy, 23 t 2.1
Demotic system of contracts, 156 , 187
Den, 15 t 1.1 , 16 , 17 – 18 , 19
Desert, Eastern
expeditions
Dynasties 7 and 8, 50
Dynasties 9 and 10, 50 – 51
Middle Kingdom, 86
Ptolemaic, 251
gold mining, 124 , 135 – 136
stone quarrying, 87 , 207
Desert, Western, 88 , 135
Desert of Coptos . See Coptos, Desert of
Djadjaemankh/Tepemankh, 47
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SUBJECT INDEX 373
Djedefre, 23 t 2.1 , 51
Djedkare, 23 t 2.1 , 42 , 51
Djer, 15 t 1.1 , 16 , 18 , 19
Djet, 15 t 1.1 , 18
Djoser, 15 – 16 , 23 t 2.1 , 29 , 51
documentation, of property rights/
transfers, 5 – 8
limitations of, 6
non-written, 5 , 6
quantity and variety of written, 6
roles of written, 5 – 6
state vs. private transactions, 7 – 8
Dodekaschoinos, 250 – 251
Dorginarti, 196
double granary, 39
double treasury, 18 , 39 , 77
drachma(s), 192 , 230
Dynasty 1, 15 t 1.1
estates, 16
expeditions, 19
i eld surveys/censuses, 16
foundations, 19
palaces, 18
royal domains, 18
tax-marks, 17 – 18
tombs, 13
treasuries, 18
See also Early Dynastic Period
Dynasty 2, 15 t 1.1
expeditions, 19
i eld surveys/censuses, 15 – 16 , 29
foundations, 19
tombs, 13
treasuries, 18 – 19
See also Early Dynastic Period
Dynasty 3, 21 , 23 t 2.1
i eld surveys/censuses, 15 – 16 , 29
foundations, 51
ka -chapels, 43
mortuary temples, 42
provincial administrators, 41
title of vizier, 13 – 14
See also Old Kingdom
Dynasty 4, 21 , 23 t 2.1
expeditions, 47 , 50
i eld surveys/censuses, 29
foundations, 51
ka -chapels, 43
property transfers, 33 – 34
provincial administrators, 41
royal works, 40
See also Old Kingdom
Dynasty 5, 21 , 23 t 2.1
estates and towns, 31
expeditions, 50
i eld surveys/censuses, 15 , 29
foundations, 51
granaries and treasuries, 39
ka -chapels, 43
marketplaces, 47
mortuary temples, 42 – 43
property transfers, 35 – 36
provincial administrators, 41
royal Residence, 41
royal works, 40
sun temples, 44
testaments and transfers, 35 – 36
See also Old Kingdom
Dynasty 6, 21 , 23 t 2.1
estates and towns, 31
expeditions, 47
i eld surveys/censuses, 29 – 30
foundations, 51
granaries and treasuries, 39
ka -chapels, 43
marketplaces, 47
property dispute resolution, 28
provincial administrators, 41 – 42
See also Old Kingdom
Dynasties 7 and 8, 21 , 23 t 2.1
expeditions, 50
foundations, 52
See also First Intermediate Period
Dynasties 9 and 10, 21 – 22 , 23 t 2.1
expeditions, 50 – 51
foundations, 52
See also First Intermediate Period
Dynasty 11
after unii cation, 54 , 57 t 3.1
foundations, 52
ka -chapels, 83
palaces, 78
before unii cation, 21 – 22 , 23 t 2.1
See also First Intermediate Period ; Middle
Kingdom
Dynasty 12, 54 , 57 t 3.1
campaigns, 89
palaces, 78
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SUBJECT INDEX374
property transfers, 68 – 70
See also Middle Kingdom
Dynasty 13, 54 , 57 t 3.1
criminal justice, 55 – 58
household accounts, 65
palaces, 75 , 78 – 79
role of vizier, 58
See also Second Intermediate Period
Dynasty 14, 54 , 57 t 3.1
role of treasurer, 58
See also Second Intermediate Period
Dynasty 15, 54 , 55 , 57 t 3.1
expeditions, 88
role of treasurer, 58
See also Second Intermediate Period
Dynasties 16 and 17, 54 – 55 , 57 t 3.1
expeditions, 88
property dispute resolution, 59 – 61
role of vizier, 58
See also Second Intermediate Period
Dynasty 18, 92 , 95 t 4.1
campaigns in the Levant, 132
divine temples, 124
expeditions, 132
granaries, 116
livestock census, 109
marketplaces, 131
palace accounts, 117
royal land, 105
state foundations, 134
temple inventory, 109 – 110
See also New Kingdom
Dynasty 19, 92 , 95 t 4.1
campaigns in the Levant, 133
criminal justice, 93
expeditions, 133
livestock census, 109
marketplaces, 131
measures of value, 114
mortuary temples, 124
palace accounts, 117
property dispute resolution, 101
royal city, 142
state foundations, 134 – 135
temple expeditions, 135
temple inventory, 110
See also New Kingdom
Dynasty 20, 95 t 4.1
census, 107 – 108
criminal justice, 93 , 95 , 96
decline of authority of king, 163
end of Egyptian control of Nubia, 132
expeditions, 133 – 134
gang of the necropolis, 120 – 123
measures of value, 114
mortuary temples, 124
oracle petitions, 146 – 147
palace accounts, 117
property dispute resolution, 101 , 146 – 147
property transfers, 113
royal city, 142
state foundations, 134 – 135
temple expeditions, 135 – 136
temple inventory, 110
temple levies, 125
temple production and exchange, 136 – 137
See also New Kingdom
Dynasty 21, 145 t 5.1
criminal justice, 143
donation stelae, 155
expeditions, 170
i eld survey, 149
foundations, 170 – 171
granaries/treasuries, 162
High Priests of Amun, 142 , 145 t 5.1
administration of criminal justice, 143
foundations at El-Hiba, 171
granaries/treasuries, 162
oracular consultations, 143
oracular property decrees, 153 – 155
reassertion of control over, 170
land purchases, 166
oracle petitions, 146 – 147
property dispute resolution, 146 – 147
property transfers, 152 – 153 , 155
royal city of Tanis, 142
See also Third Intermediate Period
Dynasty 22, 145 t 5.1
collateral branch, 142 , 145 t 5.1
control over south of Egypt, 143 , 144 – 145
criminal justice, 143 – 145
documentation of property transfers, 188
expeditions, 170
foundations, 170 – 171
granaries/treasuries, 162
oracular property decrees, 153 – 155
royal cities, 142
Dynasty 12 (cont.)
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SUBJECT INDEX 375
subjugation of, 142 – 143
temple managers, 163 – 164
See also Third Intermediate Period
Dynasty 23, 145 t 5.1
control over south of Egypt, 144 – 145
criminal justice, 143 – 145
documentation of property transfers, 188
expeditions, 170
origins of, 142
property transfers, 157
subjugation of, 142 – 143
See also Third Intermediate Period
Dynasty 24, 145 t 5.1
documentation of property transfers, 188
foundations, 171
founding of, 142
subjugation of, 142 – 143
See also Third Intermediate Period
Dynasty 25 (Kushite Dynasty), 145 t 5.1
control over south of Egypt, 144 – 145
criminal justice, 144 – 145
end of, 170
expeditions, 170
founding of, 142 – 143
property transfers, 157 – 158
See also Third Intermediate Period
Dynasty 26
after unii cation, 175 t 6.1
founding of, 170 , 173
before unii cation, 145 t 5.1
See also Saite Period
Dynasty 27, 173
i rst part, 175 t 6.1
second part, 175 t 6.1
See also Persian Period
Dynasty 28, 173 , 175 t 6.1
criminal justice, 178 – 179
expeditions, 207
foreign mercenaries, 197
foundations, 208
royal navies, 196
settlements, 206
See also Persian Period
Dynasty 29, 173 , 175 t 6.1
criminal justice, 178 – 179
expeditions, 207
foreign mercenaries, 197
foundations, 208
royal navies, 196
settlements, 206
See also Persian Period
Dynasty 30, 173 , 175 t 6.1
criminal justice, 178 – 179
expeditions, 207
foreign mercenaries, 197
foundations, 208
royal navies, 196
settlements, 206
temple tax, 199
See also Persian Period
Early Dynastic Period, 13 – 20
distribution, 17 – 19
palaces, 18
royal domains, 18
royal treasuries, 18 – 19
tax-marks and other inscriptions, 17 – 18
Tomb U-j at Abydos, 17
documentation and enforcement, 13 – 17
estates, 16 – 17 , 30
i eld surveys and censuses, 15 – 16
Palermo Stone, 15 – 16 , 29
entrepreneurial activities, 19
expeditions, 19
foundations, 19
evidence of writing, 13
timeline, 15 t 1.1
tombs from, 13
Eastern Desert . See Desert, Eastern
economic behavior
formalist approach, 1
New Institutional Economics, 2 – 3
substantivist approach, 1 – 2 , 3
Edfu
burial tax, 226
expeditions, 51
levies on temples, 125
temple inventory, 110
temple manager, 243
Egypt
media of exchange, 8 – 10
medium of exchange in
ancient, 9 – 10
as personal property of monarch, 247
redistribution, markets, entrepreneurial
activity in, 10 – 11
reunii cation of, 9 – 10 , 22
revolt against Persia, 207
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SUBJECT INDEX376
Egypt, Lower
criminal justice, 93 – 94 , 95 – 96 , 99 , 176
Demotic system of contracts, 156 , 187
documentation of objects of taxation,
182 – 183
documentation of property transfers, 187 , 188
economic documentation, 182 – 183
expeditions, 170
property transfers, 156
provincial administrators, 41
redistributive networks, 195
royal court, Dynasty 18, 92
tax-marks, 17 – 18
temple inventory, New Kingdom, 110
Egypt, Middle
criminal justice, 176
documentation of property transfers, 188
garrisons, 239
royal court, 92
temple land survey, 106 – 107
Egypt, Upper
Abnormal Hieratic system of contracts,
156 , 187
criminal justice, 93 – 94 , 95 – 96 , 99 , 176
documentation of objects of taxation,
182 – 183
documentation of property transfers, 187 , 188
i eld surveys, 149 , 221
foundations, 250
garrisons, 239 , 250
granaries/treasuries, 162
land ownership and transfers, 247 – 248
property transfers, 156
provincial administrators, 41
revolt in, 250
royal court, Dynasty 18, 92
royal tomb building, 13
tax-marks, 17 – 18
temple inventories, 110
temple levies, 125 – 126
Egyptian alabaster (travertine), 49 – 51 , 88
El-Alamein, 135
El-Amarna, 92
El-Till hoard from, 115
gang of the necropolis at, 120
See also Akhetaten ; Amarna
Elephantine
boat building, 196
burial tax, 226
credit, 192 , 193
criminal justice, 94
customs duties, 187
documentation of property transfers, 188 – 189
expeditions from, 48 – 49
fortresses, 207 , 208
garrison revolt, 196
garrisons, 196 , 197 , 239
house sale, 204
levies on temples, 125
priestly positions/prebends, 205
property dispute resolution, 180
property transfers, 73 – 75
slave sales, 205
storehouse/treasury at, 194
temple allowance, 223
temple inventory, 110
temple manager, 199 , 243
El-Gharbaniyat, 135
El-Hiba
criminal justice, 175 – 176 , 177
foundations, 170 – 171
patronage, 181 – 182
priestly positions/prebends, 205
private entrepreneurship, 208
property dispute resolution, 146 – 147 , 179 – 181
property transfers, 152
redistributive networks, 237
slave sales, 204
temple endowments, 198
See also Ankyronpolis ; Teudjoi
El-Kab, 59 – 61 , 85 , 110 , 132
El-Lahun
household documents, 65 – 67 , 107
mortuary complex at, 89
mortuary temple, 82 – 83
property registration at, 68 – 70
property transfer at, 72
tombs at, 54
See also Hetep-Senusert ; Sekhem-Senusert
El-Lisht, 54 , 89
El-Markha, 50
Eltekeh, 170
El-Till hoard, 115
endowment i elds, 126 , 165 , 171 , 202 , 208 – 209
enforcement of collections/redistributions
costs of, 3
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SUBJECT INDEX 377
ef ects of incorporation into Roman Empire,
256 – 257
local, 253 – 254
media of exchange, 254 – 255
price formation, 255 – 256
state, 253 , 254
temples, 254
transaction costs, 255 – 256
written documentation, 254
enrollment tax, Ptolemaic Period, 224 – 225
Esna, 125
Ethiopia, expeditions to, 206 . See also Nubia
Euphrates (River), 132 , 206
Europe, property right enforcement
in early modern period, 4 , 5
in medieval period, 4 – 5
exemption decrees, 25 – 27 , 29 , 40
Eyre, Chris, 6 , 8
Fayum, the
capitation taxes, 224
i eld surveys, 104 , 220 – 221
foundations, 89 , 208 , 250
granaries, 233
land grants, 249 , 250
land ownership/transfers, 245 – 246 , 247 – 248
First Intermediate Period
establishment of, 21 – 22
expeditions, 50 – 51
foundations, 52
redistributive networks, 44
timeline, 23 t 2.1
See also Old Kingdom
First Persian Period
criminal justice, 178
establishment, 173
expeditions, 207
property dispute resolution, 178
See also Dynasty 27 ; Persian Period
forced labor . See compulsory labor
formalist approach, 1
Franke, D., 82
free riders, 4 , 7 , 62 , 254
Fustat, 152 – 153 , 166
gang of the necropolis (Deir el-Medina)
during New Kingdom, 120 – 123
administration, 120 – 121
entrepreneurial behavior, 137 – 139
house exchanges/ownership, 129
households, 121
lease/hire of donkeys of, 130
personnel of the outside, 121 , 122 – 123
rations, 121 – 123
size of, 120
during Third Intermediate Period, 163
Gaza
expeditions, 206
foundations, 134 – 135
garrisons, 135
See also Cadytis
Gebel Barkal, 170
Gebelein (Pathyris), 33 – 34 , 230 , 250
Gebel el-Ahmar, 133
Gebel el-Silsila, 133
Gebel el-Zeit, 133
Gebel Tjauti, 51
Gezer, 134 – 135
Ghoran, 237
gift estates, 221 , 241 , 245 , 247 , 250
Gilf Kebir, 50
Giza
exchanges, 33
mortuary complex at, 51
property dispute resolution, 28 , 32
royal tombs at, 21 , 34
testaments/transfers, 35 – 36
gold
change in value over time, 230
coinage, 8 – 9 , 191
count of gold, 15 – 16 , 29
as measure of value, 8 , 10 , 75 , 230
as medium of exchange, 8 , 111 , 159
as store of wealth, 113 , 115 , 231
value in Old Kingdom, 37
gold mining
New Kingdom, 97 , 124 , 133 , 135 – 136
Ptolemaic Period, 230
Ramesside Period, 133
grain
levy tax, Ptolemaic Period, 224
as measure of value, 230
as medium of exchange, 37 , 75 , 114 , 161 ,
192 , 231
as store of wealth, 9 – 10
See also harvest tax
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SUBJECT INDEX378
granaries
New Kingdom, 116 – 117 , 194
Old Kingdom, 39 , 194
Persian Period, 194
Ptolemaic Period, 194 , 233 – 234
Saite Period, 194
Third Intermediate Period, 162
Grandet, Pierre, 110
‘Great is Khaefre,’ 35 , 36
Great Prison, 67
Greece
colonies in Cyrenaica, 206
inl uence on Egyptian banking system,
234 – 235
Persian invasion of, 196
settlements at Naukratis, 186
Greif, Andrew, 5
greywacke, 50 , 87 , 133
guard tax, Ptolemaic Period, 224
Gurob
cattle exchange, 130
palace accounts, 117
property dispute resolution, 100
property exchange for silver, 128 – 129
property transfer, 112
slaves, 130
See also Mi-wer
Hakoris, 175 t 6.1 , 196 , 197 , 207
hallur, 190
Hapidjefa
divine temples, 83
institutional exchanges, 85 – 86
land exchanges, 85
prebends, 85
private funerary establishment, 83 – 84 , 126
property transfer, 68
Harageh, 64
Harem Conspiracy, 93
Haronnophris, 213 t 7.1
Harran, 206
h ̱ ꜣr- sack, 114 , 122 , 160
Harsiese, 143 – 144 , 145 t 5.1
harvest tax
Middle Kingdom, 62 , 63 , 64 , 79 , 98
New Kingdom, 104 – 105 , 107 , 116 , 125
Old Kingdom, 17 , 30 , 31
Persian Period, 183 – 184 , 194 , 203
Ptolemaic Period, 215 , 220 – 223 , 240 – 241
Saite Period, 183 – 184 , 194 , 203
Third Intermediate Period, 149 , 150 ,
162 , 167
Hatnub, 47 , 49 – 51 , 88
Hatshepsut (Queen), 95 t 4.1 , 102 , 133
Hawara, 54 , 89
Hefat, 146
Hekanakht, 76 – 77 , 84 – 85 , 89 – 90
hekat, 114
Heliopolis
criminal justice, 96
divine temples, 124
temple inventory, 110
Helwan, 155 – 156
Herakleion-Thonis, 187 , 196
Herakleopolis
census, 151
economic documentation, 182
foundations, 171
private entrepreneurship, 208
property dispute resolution, 180 – 181
reserve soldiers, 198
Herakleopolite province, 224
Herihor, 145 t 5.1
Hermonthis, 97 , 200 , 202 , 245 . See also Armant
Hermopolis
criminal justice, 177
Legal Code of Hermopolis West, 148 , 179 ,
216 , 217
Legal Manual of Hermopolis, 189
property dispute resolution, 179
temple endowments, 111
Zivilprozeßordnung law code, 216 , 217 – 218
Hetepsekhemwy, 15 t 1.1
Hetep-Senusert, 82 , 89 . See also El-Lahun
Hezekiah, 170
Hibis, 208
Hierakonpolis, 125 . See also Nekhen
hin, 114 , 230
Hittites, 133 , 134 – 135
Horemheb, 95 t 4.1 , 113
Horemsaef, 82 – 83
Huni, 23 t 2.1
Hyksos, 54 , 92 , 132
Iam, 26 , 31 , 48 – 49
Ibhat, 47
Idi, 44
Inaros, 175 t 6.1 , 207
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SUBJECT INDEX 379
Inena, 105 , 116
information costs, 3 , 8
Intef I, 23 t 2.1
Intef II, 23 t 2.1
Intef III, 23 t 2.1
Intef VI, 57 t 3.1
Intef VII, 57 t 3.1 , 58
Intef VIII, 57 t 3.1
Iny, 145 t 5.1
Ionia, 187 , 190 , 191 , 197 , 207
Irtjet, 31 , 48 – 49
Iry-hor, 15 t 1.1 , 17 – 18
Isocrates, 247
Israel, 170
Itjtawy
mortuary complex, 82
palace, 78
royal residence, 54 , 55 , 89
Iuput I, 145 t 5.1
Jaf a, 134 – 135
Jerusalem, 170 , 206
Jews
property dispute resolution, 180
property transfer agreements, 5 , 188 – 189
Josiah (king of Judah), 206
Judah, 170 , 206
Justinian (emperor), 234
Kaau, 31
Kadesh, 118
Kaemnofret, 34 , 35
Kalabsha (Talmis), 250
Kallimachos (provincial governor), 251
Kamose, 57 t 3.1
Kanais, 97 , 133 , 135 . See also Wadi Abbad ;
Wadi Mia
Karanis, 224
Karnak
expeditions, 135 – 136 , 170
gang of necropolis, 163
granaries/treasuries, 162
land purchases, 166 – 168
oracular consultations, 143 – 144 , 153 – 155
slave purchase, 169
temple administration, 124 – 125
temple building/endowment, 124
temple inventory, 110
temple levy, 125
temple of Amun, 128
transfers, 128
karsh, 190
Kawa, 134
Kerma, 132 , 134
Keynesian economics, 1
Khaba, 23 t 2.1
Khababash, 175 t 6.1 , 207
Khaefre, 23 t 2.1 , 35 , 51
Khaemwaset, 119 – 120 , 135
Khamudi, 57 t 3.1
Kharga Oasis, 208
Khasekhemwy, 15 t 1.1 , 16 , 18 , 19 , 29
Khendjer, 57 t 3.1
Khen-sedjru, 31
Khepeshit, 84 – 85
Khety, 23 t 2.1
Khnumhotep, 36 , 47 , 49 , 87
Khufu, 23 t 2.1
expeditions, 49 – 50
Great Pyramid, 40
mortuary complex, 51
mortuary temple, 42
Khusobek- called Djaa, 81
Khyan, 57 t 3.1
kite, 114 , 189 – 190 , 230
Kleopatra, 250 – 251
Kom Abu Billo, 135
Kom Abu Girg, 135
Kom el-Hisn, 135
Kom el-Lui , 104
Kom el-Qulzoum, 135
Kom Ombo, 125
Kor, 89
Kroll, John, 9
Kumma, 89
Kush/Kushites
criminal justice, 176
invasion of Egypt, 54 – 55
Nauri Decree and, 97 – 98 , 125
temple expeditions, 135
tribute from, 135
law
law codes, 148 , 179
law of pharaoh, 101 – 102
Merchant Law (France), 4
revenue laws, 221 – 222 , 227
Zivilprozeßordnung law code, 216 , 217 – 218
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SUBJECT INDEX380
lead mining, 133
Lebanon, 49 , 87
Levant
abandonment of Egyptian empire in, 135
Middle Kingdom expeditions to, 81 , 87
New Kingdom expeditions to, 132 – 133 , 134
Old Kingdom expeditions to, 49 , 87
Ptolemaic Period expeditions to, 249
Saite Period expeditions to, 206 , 207
Third Intermediate Period expeditions to,
170
See also Syro-Palestine
Libya, expeditions against, 50 , 133 – 134 , 206
Lippert, S.L., 148
Lower Egypt . See Egypt, Lower
Lower Nubia . See Nubia, Lower
Macedonian Dynasty, 213 t 7.1
Macedonians, 238
machimoi (reserve soldiers), 197 – 198 , 239
Magdolos (Migdol), 206
Maghribi traders, 5
malachite, 50 , 133
Manetho, 11 , 142
Manning, J.G., 247
Marea, 196 , 207
marriage
contracts, 157 , 158 , 192
house ownership/transfer, 70 – 72 , 248
Masaharta, 145 t 5.1
Mazakes, 191
measurement costs, 3 , 8
Medenyt, 31
Medinet Habu
expeditions, 133 – 134
mortuary temple, 124 , 135 – 136
temple inventory, 110
Medinet Madi (Narmouthis), 250
Mediterranean Sea, 195 , 238 , 249
Medja, 31
medjay -police, 78 – 79 , 81 , 118 , 162
Megiddo, 132 , 134 , 170 , 206
Meidum, 21 , 51
Memphis
criminal justice, 92 , 177
customs duties, 227
divine temples, 124
dockyard accounts, 117
dockyards, 135
funerary establishments, 127
garrisons, 197
granary accounts, 116
hoards, 191 – 192
mortuary complexes at, 51
palace, 207 , 208
palace accounts, 117
private funerary establishment, 126
provincial administrators, 41 , 42
ship’s log, 119 – 120
soldiers, 197
state donations to temples, 198
stores of wealth, 191 – 192
taxation, 151
See also Mit Rahinah
Menkauhor, 23 t 2.1 , 44
Menkaure, 23 t 2.1 , 29 , 40 , 51
Menkheperre
oracular consultation, 146 , 159 – 160
Oracular Property Decree of, 145 t 5.1 , 154 ,
159 – 160 , 166
Menu, B., 46
Merchant Law (France), 4
Merenre, 23 t 2.1 , 29 , 48 – 49 , 51
Merhetepre, 57 t 3.1 , 61
Merikare, 62 , 117 – 118
Merneit (Queen), 15 t 1.1
Merneptah, 95 t 4.1 , 110 , 133
Merykare, 23 t 2.1
Meshwesh people, 118 – 119 , 164 – 165 , 166
Mesi, 100 , 112 , 128 – 129 , 130
Mesopotamia
bottleneck taxes, 186 , 255
redistribution/markets/entrepreneurial
activity, 10
Metjen, 36 , 44 , 46
Middle Assyrian Period
bottleneck taxes, 86 , 186 , 255
transport taxes, 86
Middle Egypt . See Egypt, Middle
Middle Kingdom
criminal justice and property dispute
resolution, 55 – 58
private social control, 61 – 62
vizier and oi ce of vizier, 58 – 61
diversii ed uses of writing, 55
documentation of objects of taxation, 62 – 67
censuses, 64 – 67
i eld surveys, 63 – 67
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SUBJECT INDEX 381
towns, 62 – 63
chief of estates, 63
documentation of property transfers, 68 – 75
local registration, evidence of, 68 – 70
property transfers, evidence of, 70 – 72
role of reporter, 73 – 75
scribal notarization, evidence of, 68
state registration, evidence of, 72 – 75
entrepreneurial activities, 86 – 90
expeditions, 87 – 88
to deserts east of Egypt/Punt/Sinai
Peninsula, 87 – 88
to the Levant, 87
to Nubia, 87
foundations, 88 – 89
private, 89 – 90
establishment of, 54
exchanges, 84 – 86
houses, 85
institutional exchange partners, 85 – 86
land, 84 – 85
marketplaces, 86
ports of trade, 86
prebends, 85
slaves, 85
media of exchange and
redistribution, 75 – 77
credit, 77
measures of value, 37 , 75 – 76
media of exchange, 76
stores of wealth, 76
redistributive networks, 77 – 84
divine temples, 83
granaries and treasuries, 77 – 78
military and police, 81 – 82
private funerary establishments, 83 – 84
residence and other palaces, 78
dockyards, 80 – 81
provincial administrators, 79
royal mortuary temples, 82 – 83
timeline, 57 t 3.1
See also Second Intermediate Period
Migdol (Magdolos), 206
Mirgissa, 86 , 89 , 186
Mitanni people, 132 , 133
Mit Rahinah, 191 – 192 . See also Memphis
Mi-wer, 375 . See also Gurob
Moeris, Lake, 250
money, as social construction, 8
monopolies, Ptolemaic Period, 236 – 237 , 240 ,
241 , 242 – 243 , 246 – 247 , 251
Monson, A., 219 – 220 , 248
Montuhotep I, 23 t 2.1
Montuhotep II, 57 t 3.1
expeditions, 87
foundations, 89
mortuary complex, 82 , 89
Montuhotep III, 57 t 3.1 , 88
Montuhotep IV, 57 t 3.1 , 87 – 88
Nag’ ed-Deir
cattle sales, 169
dockyards, 80 – 81
property dispute resolution, 146 – 147
property transfers, 152
Nahr el-Kelb, 133
Napata, 134 , 142 – 143
Narmer, 15 t 1.1
Narmouthis (Medinet Madi), 250
Naucratis, 191
Naukratis, 186 – 187 , 191 , 208
Nauri, 97 – 98 , 135
Near East, ancient
media of exchange in, 9
redistribution/markets/entrepreneurial
activity, 10
Nebirerau I, 57 t 3.1
Nebka, 16 , 23 t 2.1 , 29
Nebkauhor, 34
Necho I, 145 t 5.1
Necho II, 175 t 6.1
expeditions, 206
foundations, 207 – 208
shipbuilding, 195
Nectanebo I, 175 t 6.1
customs duties, 187
economic documentation, 182 – 183
property dispute resolution, 178 – 179
Nectanebo I, foundations, 208
Nectanebo II, 175 t 6.1
appointed king, 207
foundations, 208
medium of exchange, 191
Neferefre, 23 t 2.1
mortuary complex at, 51
mortuary cult, 42 – 43
Residence, 41
sun temple of, 44
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SUBJECT INDEX382
Neferirkare, 23 t 2.1
criminal justice, 25
exemption decree, 25 – 26
mortuary complex, 51
mortuary cult, 42 – 43
Residence, 41
sun temple, 44
Neferkauhor, 23 t 2.1 , 44
Neferkaure, 23 t 2.1
negotiation/bargaining costs, 3
Nehesy, 57 t 3.1
Nekhen, 24 , 25 , 60 , 61 . See also Hierakonpolis
Nemrat, 155 , 160 , 166 , 168 – 169
Neo-Assyrian Period
bottleneck taxes, 186 , 255
media of exchange in, 9
Neo-Babylonia
bottleneck taxes, 186 , 255
campaigns in Levant, 195 – 196
media of exchange, 9
Nepherites, 175 t 6.1
Nespamedu, 176
Nespaqashuty C, 176
Nespaqashuty D, 176
New Institutional Economics, 2 – 3
New Kingdom, 92 – 141
criminal justice, 92 – 99
king as adjudicator, 92 – 93
royal appointee as adjudicator, 93
royal decrees concerning
revenue, 96 – 99
vizier as adjudicator, 93 – 95
vizier/scribe of vizier as adjudicator,
95 – 96 , 176
customs duties, 186
documentation of objects of taxation,
104 – 111
cattle counts, 109
censuses, 107 – 109
i eld surveys, 104
royal land surveys, 104 – 106
temple inventories, 109 – 111
temple land, 106 – 107
documentation of property transfers, 111 – 113
private individuals, 111 – 113
royal/temple, 113
entrepreneurial activities, 131 – 140
private, 137 – 140
state expeditions, 131 – 134
to deserts east of Egypt/Sinai Peninsula/
Punt, 133
to deserts west of Egypt, 133 – 134
to the Levant, 132 – 133
to Nubia, 132
state foundations, 134 – 135
in the Levant, 134 – 135
in Nubia, 134
in Western Deserts, 135
state production and exchange, 135
temple expeditions, 135 – 136
temple production and exchange,
136 – 137
exchange, 127 – 131
cattle, small cattle, pigs, and fowls, 130 – 131
donkeys, 130
houses, 129
land, 128 – 129
marketplaces, 131
slaves, 129 – 130
media of exchange and redistribution,
113 – 115
credit, 115
measures of value, 37 , 114
volumes of grain, 114
weights of metals, 114
media of exchange, 114 – 115
stores of wealth, 115
property dispute resolution, 99 – 103
ḳnb.t -courts, 99 – 102
oracular consultations, 102
private social control, 103
patronage, 103
redistributive networks, 115 – 127
dependent institutions, gangs, and crews,
119 – 123
gang of the necropolis, 120 – 123
dockyards, 117 – 118
granaries/treasuries, 116 – 117 , 194
military and police, 118 – 119
palaces, 117
private funerary establishments, 126 – 127
temples, 123 – 126
administration, 124 – 125
divine temples, 124 – 125
endowments, 123
levies, 125 – 126 , 199
mortuary temples, 123 – 124
timeline, 95 t 4.1
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SUBJECT INDEX 383
Nika’ankh, 34 , 46
Nikaure, 29 , 34
Nile (River)
Canopic Branch, 186 , 187 , 196 , 208
l ood prevention measures, 250
Pelusaic Branch, 170 , 207 – 208
semi-communal farming, 46
Nile Valley
entrepreneurial activities, 250
i eld surveys, 220 – 221
foundations, 250
land ownership and transfers, 247 – 248
papyrus-plants, 36 – 37
ship building, 50
Ninetjer, 15 , 15 t 1.1 , 19 , 29
Niuserre, 23 t 2.1
marketplaces, 46 – 47
mortuary complex, 51
mortuary temple, 42
sun temple, 44
North, Douglass, 3 – 5
Nubia
criminal justice, 97 – 98
customs duties, 186
divine temples, 124
expeditions, 47 – 49 , 87 , 206
foundations, 250
gold mines, 124
mortuary temples, 125
ports of trade, 86
state expeditions, New Kingdom, 132
temple expeditions, 135
See also Nubia, Lower ; Nubia, Upper
Nubia, Lower
campaigns, 87 , 89
entrepreneurial activities, 250 – 251
foundations, 88 , 89 , 250 – 251
garrisons, 196
See also Nubia ; Nubia, Upper
Nubia, Upper
expeditions to, 87
See also Nubia ; Nubia, Lower
Niankhkhnum, 36 , 47
obol, 230
occasion of the count, 29 – 30
oipe, 114 , 160
Old Babylonian Period, bottleneck taxes,
86 , 186 , 255
Old Kingdom, 47
criminal justice, 23 – 27
exemption decrees, 25 – 27
king, 24
types of courts, 24 – 25
vizier, 24
diversii ed uses of writing, 22 – 23
documentation of objects of taxation
estates and towns, 30 – 31
i eld surveys and censuses, 29 – 30
documentation of property transfers, 32 – 37
exchanges, 32 – 34
high- vs. low-value goods, 45 – 46
testaments and transfers, 34 – 37
verbal statements, 32
written transcripts, 32
entrepreneurial activities, 47 – 52
expeditions, 47 – 50
to deserts east of Egypt/Sinai Peninsula/
Punt, 49 – 50
to deserts west of Egypt, 50
to the Levant, 49 , 87
to Nubia, 47 – 49
foundations, 51
private, 52
establishment of, 21
exchanges, 45 – 47
houses, 46
land, 46
marketplaces, 46 – 47
prebends, 46
media of exchange and redistribution, 37 – 38
exchange media, 38
measures of value, 37
stores of wealth, 38
property dispute resolution, 27 – 28
ḳnb.t -courts, 27 – 28
redistributive networks, 38 – 45
granaries and treasuries, 39 , 194
ka-chapels, 43 – 44
private funerary establishments, 44 – 45
provincial administrators, 41 – 42
Lower Egypt, 41
Upper Egypt, 41 – 42
residence and other palaces, 40 – 41
royal mortuary temples, 42 – 43
temple personnel, 43
distributed of revenues from estates/
towns, 43
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SUBJECT INDEX384
revenues received from estates/
towns, 42 – 43
royal works, 40
sun temples, 44
timeline, 23 t 2.1
tombs from, 21
See also First Intermediate Period
Ombos, 111
oracle protocols, 102
Oracular Property Decree
Henettaway, 154 , 166 , 171
Iuwerot and Khaenwase, 154 – 155 , 166 – 168 ,
169 , 171
Maatkare, 154 , 166 , 171
Menkheperre, 145t.5.1 , 154 , 159 – 160 , 166 , 171
Osorkon I, 145t.5.1
foundations, 171
granaries/treasuries, 162
institutional land survey, 149 – 150
land purchases, 166 – 168
media of exchange, 160
slave purchase, 169
temple managers, 163
Osorkon II, 145t.5.1
donation stela, 155 – 156
foundations, 171
Osorkon III, 145t.5.1
Osorkon IV, 145t.5.1
Osorkon the Elder, 145t.5.1
Owner of Tomb U-j, 15t.1.1
Papazian, H., 39
Pathyris (Gebelein), 230 , 250
patrilineal inheritance
in ancient Egypt, 10
in Mesopotamia, 10
patronage
New Kingdom, 103
Persian Period, 181 – 182
Ptolemaic Period, 220
Saite Period, 181 – 182
Patumos, 207 – 208 . See also Pithom ; Tell
el-Maskhuta
Pelusaic Branch . See Nile (River), Pelusaic
Branch
Pelusium, 226 , 227 , 239
Penmeru, 36 , 44 , 45
Pepi (mortuary priestess), 36
Pepi I, 23t.2.1
i eld survey, 29
ka -chapels, 43
mortuary complex, 51
Pepi II, 23t.2.1
criminal justice, 25
expeditions, 49 – 50
ka -chapels, 43 – 44
mortuary complex, 51
mortuary temple, 42
occasion of the count, 29 – 30
provincial administration, 42
tribute, 26
Per-Sekhemkheperre, 171
Persian Period
criminal justice
garrison commanders, 177 , 178
governors/satraps, 176 – 177
people who ran it, 175
documentation of bottleneck taxation,
184 – 187
burial tax, 185 – 186
customs duties, 186 – 187
sales tax, 184 – 185
documentation of objects of taxation,
182 – 184
censuses, 184
chief i nancial minister, 182 – 183
i eld surveys, 183 – 184
state land, 183 – 184
temple endowment land, 183
local agents, 183
shipping master, 182
documentation of property transfers
Aramaic documentation, 188 – 189
Egyptian documentation, 187 – 188
Abnormal Hieratic script, 188
Demotic script, 188
state registration, 189
entrepreneurial activities, 205 – 206
expeditions, 207
foundations, 208
private, 209
establishment of, 173
exchanges, 203
cattle and fowl, 205
houses and tombs, 204
land, 203
priestly positions or prebends, 205
Old Kingdom (cont.)
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SUBJECT INDEX 385
slaves, 204 – 205
media of exchange and redistribution, 161 ,
189 – 193
credit, 192 – 193
grain loans, 192
money loans, 192 – 193
measures of value, 189 – 190
silver, 189
media of exchange, 190 – 191
commodities, 190
commodities worth weights of
silver, 190
Greek coins, 191
imitation Greek coins, 191
silver, 190 – 191
stores of wealth, 191 – 192
hoards, 191 – 192
silver, 192
property dispute resolution
Aramaic courts, 178 , 180
Egyptian courts, 178 – 180
access to courts, 179 – 180
cessation/quitclaim contracts, 178 – 179
houses of judgment, 178
law codes, 179
private social control, 180 – 182
extended family and friends, 180 – 181
patronage, 181 – 182
private associations, 181
redistributive networks, 193 – 202
dockyards, 196
granaries/treasuries, 194
military and police
garrisons, 197
mercenaries, 197
reserve soldiers, 196 , 198
palaces and oi cials, 195
private funerary endowments, 200 , 201
temples, 198 – 199
temple managers, 163
timeline, 175 t 6.1
See also Saite Period
Perunefer, 117 , 135
Pestman, P.W., 148
Petition of Petiese, 175 – 176 , 177 , 180 – 181 ,
182 , 208
Petubast, 147 – 148 , 169
Petubast I, 145 t 5.1
Petubast II, 145 t 5.1
Philip Arrhidaeus, 213 t 7.1
Philip-Stéphan, A., 67
Philometoris, 250 – 251
Phoenicia, 187 , 196 , 208
Pimay, 145 t 5.1
Pinedjem I, 145 t 5.1
Pinedjem II, 145 t 5.1
Pi-Ramesses, 92 , 111 , 119 – 120 , 142 , 170 .
See also Tell el-Daba
Pithom, 192 , 207 – 208 . See also Patumos ; Tell
el-Maskhuta
Piye, 132 , 145 t 5.1 , 158 , 169 , 170
Plataia, 198
police tax, Ptolemaic Period, 224
Posener-Kriéger, P., 39
Préaux, Claire, 234 – 235 , 236 , 245 , 247
Preisigke, Friedrich, 235
Primis (Qasr Ibrim), 250
profession/occupation/trade tax
Ptolemaic Period, 223
Saite and Persian Periods, 184 , 189
Third Intermediate Period,
151 – 152 , 184
property rights, historical enforcement
of, 4 – 5
Protodynastic Period, 15 t 1.1
Psammetichus I, 170 , 175 t 6.1
burial tax, 186
criminal justice, 175 – 176 , 177
distributed state revenues, 194 – 195
expeditions, 206
foundations, 207
garrison revolt, 196
land sales, 203
oi ce of shipping master, 182
priestly positions/prebends, 205
private entrepreneurship, 208
private funerary endowments,
200 – 201
property dispute resolution, 179
reunii cation of Egypt, 206
soldiers, 197
tax statements, 185
tomb sales, 204
Psammetichus II, 175 t 6.1
criminal justice, 176
expeditions, 206
private entrepreneurship, 208
slave sales, 204
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SUBJECT INDEX386
Psammetichus III, 175 t 6.1
expeditions, 207
property dispute resolution, 178
Psammetichus IV, 175 t 6.1
cattle and fowl ownership, 205
expeditions, 207
Psamtikmerineith, 176
Pselkis (Dakka), 250
Psusennes I, 145 t 5.1
i eld surveys, 149
oracular consultation, 146 , 159 – 160
Psusennes II, 145 t 5.1
oracular consultation, 155 , 159 – 160
Psusennes III, 145 t 5.1
Ptah, 124 , 127 , 135 – 136
media of exchange at treasury of, 190 , 191
state donations to temple of, 198
Ptolemaic Dynasty, 213 t 7.1
Ptolemaic Period (332-30 BCE), 211 – 252
criminal justice, 211 – 215
order and enforcement section, 213 , 214
role of agents of king, 214
role of king, 211 – 213
role of local police/wayfarers, 211 – 213
documentation of bottleneck taxation,
224 – 227
burial taxes, 225 – 226
customs duties, 226 – 227
calculation of duties, 226 – 227
revenue laws, 227
sales taxes, 224 – 225
enrollment tax, 225
property transfers, 224 – 225
documentation of objects of taxation,
220 – 224
censuses, 152 , 223 – 224
animals, 223
capitation tax reform, 223 – 224
compulsory labor, 223
households, 223
occupations, 223
i eld surveys, 220 – 223
documentation of property transfers, 227 – 230
agoranomic contracts, 228 , 229 – 230
Egyptian documentation, 228
Greek documentation, 228
six-witness/double contracts, 228 , 229 – 230
state registration, 189 , 229 – 230
economic documentation, 213 – 214 , 220
economic management, 214
entrepreneurial activities, 248 – 252
Alexandria, 250
expeditions, 249
Fayum basin, 250
foundations, 249 – 250
Nile Valley, 250
Nubia, 250 – 251
private, 251 – 252
Red Sea, 251
state production and sale of
commodities, 251
exchanges, 245 – 248
houses, 248
marketplaces, 246 – 247
auctions, 246
land, 247 – 248
the Fayum, 247 – 248
Upper Egypt, 247 – 248
monopolies, 246 – 247
real estate markets, 247
priestly positions/prebends, 248
founding of, 211
media exchange and redistribution, 230 – 233
credit, 231 – 233
measures of value, 230
grain, 230
silver/copper/gold, 230
media of exchange, 231
coins, 231
grain, 231
stores of wealth, 231
property dispute resolution, 215 – 220
Egyptian courts, 215 , 216 – 218
Houses of Judgment, 215 , 216 , 218
law codes, 216 – 218
Greeks courts, 215 – 216 , 218 – 219
private social control, 219 – 220
extended family/local community, 219
patronage, 220
private associations, 181 , 219 – 220
redistributive networks, 233 – 245
dockyards, 238
granaries, 194 , 233 – 234
military and police, 238 – 240
elite troops/bodyguards, 239
garrisons, 239
mercenaries, 239
reserve soldiers, 239 – 240
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SUBJECT INDEX 387
palaces/oi cials/commodity monopolies,
236 – 238
distribution of commodities, 237 – 238
monopolies, 237 , 240 , 241
state employee salaries, 236
private funerary endowments, 243 – 245
royal banks, 234 – 236
and concessionary banks, 235
and private banks, 235
types of, 235
state employees, 240 – 241
temples, 241 – 243
levies, 199
monopoly production, 242 – 243
priest salaries, 241 – 242
temple manager, 163 , 199 , 243
timeline, 213 t 7.1
Ptolemais Hermiou, 250
Ptolemy I, 213 t 7.1
burial tax, 226
credit, 232
foundations, 250
private funerary endowments, 244 – 245
property transfers, 227
Ptolemy II, 213 t 7.1
annual income, 234 , 236
capitation tax, 223 , 224
customs duties, 226 – 227
dockyards, 238
private funerary endowments, 243 , 245
property transfers, 227 – 228 , 229
revenue laws, 221 – 222 , 227
royal banks, 234
sales tax, 225
Ptolemy III, 213 t 7.1
burial tax, 225
capitation tax, 223 – 224
dockyards, 238
expeditions, 249
private funerary endowments, 244 , 245
redistributive networks, 237 , 238
temple land coni scation, 222
Ptolemy IV, 213 t 7.1
burial tax, 225
capitation tax, 223 – 224
enrollment tax, 224 – 225
foundations, 250 – 251
sales tax, 225
soldiers, 239 – 240
Ptolemy V, 213 t 7.1
temple allowance, 222
temple levies, 199
Ptolemy VI, 213 t 7.1
foundations, 250 – 251
Ptolemy VII, 213 t 7.1
Ptolemy VIII, 213 t 7.1
courts, 215
customs duties, 226
property transfers, 229 – 230
Ptolemy IX, 213 t 7.1
temple allowance, 223
Ptolemy X, 213 t 7.1
Ptolemy XI, 213 t 7.1
Ptolemy XII, 213 t 7.1 , 236
Punt, expeditions to, 49 , 50 , 80 , 86 , 87 – 88 , 133
Pyramid Texts, 22 – 23
Qaa, 15 t 1.1
Qadesh, 133
Qakare Ibi, 23 t 2.1 , 52
Qasr Ibrim (Primus), 250
Quirke, S., 67
Qurna, 127 , 133
Ramesses I, 95 t 4.1
private funerary establishments, 127 , 128
See also Ramesside Period
Ramesses II, 95 t 4.1
campaigns in the Levant, 133
censuses, 108
criminal justice, 96 – 97
dockyards, 135
land transfers, 128
marketplaces, 131
military, 118
mortuary temples, 123 – 124
private funerary establishments, 126 , 127 , 128
property dispute resolution, 100 , 101
ship’s log, 119 – 120
state foundations, 134 – 135
See also Ramesside Period
Ramesses III, 95 t 4.1
abandonment of Egyptian empire in
Levant, 135
campaigns in the Levant, 133
criminal justice, 93 , 96 – 97
divine temples, 124
expeditions, 133 – 134
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SUBJECT INDEX388
gang of the necropolis, 122
land transfer, 128 , 129
mining expeditions, 133
mortuary temples, 124 , 135 – 136
private funerary establishments, 126 – 127
property transfer, 112
temple expeditions, 135 – 136
temple inventory, 110 – 111
temple land survey, 107
See also Ramesside Period
Ramesses IV, 95 t 4.1 . See also Ramesside Period
Ramesses V, 95 t 4.1
military, 119
temple land survey, 106 – 107
See also Ramesside Period
Ramesses VI, 95 t 4.1 . See also Ramesside Period
Ramesses VII, 95 t 4.1 . See also Ramesside Period
Ramesses VIII, 95 t 4.1 . See also Ramesside Period
Ramesses IX, 95 t 4.1
criminal justice, 96
levies on temples, 125
temple expeditions, 136
See also Ramesside Period
Ramesses X, 95 t 4.1 . See also Ramesside Period
Ramesses XI, 95 t 4.1
granaries, 117
levies on temples, 125 – 126
See also Ramesside Period
Ramesside Period
criminal justice, 146
divine temples, 124 , 125
mining expeditions, 133
oracular consultations, 143
paramilitary expeditions, 132
temple expeditions, 135
Raneb, 15 t 1.1
Raphia, 239 , 240
redistribution, markets, and entrepreneurial
activity, 10 – 11
Red Sea, 207 – 208
expeditions to capture elephants, 249
foundations, 249 – 250 , 251
Rehoboam, 170
Reisner, George, 80
reserve soldiers (machimoi), 197 – 198 , 239
Ritner, R.K., 148
Roman Empire, incorporation of Egypt into,
256 – 257
Rostovtzef , M., 236 , 245 , 247 , 248
Rudamun, 145 t 5.1
Sabakes, 191
Sahure, 23 t 2.1
expeditions, 50
mortuary complex, 51
mortuary temple, 42
sun temple, 44
Sai (Island), 134
Sais, 170 , 171 , 207
Saite Period
criminal justice
chief i nancial minister, 176
king, 175 – 176
local authorities, 177
provincial governors/generals, 177
shipping master, 177
supervisor, 177
system, 174 – 175
viziers, 176
Lower Egypt, 176
Upper Egypt, 176
documentation of bottleneck taxation, 184 – 187
burial tax, 185 – 186
customs duties, 186 – 187
sales tax, 184 – 185
documentation of objects of taxation,
182 – 184
censuses, 184
chief i nancial minister, 182 – 183
i eld surveys, 183 – 184
state land, 183 – 184
temple endowment land, 183
local agents, 183
shipping master, 182
documentation of property transfers, 158
Aramaic documentation, 188 – 189
Egyptian documentation, 187 – 188
Abnormal Hieratic script, 188
Demotic script, 188
state registration, 189
entrepreneurial activities, 205 – 206
expeditions, 206 – 207
foundations, 207 – 208
private, 208 – 209
establishment of, 173
exchanges, 203
cattle and fowl, 205
Ramesses III (cont.)
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SUBJECT INDEX 389
houses and tombs, 204
land, 203
priestly positions or prebends, 205
slaves, 204 – 205
media of exchange and redistribution,
189 – 193
credit, 192 – 193
grain loans, 192
money loans, 192 – 193
measures of value, 189 – 190
silver, 189
media of exchange, 190 – 191
commodities, 190
commodities worth weights of
silver, 190
Greek coins, 191
imitation Greek coins, 191
silver, 190 – 191
stores of wealth, 191 – 192
hoards, 191 – 192
silver, 192
property dispute resolution
Egyptian courts, 178 – 180
access to courts, 179 – 180
cession/quitclaim contracts, 178 – 179
houses of judgment, 178
law codes, 179
private social control, 180 – 182
extended family and friends, 180 – 181
patronage, 181 – 182
private associations, 181
redistributive networks, 193 – 202
dockyards, 195 – 196
granaries/treasuries, 194
military and police
garrisons, 196 – 197
mercenaries, 197
reserve soldiers, 196 , 197 – 198
palaces and oi cials, 194 – 195
private funerary endowments
donation stelae as source, 200 – 201
papyri as source, 200 – 202
temples, 198 – 199
timeline, 175 t 6.1
See also Persian Period
sales tax
Persian Period, 185
Ptolemaic Period, 241
Saite Period, 185
salt tax, Ptolemaic Period, 223 , 224
Sanakht, 23 t 2.1
Saqqara
criminal justice, 96 , 105 – 106
estates, 16
expeditions, 206
marketplaces, 46 – 47
mortuary complex, 51 , 52
property dispute resolution, 27
tags/labels, 15 , 19
testaments/transfers, 34 , 36
tombs, 13 , 21
Saqqara, South, 51 , 52
Sasobek, 176
Schaps, David, 8 – 9
Sea Peoples, 133
search costs, 3
Second Intermediate Period
criminal justice, 58
establishment of, 54 – 55
expeditions, 88
palaces, 78
timeline, 57 t 3.1
See also Middle Kingdom
Second Persian Period
criminal justice, 178 – 179
establishment, 173
expeditions, 207
property dispute resolution, 178 – 179
See also Dynasty 28 ; Dynasty 29 ; Dynasty 30 ;
Persian Period
Sedeinga, 134
Sedjer, 31
Sehel (Island), 133 , 250 – 251
Sekhemib-Peribsen, 15 t 1.1 , 18
Sekhemkare, 57 t 3.1 , 65 – 66
Sekhemkhet, 23 t 2.1 , 51
Sekhemre-Khutawy, 57 t 3.1 , 65
Sekhem-Senusert, 82 . See also El-Lahun
Seleucia, 249
Seleucid empire, media of exchange, 9
Seleucids, 238
Semerkhet, 15 t 1.1
semi-communal farming, 46 , 248
Semna, 86
customs duties, 186
expeditions, 86 , 89 , 186
foundations, 89
military, 81
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SUBJECT INDEX390
Semna Despatches, 81
Semna South, 89
Senakhtenre Ahmose, 57 t 3.1
Sened, 15 t 1.1
seniu, 114 – 115 . See also shati
Sennuankh, 36
Senusert I, 57 t 3.1
divine temples, 83
dockyards, 80 – 81
expeditions, 88
foundations, 83
granaries, 77 – 78
military, 81
mortuary complex, 89
private funerary establishments, 83 – 84
property transfers, 68
Senusert II, 57 t 3.1
mortuary complex, 89
mortuary cult of, 89
mortuary temple, 82 – 83
Senusert III, 57 t 3.1
customs duties, 186
expeditions, 87
foundations, 89
military, 81
mortuary complex, 89
mortuary cult of, 89
mortuary temple, 82
ports of trade, 86
Seqenenre Tao, 57 t 3.1
Serabit el-Khadîm, 88 , 133
server tax, Ptolemaic Period, 224
Sesebi, 134
Sethnakht, 95 t 4.1
Seti I, 95 t 4.1
campaign in Nubia, 132
campaigns in the Levant, 133
criminal justice, 96 – 98 , 108 – 109
dependent institutions, 119
dockyards, 135
mortuary temples, 123 – 124 , 125 , 135
protection of temple ships, 136
requisitions by military, 118
royal lands survey, 104
state foundations, 134 – 135
temple expeditions, 135
temple production by labor gangs, 136
Seti II, 95 t 4.1 , 96 – 97
Setjau, 49
Shabaka, 145 t 5.1 , 161 , 169 , 170
Shalfak, 89
Sharuhen, 132 , 134 – 135 . See also Tell el-Ajjul
shati, 37 , 75 – 76 , 114 – 115
Shebitku, 145 t 5.1 , 170
shekel, 190
Shellal, 206
Shemai, 44
Shepseskaf, 23 t 2.1 , 29 , 51
Shepseskare, 23 t 2.1
Sherden people, 118 , 119
Shoshenq I, 145 t 5.1
census, 151
donation stelae, 155 , 164 – 165 , 166 , 168
expeditions, 170
foundations, 171
media of exchange, 160
Shoshenq II, 145 t 5.1
Shoshenq III, 145 t 5.1
criminal justice, 143 – 144
Shoshenq IV, 145 t 5.1
transfer of i scal ai liation, 150 – 151
Shoshenq V, 145 t 5.1
Siamun, 145 t 5.1 , 152 – 153 , 160 , 166
Sidon, 206
Sile, 98 , 99 , 134 , 186 . See also Tjaru
silver
change in value over time, 230
coinage, 8 – 9 , 10 , 11
as measure of value, 8 , 230
as medium of exchange, 8 , 111 , 159
as store of wealth, 113 , 115 , 231
value in Old Kingdom, 37
Sinai
expeditions, 49 , 87 – 88 , 133
garrisons, 196 , 197
Siptah, 95 t 4.1
six-witness/double contract, 228 , 229 – 230
slaves
from Cilicia, 195 , 209
Middle Kingdom, 85
New Kingdom, 129 – 130
Persian Period, 204 – 205
Ptolemaic Period, 225 , 229
Saite Period, 204 – 205
self-sales, 204 – 205
Third Intermediate Period, 168 – 169
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SUBJECT INDEX 391
Smendes I, 145 t 5.1
Smendes II, 145 t 5.1
Smenkhare, 95 t 4.1
Sneferu, 23 t 2.1
expeditions, 48 , 50
mortuary complex, 51
mortuary temple, 42
ship building, 19
Sobekemsaf I, 57 t 3.1
Sobekemsaf II, 57 t 3.1
Sobekneferu (Queen), 57 t 3.1
Soleb, 134
Southern City, The, 55 , 57 , 58 , 63 .
See also Thebes
South Saqqara . See Saqqara, South
stater, 190 , 191
stater tax, Ptolemaic Period, 224
substantivist approach, 1 – 2 , 3
Suez, Gulf of, 50 , 88 , 251
Syria, 87 , 238
Syro-Palestine, 249 . See also Levant
Taharqa, 145 t 5.1
credit, 161 – 162
donation Amun-Re shrine, 151
expeditions, 170
private funerary endowments, 165
property dispute resolution,
147 – 148
slave sales, 169
Takelot I, 145 t 5.1 , 157
Takelot II, 145 t 5.1
credit, 161
criminal justice, 143 – 144
medium of exchange, 161
property transfer, 157
Takelot III, 145 t 5.1
credit, 161
medium of exchange, 161
property transfer, 157
Talmis (Kalabsha), 250
Tanis
expeditions, 170 , 206
foundations, 170 – 171
Tanwetamani, 145 t 5.1
expeditions, 170
media of exchange, 160
Tausret (Queen), 95 t 4.1
tax(es)
bottleneck
Achaemenid Period, 186 , 255
Middle Assyrian Period, 86 , 186 , 255
Neo-Assyrian, 186 , 255
Old Babylonian Period, 86 , 186 , 255
Ptolemaic Period, 224 – 227
Saite and Persian Periods, 184 – 187
burial
Ptolemaic Period, 225 – 226 , 241
Saite and Persian Periods, 185 – 186
capitation/census
Early Dynastic Period, 15 – 16
Middle Kingdom, 64 – 67
New Kingdom, 107 – 109
Old Kingdom, 29 – 30
Ptolemaic Period, 152 , 223 – 224
Saite and Persian Periods, 184
Third Intermediate Period, 151 – 152
cattle tax
New Kingdom, 109
contribution tax
Ptolemaic Period, 224
customs duties
New Kingdom, 186
Ptolemaic Period, 226 – 227
Saite and Persian Periods, 186 – 187
enrollment
Ptolemaic Period, 225
guard
Ptolemaic Period, 224
harvest
Middle Kingdom, 62 , 63 , 64 , 79 , 98
New Kingdom, 104 – 105 , 107 , 116 , 125
Old Kingdom, 17 , 30 , 31
Ptolemaic Period, 215 , 220 – 223 , 240 – 241
Saite and Persian Periods, 183 – 184 ,
194 , 203
Third Intermediate Period, 149 , 150 ,
162 , 167
levy
Ptolemaic Period, 224
police
Ptolemaic Period, 224
profession/occupation/trade
Ptolemaic Period, 223
Saite and Persian Periods, 184 , 189
Third Intermediate Period, 151 – 152 , 184
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SUBJECT INDEX392
registration
Third Intermediate Period, 152
sales
Ptolemaic Period, 224 – 225 , 241
Saite and Persian Periods, 184 – 185
salt
Ptolemaic Period, 223 , 224
server
Ptolemaic Period, 224
stater
Ptolemaic Period, 224
tax marks
Early Dynastic Period, 17 – 18
tax statements
Thebes, 185
temple
New Kingdom, 106 – 107 , 109 – 111
Saite and Persian Periods, 183 , 199
Third Intermediate Period, 149 – 151
transport
Achaemenid Period, 186 , 255
Middle Assyrian Period, 86 , 186 , 255
Neo-Assyrian Period, 186 , 255
Neo-Babylonian Period, 186 , 255
Old Babylonian Period, 186
wool
Ptolemaic Period, 224
yoke
Ptolemaic Period, 223 , 235
Tebtynis, 216 , 219
property transfers, 229
redistributive networks, 237 , 238
Tefnakht, 145 t 5.1
Tehne, 34
Tell Basta, 115 . See also Bubastis
Tell el-Ajjul, 134 . See also Sharuhen
Tell el-Atrib, 191 . See also Athribis
Tell el-Daba, 117 . See also Avaris ; Pi-Ramesses
Tell el-Farah, 134 – 135
Tell el-Herr, 197
Tell el-Hesi, 134 – 135
Tell el-Maskhuta, 192 , 207 – 208 . See also
Patumos ; Pithom
Tell el-Minia wa el-Shorafa, 155 – 156
Tell er-Retabah, 134 . See also Tjeku
Tell es-Shihab, 133
Tell Qedwa, 196 , 197
Tel Sera, 134 – 135
Teos, 175 t 6.1
capitation tax, 184
expeditions, 184 , 207
foreign mercenaries, 197
medium of exchange, 191
royal navy, 196
Teti, 23 t 2.1
census, 29
ka -chapels established by, 43
marketplaces, 46 – 47
mortuary complex, 51
occasion of the count, 29
tetradrachma(s), 190 , 191 , 192 , 231
Teudjoi, 180 , 181 , 208 . See also Ankyronpolis ;
El-Hiba
Thebaid, The, 183 , 198 , 220
Theban Tomb 409, 128
Thebes
burial tax, 226
credit, 161 , 192 – 193
criminal justice, 92 , 93 , 95
ḳnb.t -courts, 96 , 176 , 178
dispute resolution, 59 – 61
divine temples, 124
entrepreneurial behavior, 139 – 140
expeditions, 51 , 88 , 170
land purchases/sales, 166 , 203
marketplaces, 86 , 131
media of exchange, 190
mortuary complex, 52 , 82 , 89
mortuary temples, 123 – 124 , 133
palace, 78 – 79
private entrepreneurial activities, 208 – 209
private funerary endowments, 165 , 243 ,
244 , 245
private funerary establishment, 126
property dispute resolution, 100 , 101
Abnormal Hieratic public protest, 147
ḳnb.t -court, 147 – 148
oracular consultations, 146
property transfers, 73 – 75 , 113 , 152 , 156
redistributive networks, 237
royal double granary, 116 – 117
royal residence, 54
sacking of, 170
sales tax statements, 185
slave ownership, 129 – 130
slave sales, 169 , 205
temple expeditions, 135
tax(es) (cont.)
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SUBJECT INDEX 393
treasury, 78
See also Southern City, The
Theogonis, 224
Thinis, 80 – 81 , 111
Third Intermediate Period, 142 – 172
criminal justice, 143 – 145
documentation of objects of taxation,
149 – 152
censuses, 151 – 152
i eld surveys, 149 – 151
endowment land, 149 – 151
documentation of property transfers, 152 – 158
Abnormal Hieratic system, 156 – 158
donation stelae, 155 – 156
Halls of Writings, 157
Hieratic system, 156
oracular consultations, 152 , 155 – 156
oracular property decrees, 153 – 155
oral agreements, 152
registration tax, 152
temple notaries, 156 – 157
written transcripts, 152 – 153
entrepreneurial activities, 169 – 171
expeditions, 170
foundations, 170 – 171
private, 171
exchanges, 165 – 169
cattle, 169
houses, 168
land, 166 – 168
donation stelae, 166
multiple sales, 166 – 168
slaves, 168 – 169
media of exchange and redistribution,
159 – 162
credit, 161 – 162
measures of value, 159 – 160
cloth, 159 – 160
silver, 159 – 160
media of exchange, 152 , 160 – 161
stores of wealth, 161
property dispute resolution, 145 – 148
Abnormal Hieratic legal system, 147 – 148
Demotic legal system, 147
Halls of Writings, 147 , 178
ḳnb.t -court of Thebes, 147 – 148
law codes, 148
oracular consultations, 145 – 148
redistributive networks, 162 – 165
dependent institutions, gangs and
crews, 163
granaries/treasuries, 162
military and police, 162 – 163
private funerary endowments, 164 – 165
donation stelae, 164 – 165
mortuary priests, 165
temples, 163 – 164
oi ce of temple manager, 163 – 164
timeline, 145 t 5.1
Thomas, Robert, 4
Thompson, Christine, 9
Thutmose I, 95 t 4.1
campaign in Nubia, 132
campaign in the Levant, 132
Thutmose II, 95 t 4.1
campaign in Nubia, 132
campaign in the Levant, 132
Thutmose III, 95 t 4.1
campaign in Nubia, 132
campaigns in the Levant, 132 – 133
divine temples, 124
dockyards, 117 , 119 , 135
land transfer, 128
mortuary temple, 130
royal double granary, 116 – 117
royal oracular consultations, 102
state foundations, 134
Thutmose IV, 95 t 4.1
private funerary establishment, 126
royal oracular consultations, 102
Ti, 31 , 46
Tjaru, 98 , 99 , 134 – 135 , 186 . See also Sile
Tjeku, 134 – 135 . See also Tell er-Retabah
Tjemeh-land, 31
Tjenti, 33 , 36 , 44 , 45
Tod, 110
tomb of Djari (TT 366) at Thebes, 86
Tombos, 134
transaction costs, 2 – 3 , 253
travertine (Egyptian alabaster), 49 – 51 , 88
Triakontaschoinos, 250 – 251
Tuna el-Gebel, 217
Tunip, 132
Tura, 133
Tutankhamun, 95 t 4.1
divine temple, 124
private funerary establishment, 126
temple survey, 109 – 110
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SUBJECT INDEX394
Type C marriage contract, 192
Tyre
expeditions, 206
naval battle, 195
Ullaza, 87 , 134
Unas, 23 t 2.1 , 42 , 51
Upper Egypt . See Egypt, Upper
Upper Egyptian Revolt, 250
Upper Nubia . See Nubia, Upper
Uronarti, 89
Userkaf, 23 t 2.1
mortuary temple, 42 , 51
occasion of the count, 29
royal works, 40
sun temple, 44
Userkare, 23 t 2.1
Valley of the Kings, 120 , 129 ,
137 , 138
Veblen, Thorstein, 2
Von Reden, S., 231 , 232
Vymazalova, H., 40
Wadi Abbad, 97 , 133 . See also Kanais ;
Wadi Mia
Wadi al-Jarf, 50
Wadi Allaqi, 133 , 135
Wadi el-Hudi, 88
Wadi Gawasis, 80 – 81 , 88
Wadi Hammamat
Dynasty 7 and 8 expeditions, 50
gold mining expedition, 133
quarrying expedition, 50 , 77 – 78 , 81 , 87 – 88 ,
133 , 207
Wadi Maghâra, 133
Wadi Mia, 97 , 133 . See also Kanais ; Wadi Abbad
Wadi Natrun, 86
Wadi Shatt el-Rigal, 133
Wadi Timna, 133
Wadi Tumilat, 251
Wah-sut, 89 . See also Abydos
Walls of the Ruler, 89
Wari s, 209
Warohi, 209
Wawat, 31 , 48 , 49
Weneg, 15 t 1.1
Wepemnofret, 34 , 46
Weretyamtes (Queen), 24
Western Desert . See Desert, Western
Wilkinson, T.A.H., 16
Williamson, O.E., 10
women
funerary cults, 203
mortuary cults, 45
plot holders in New Kingdom, 119
wool tax on, 224
wool tax, Ptolemaic Period, 224
Xerxes I, 175 t 6.1 , 196 , 207
yoke tax, Ptolemaic Period, 223 , 235
Zawiyet Umm el-Rakham, 135
Zenon, 226 – 227 , 245 , 247
zus, 190
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