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The scope of sociology is extremely wide, ranging from the
analysis of passing encounters between individuals in the
street up to the investigation of world-wide social
processes
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Facebok or Twitter Account as a new
sociological phenomenon
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` ...THESYSTEMATIC STUDYOF
HUMAN SOCIETY
SYSTEMATIC
x
SCIENTIFIC DISCIPLINE THAT FOCUSES ATTENTIONON PATTERNS OF BEHAVIOR
HUMAN SOCIETY
x GROUP BEHAVIOR IS PRIMARY FOCUS; HOWGROUPS INFLUENCE INDIVIDUALS AND VICE VERSA
AT THE HEART OF SOCIOLOGY
x THE SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE WHICH OFFERSA UNIQUE VIEW OF SOCIETY
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The Sociological Perspective
Sociological Research Methods
Culture and Societies
Socialization
Social Groups and Organizations
Deviance, Crime, and Social Control
Social and Global Stratification
Race and Ethnicity
Sex and Gender
Economics and Politics
Education
Marriage, Family, Alternative Lifestyles
Religion Health and Medicine
Population and Urbanization
Contemporary Mass Media
Social Change and Movements
Coverage of
Sociology
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` Ginsberg (The Study of Society, 1939):
` Sociology may be defined as the study of
society; that is of the web of human interactions
and relationships.
` Sugarman (Sociology, 1968):
` Sociology is the objective study of human
behaviour in so far as it is affected by the factthat people live in groups.
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` Ritzer (Sociology, 1979):
` Sociology is the study of individuals in a social
setting that includes groups, organisations,
cultures and societies. Sociologists study the
interrelationships between individuals,
organisations, cultures and societies.
` e. Giddens (Sociology, 1989):
` Sociology is the study of human social life,
groups and societies. It is a dazzling and
compelling enterprise, having as its subject
matter our own behaviour as social beings.
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The SCIENTIFIC METHOD or
METHODOLOGY
In order to interpret and discuss social reality we must first
have a picture, some sort of pattern, or an image of the
interrelationships among the many variables that
circumscribe human interaction.
It provides a systematic, organized series of steps that
insures maximum objectivity and consistency in researching a
problem.
It provides a shared basis for discussion and analysis, and
helps to promote reliability and validity (consistency and
accuracy).
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` Any relatively self-contained and self-sufficient
group united by social relationships.
` Two central components of society: SocialStructure and Culture
` Pluralist Society
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Asociety exists when people interactand share culture, generally in ageographically delimited area.
Culture is the sum ofsociallytransmittedideas, practices, andmaterial objects that people create toovercome real-life problems. Culturegives us guidelines for how to act.
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` The pattern of living that directs human social life.
` Everything that humans learn and the things they
learn to use.
language, religions, science, art, notions of right andwrong, explanations of the meaning of life
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` Any characteristics of a group rather than ofindividuals.
` % No Religion, Mobility, Population density, %Female, Age composition are all characteristicsof the group
` E.g., Age composition a predictor of crime %teens and young adults a social structuralexplanation of crime.
` Most common, most important is stratification
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` Values - standards for assessing good and bad
` Norms behavioral expectations
` Role norms associated with a particular position
`
Prejudice and Discrimination` Assimilation and Accommodation
` Multicultural / subculture
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` Socialization
` Crime (and Juvenile Delinquency)
` Deviant Behavior
` Social Stratification (economic inequality)` Race and Ethnicity
` Gender
` The Family
` Religion` Politics, Population, Urbanization
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` EDUCATION AND LIBERAL ARTS WELL-ROUNDED AS A PERSON
SOCIAL EXPECTATIONS
` MORE APPRECIATION FOR DIVERSITY THE GLOBAL VILLAGE
DOMESTIC SOCIAL MARGINALITY
` ENHANCED LIFE CHANCES
MICRO AND MACRO UNDERSTANDING INCREASE SOCIAL POTENTIALS
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` ADVANTAGES OF A SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVESOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL MARGINALITY
ALLOWS US TO NOTICE DIVERSITY IN CULTURE
SOCIOLOGY DRAWS ATTENTION TO SOCIAL CRISIS
` IMPORTANCE OF THESE ITEMS THEY ALLOW US TO SEE THE CONNECTION BETWEEN
MICRO AND MACRO SOCIAL ELEMENTS
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` SOCIOLOGY OFFERS STUDENTS THE
OPPORTUNITY TO UNDERSTAND THE GLOBALVILLAGE
ALL SOCIETIES ARE INCREASINGLY CONNECTED
THROUGH TECHNOLOGY AND ECONOMICS
x INTERDEPENDENCY OF NATIONS
MANY SOCIAL PROBLEMS FACED BY FILIPINOS ARE
MORE SERIOUS ELSEWHERE
x MORE AWARENESS
UNDERSTANDINGGLOBAL ISSUES AND THEWORLD AROUND US ALLOWS STUDENTS TO
BETTER UNDERSTAND THEMSELVES
x FEWER ETHNOCENTRIC TENDENCIES
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OBSERVATIONS ARE CERTAINLY IMPACTED BYTHE PERSONAL PERSPECTIVES THROUGH
WHICH PEOPLE COME TO VIEW THE WORLD
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Sociological
Perspective
Level of
Analysis
Focus
1. SymbolicInteractionism
Micro Use of symbols; Face-to-face interactions
2. Functionalism Macro Relationship between the parts of society;
How aspects of society are functional
(adaptive)
3. Conflict Theory Macro Competition for scarce resources; How the
elite control the poor and weak
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` GENERAL VS PARTICULAR GENERAL SOCIALPATTERNSIN THE BEHAVIOR OF
PARTICULAR INDIVIDUALS
x INDIVIDUALS ARE UNIQUE
x SOCIETYS SOCIAL FORCES SHAPE US INTO KINDS OF
PEOPLE
CONSIDER THESE
x PEOPLE MORE LIKELY TO KILL THEMSELVES
x PEOPLE MORE LIKELY TO GO TO AND SUCCEED IN
COLLEGE AND ENJOY A FAVORABLE QUALITY OF LIFE
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SOCIETY COMMUNITY
ORGANIZATIONS
GROUPS
AND NORMS
DYADS
NORMS
NORMS
& NORMS
SOCIETY
& NORMSNORMS
SOCIAL
EXPECTATIONS
REWARDS &
PUNISHMENTS
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` C. WRIGHT MILLS SOCIOLOGICAL
IMAGINATION SOCIETY IS OFTEN RESPONSIBLE FOR MANY OF
OUR PROBLEMS
WE NEED TO LEARN TO SEPARATE THINGS THATHAVE TO DO WITH
x PERSONAL TROUBLES, OR BIOGRAPHYx SOCIAL ISSUES, OR HISTORY
` EXAMPLES: WOMENS OPPORTUNITIES AT THE TURN OF THE
CENTURY AND THESE DAYS
LIFESTYLES OF THOSE WE LABEL DISABLED IN THE1950S AND NOW
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` SOCIOLOGY SPRANG FROM THREESEPARATE, YET INTERDEPENDENTREVOLUTIONS
THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTIONx
A BELIEF IN SCIENCE BEGAN TO REPLACE TRADITIONALFORMS OF AUTHORITY
THE ECONOMIC REVOLUTION
x INDUSTRIALISM AND CAPITALISM WERE CHANGING
ECONOMIC PATTERNS
THE POLITICAL REVOLUTION
x MORE DEMOCRATIC VALUES AND STANDARDS WEREBEING ADOPTED
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`AUGUSTECOMTE(1798-1857) POSITIVISM; LAW OF THREE
STAGES; THE TWIN PILLARS`KARLMARX (1818-1883) CLASS CONFLICT/STRUGGLE
`HERBERTSPENCER(1820-1903) SOCIAL DARWINISM
`EMILEDURKHEIM (1858-1917)GROUP FORCES; SOCIAL
SOLIDARITY`W.E.B. DUBOIS(1868-1963) PLIGHT OF AFRICAN AMERICANS
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` THEORY: A STATEMENT OF HOW AND WHYFACTS ARE RELATED
` PARADIGM: A SET OF FUNDAMENTALASSUMPTIONS THAT GUIDES THINKING
PEOPLE HOLD DIFFERING
OPINIONS ABOUT THEIR
SOCIAL WORLD
WE ALL COME FROM
DIFFERENT SOCIAL
EXPERIENCES AND THEY
BIAS OUR ASSUMPTIONS
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` THE BASICS A MACRO-ORIENTED (LARGE-SCALE) PARADIGM VIEWS SOCIETY AS A COMPLEX SYSTEM WITH MANY
INTERDEPENDENT PARTS
THE PARTS WORK TOGETHER TO PROMOTE SOCIAL STABILITY
AND ORDER
MAJOR CHANGES TO THE SYSTEMS PARTS IS NOT REQUIREDOR DESIRED; SYSTEM SEEKS TO MAINTAIN IT EQUILIBRIUM
` KEY ELEMENTS: SOCIAL STRUCTURE
x REFERS TO RELATIVELY STABLE PATTERNS OF SOCIAL BEHAVIOR
FOUIND IN SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS SOCIAL FUNCTION
x REFERS TO THE CONSEQUENCES OF SOCIAL PATTERNS FOR
SOCIETY
x THE WORK OF ROBERT K. MERTON ON SOCIAL FUNCTION
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` THE BASICS: A MACRO-ORIENTED PARADIGM
VIEWS SOCIETY AS A STRUCTURED SYSTEM
BASED ON INEQUALITY
SOCIALCONFLICTBETWEEN GROUPS
OVER SCARCE RESOURCES IS THE NORM` KEY ELEMENTS:
SOCIETY IS STRUCTURED IN WAYS TO
BENEFIT A FEW AT THE EXPENSE OF THE
MAJORITY
FACTORS SUCH AS RACE, SEX, CLASS, ANDAGE ARE LINKED TO SOCIAL INEQUALITY
DOMINANT GROUP VS. MINORITYGROUP
RELATIONS
x INCOMPATIBLE INTERESTS AND MAJOR
DIFFERENCES
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` THE BASICS:
THE VIEW THAT SOCIETY IS THE PRODUCT OFEVERYDAY INTERACTIONS
` PRINCIPLES: SOCIETY IS A COMPLEX MOSAIC OF UNDERSTANDING
THAT EMERGES FROM THE VERY PROCESS OF
INTERACTING
x GOFFMANS DRAMATURGICAL ANALSYIS
x THE SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF REALITY
SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM
SYMBOLIC INTERACTION IS A MICRO-ORIENTED PARADIGM,WHICH MEANS IT IS EFFECTIVELY USED WHEN ATTEMPTING
TO UNDERSTAND SMALLER-SCALE SOCIAL PHENOMENA
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` THINK OF LANGUAGE AS A CONSTANT
PROCESS THAT INVOLVES EXTERNALIZATION
x CREATION OF INSTITUTIONS AND RULES THAT GOVERNINTERACTION
OBJECTIFICATIONx PEOPLE BEGIN TO SEE SUCH ARRANGEMENTS AS DO NOT
HAVE A HUMAN CONNECTION - REIFICATION
INTERNALIZATIONx WE INTERNALIZE A SOCIALLY CONSTRUCTED REALITY AS
WE LEARN TO ADAPT TO SOCIETY ON OUR WAY TO
BECOMINGA NORMAL HUMAN` EXAMPLE: THE PROCESS BY WHICH A
TECHNICAL COLLEGE IS TRANSFORMED INTOA COMPREHENSIVE COMMUNITY COLLEGE
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