Smart Structures Bio-Nano Lab
University of Cincinnati
SMART STRUCTURES BIO-NANOTECHNOLOGY LABORATORY
Department of Mechanical Engineering
440B Baldwin Hall, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0072
August 22, 2002
(Mark Schulz, Ph. 513-556-4132)
Smart Materials, Actuator and Sensor Concepts
Smart Structures Bio-Nano Lab
Smart Materials, Actuator and Sensor Concepts(Active materials with higher strain are needed to make these concepts easier to build and to improve performance)
•Linear Actuators, Wireless Motor
•Vibration Attenuation, Flutter Suppression
•Micro-power Generation
•Semi-active Vibration Isolation
•Sensor Development
•Bio-Nanotechnology
•Nanotube Actuators
•Structural Health Monitoring Techniques
Smart Structures Bio-Nano Lab
A Camless Valve System for IC Engines(M. Schulz, D. Klett, M. Sundaresan, J. Sankar )
OBJECTIVE: Develop a valve actuator using smart materials
Active Fiber Composite Actuator design and performance
0 0.005 0.01 0.015-0.2
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0
0.05
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0.15
0.2Valve Displacement, actual (red) and exact (black)
Time
Dis
plac
emen
t (In
ches
)
0 0.005 0.01 0.015-400
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-100
0
100
200
300
400Position (red), Damping (black), Acceleration (green), and Total (--) Force
Time
Act
uato
r F
eedb
ack
Con
trol
For
ces
(Lb)
Smart Structures Bio-Nano Lab
HIGH POWER DENSITY ACTUATORS RESEARCH(M. Schulz, M. Sundaresan)
OBJECTIVE: Develop high power density actuators using smart materials
An AFC strut actuator
AFC harmonic drive motor with no wires A hybrid AFC-hydraulic actuator
Smart Structures Bio-Nano Lab
Comparison of Electromagnetic, Solid State, and Harmonic Drive Motors
Notes: Table data from MIT, last row data based on estimates at NCA&TSU, EM=electromagnetic, SW=standing wave, SS=solid state, TW=traveling wave, D=disk, R=ring,
ET=extension/twist, HD=harmonic Drive
Type Description Manufacturer Stall Torque(Ncm)
No-loadSpeed (RPM)
Power Density(W/kg)
Torque Density(Nm/kg)
PeakEfficiency
EM DC, brushless Aeroflex 0.33 13,500 106 0.29 71%EM DC, brushless Micro Mo 0.99 4,000 - 0.04 ~20%EM DC, brushless Maxon 1.27 5,200 - 1.13 70%EM DC, brushless Mabuchi 1.60 14,500 - 0.42 53%USS SW, ET Kumada 133 120 80 8.8 80%USS TW, D Shinsei 60 100 18 2.6 27%USS TW, D MIT 170 40 12 5.2 15%USS TW, R MIT 0.54 1750 108 2.1 -
EMHD FHA-17A-6006 HD Inc. 1,400 80 21.4 11.7 56%SSHD TW, HD NCA&T ~2,635 ~12 ~234 ~186 ~29%
Smart Structures Bio-Nano Lab
VIBRATION SUPPRESSION RESEARCH (A. Ghoshal, M. Sundaresan, M. Schulz)
OBJECTIVE: Develop a vibration suppression technique using smart materials
Vibration suppression using a laser vibrometer and piezoceramic patches
Beam without control
Beam with hybrid control
Smart Structures Bio-Nano Lab
FLUTTER SUPPRESSION RESEARCHOBJECTIVE: Develop a flutter suppression technique using PZT’s and a laser
sensor (Ed Shackleford, Anindya Ghoshal, Mannur Sundaresan, M. Schulz)
View of the wing tip in the low speed wind tunnel controlled using a laser vibrometer
sensor and piezoceramic patchesExperimental Setup for flutter suppression
using PZT patches & laser vibrometer sensor
Smart Structures Bio-Nano Lab
MICRO-POWER GENERATION (M. Schulz, M. Sundaresan)
OBJECTIVE: Generate power for autonomous structural health monitoring
Approach: Power generation devices; (a) the Strain Power Pack; (b) two Series Power Mounts; (c) the parallel power mount with frequency spreader
Smart Structures Bio-Nano Lab
Vibration Attenuation of Base and Mass Excited Automotive Components using Semi-Active Magnetorheologic Damping
by Greg Stelzer, Jay Kim, Mark Schulz
Objective: A semi-active magnetorheologic damper is used to attenuate vibration and noise of operating automotive components. An enhanced sky-hook control algorithm is used. Two factors are to be optimized:relative displacement and transmitted force from the component.
Figure 1. Semi-active control system for vibration attenuation of automotive components.
component
vehicle
kpassive cpassiveMR
x(t)
y(t)Skyhook ControlButterworth Low Pass Filter (2nd order, 20 Hz)Integrator
Processor WithControl Law
Amplifier ForMR Coil
Fcomponent
Smart Structures Bio-Nano Lab
ACTIVE FIBER COMPOSITE SENSOR DEVELOPMENTOBJECTIVE: Develop an AFC sensor for structural health monitoring
(Saurabh Datta, Mark Schulz, Mannur Sundaresan)
Piezoceramic fiber preforms(figure from CeraNova Corp.)
Piezoceramic fiber sensor built at the UC
Problem: AFC’s are designed primarily for actuation
Approach: Develop new electrode for sensing
Teaming: UC, NCA&T & CeraNova Corporation
(+)
(-)
(+)
(-)
Parallel connectivityfor actuation
Series connectivityfor sensing
(+)
(-)
Smart Structures Bio-Nano Lab
ARRAY PROCESSING FOR SMART STRUCTURESOBJECTIVE: Develop a smart sensor array and new sensor materials
A Continuous Sensor Array
(Mannur Sundaresan, William N. Martin, Mark Schulz)
Smart Structures Bio-Nano Lab
WAVELETS AND PIEZOCERAMIC SENSORS(D. Hughes, A. Ghoshal, M. Sundaresan, M. Schulz)
OBJECTIVE: Develop wavelet analysis techniques for smart sensors
• The Wavelet Transmittance Function (WTF) of piezoceramic sensor data is used for crack detection in structures
2
2
)(t
ti eet o−
= ωψ∫∞
∞−
= dtttfuaW ua )()(),( *,ψψ
1
212 WT
WTWTF =
No crack: WTF~1.0 With crack: WTF~0.75
Smart Structures Bio-Nano Lab
The Wavelet Transfom indicating damage in a helicopter flexbeam, (a) input, (b) response of healthy leg, (c) response of damaged leg.
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0.00000 0.00005 0.00010 0.00015 0.00020
Time, Seconds
PZT
Volta
ge
Input Pulse
Response at healthy location
Sensor at delamination
Results from 50 KHz, 10V Peak to Peak Excitation at Collocated Sensors
(c)(b)(a)
Flexbeam Component with Offal Intact
Smart Structures Bio-Nano Lab
A CONTINUOUS PIEZOCERAMIC SENSOROBJECTIVE: Develop neural composite materials for SHM, BHM
(with Mannur Sundaresan at NCA&TSU)
Voltage response for the single PZT sensor and the continuous sensor with nine PZT nodes
Comparison of the energy of the continuous sensor (DS) and a single PZT sensor (SS)
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0 0.01 0.02Time, Seconds
Am
plitu
de, V
olts
SS
DS
L1 L2 L3SS
DS0
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40
AE
ener
gy
Simulated AE Location Sensor
Smart Structures Bio-Nano Lab
BIOBIO--NANOTECHNOLOGY:NANOTECHNOLOGY:
THE NEW FRONTIERTHE NEW FRONTIER
IN MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES
Smart Structures Bio-Nano Lab
•The Biological Neural System
The generalized neuron. The visual cortex.Levels of information
processing in man.
Smart Structures Bio-Nano Lab
Skin is a multifunctional and Skin is a multifunctional and layered material that can layered material that can
inspire the design of inspire the design of structuresstructures
Smart Structures Bio-Nano Lab
FORMS OF CARBON (figures from General Chemistry, 3rd Edition, Hill and Petrucci, Prentice Hall )
DiamondDiamondEach carbon atom is bonded to four
others in a tetrahedral fashion.
Carbon Carbon NanotubeNanotubeThe molecules vary in length from a few nanometers to a micrometThe molecules vary in length from a few nanometers to a micrometer or more. er or more.
GraphiteGraphiteThe ball and stick model (a) of graphite indicates the closelyThe ball and stick model (a) of graphite indicates the closely--packed nature of packed nature of
the carbon atoms. The layers of carbon in graphite are 335pm apathe carbon atoms. The layers of carbon in graphite are 335pm apart, rt, approximately twice as long as the Capproximately twice as long as the C--C bond distance of 142pm (b). C bond distance of 142pm (b).
C60 C60 BuckyballBuckyball
Smart Structures Bio-Nano Lab
Developing Piezoelectric Nanotube Actuators and Sensors (Mark Schulz)
Top electrode
Field direction
BNT fibers in a flexible matrix
Bottom Electrode
Boron nitride nanotubes for piezoelectric actuation
Smart Structures Bio-Nano Lab
Developing Carbon Nanotube Electro-chemical Actuators (Mark Schulz)
CNTs coated with polymer electrolyte (black) form unidirectional ropes and a fiber that is actuated by setting up
an electric field using interdigitated electrodes (red/blue)
Concept for using carbon nanotubes and double-layer charge injection for actuation
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